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Draft:Pramada Ranjan Ray

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Pramada Ranjan Ray
Portrait of Pramada Ranjan Ray
Pramada Ranjan Ray, photograph from Pakdandi by Leela Majumdar
Born
Pramadaranjan Ray

18 June 1874 (official Survey record; see § Birth and death dates)
Masua (মসূয়া), Katiadi, Kishoreganj, Mymensingh District, Bengal Presidency, British India
Died30 April 1949 (see § Birth and death dates)
Calcutta, India
Occupations
  • Civil servant
  • Author
EmployerSurvey of India
SpouseSurama Devi
ChildrenLeela Majumdar and seven others
AwardsRai Sahib (1913)
Rai Bahadur (1929)

Pramada Ranjan Ray (Bengali: প্রমদারঞ্জন রায়; 1874–1949) was an Indian civil servant and Bengali author. The youngest brother of Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury and father of the writer Leela Majumdar, he served in the Survey of India from 1898 to 1930, rising from the Provincial Service to the Imperial Service of India and earning the titles of Rai Sahib (1913) and Rai Bahadur (1929). He is the author of Baner Khabar (Bengali: বনের খবর, News from the Forest), first serialised in the children's magazine Sandesh from 1913 and published as a book by Signet Press in 1956. Together with his brother Kuladaranjan Ray he co-translated works by Arthur Conan Doyle and Jules Verne into Bengali.[1][2]

The Ray family of Mymensingh — Upendrakishore and his brothers, and their children across two subsequent generations — contributed widely to the Bengal Renaissance in children's literature, printing, cricket, music and the arts.[3] Among his brothers, Pramadaranjan was the only one who served in government.

Works

[edit]

Baner Khabar

[edit]

Ray wrote Baner Khabar based on field diaries and experiences from his Survey years while still in service. It was first serialised in the pioneering Bengali children's magazine Sandesh from the fourth issue (Shravan 1320, ~August 1913), running across the magazine's first two years — nine instalments in the first year and six in the second, fifteen in total; serialisation stopped after the sixth issue of the second year (Ashwin 1321, ~September–October 1914).[4][5] It is identified as one of the two major serials of the magazine's inaugural year alongside Kuladaranjan Ray's Robin Hood translation.[6][7]

The writing was so vivid that by the Ashadh 1321 (June–July 1914) issue the editors published a note clarifying that the author had personally witnessed these events in jungle fieldwork, and the accounts were not fiction.[5][8] The first instalment opened with the account of his servant Suchit's flight from a tiger in the Burmese jungle.[9] In the preceding issue of Sandesh, Upendrakishore had written about Burmese food, likely drawing on Pramadaranjan's accounts from his postings.[10] The serialisation ran without an author name credited — "বনের খবর" served simultaneously as title and identifier — while the illustrations were signed "U.R." by Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury.[11] The Bengali writer Sunirmal Basu (1902–1957) — recipient of the Bhubaneshwari Medal (1956) and posthumous first Vidyasagar Award — received his first copy of Sandesh in the year the serial began (Bengali year 1320) and records in his autobiography Jeebankhatar Koek Pata (1955, pp. 70–71) that Baner Khabar was one of the highlights of the magazine for him. The anonymity of the serialisation was complete: Basu records that he was unable to identify the author of Baner Khabar, whereas he was able to attribute Kuladaranjan Ray's anonymous Sandesh contributions through personal acquaintance with Kuladaranjan.[11]

The serialisation was resumed in the 1920s under the editorship of Subinoy Raychaudhury and Sudhabindu Biswas;[5] republished a third time in the February and April 1989 issues of Sandesh with Upendrakishore's original illustrations retained;[12][13] and a fourth time in May 1991 (Baisakh 1398), with new watercolour illustrations and Leela Majumdar's biographical note on her father.[14][15]

Some additional pieces appeared in the children's magazine Mukul (1895–1923).[16] Nine instalments were reprinted in the multi-author anthology Bone Jongole edited by Jogindranath Sarkar, published by City Book Society, Calcutta (1929; eighth edition by 1935).[17] Extracts also appeared in Fulamala, a children's anthology edited by Leela Majumdar.[18]

After Pramadaranjan's death, Leela Majumdar provided his original notebooks to Signet Press, which published the book in Shravan 1363 BE (July–August 1956) with a cover by Satyajit Ray and illustrations by Shyamalkrishna Basu.[19] The inaugural issue of Indian Literature (Sahitya Akademi, October 1957) described it as "an outstanding book" in which the author "has left a fascinating record of his adventurous experiences."[20] Bangladeshi readers have compared Baner Khabar to the hunting accounts of Pachabdi Gazi (1924–1997), the celebrated Sundarbans tiger hunter.[21][22]

An excerpt from Baner Khabar (pp. 40–46) is included in the West Bengal Board of Primary Education's Class 4 Bengali textbook Patabahar (2017).[23][24]

Mahasweta Devi (Jnanpith Award recipient) wrote in Sandesh in August 2011 that Baner Khabar was among the things she had loved most in Sandesh as a child — and that she only discovered, when she herself became a Sandesh contributor, that Pramadaranjan Ray was Leela Majumdar's father, meaning her appreciation had been formed entirely without knowledge of the family connection.[25]

A peer-reviewed study in the Proceedings of the Indian History Congress identifies Pramadaranjan as a notable Sandesh contributor alongside Sukumar Ray, Shukhalata Rao and Abanindranath Tagore.[26] An independent critical appreciation in the Bengali literary journal Parabaas (Vol. 62, 2016) describes his prose style as carrying "the scent of dry leaves crunching underfoot in the forest."[27] The educational journal Shiksha Bichitra placed Baner Khabar in the same literary category as Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Stories.[28] The Economic and Political Weekly review of Sengoopta's The Rays Before Satyajit (EPW, 11 February 2017) identifies Pramadaranjan as the sole Ray family member to pursue a government career.[29]

The book recounts encounters with elephants, tigers, rhinoceroses and bison across two decades of jungle surveying; descriptions of the indigenous peoples of the Shan States, the Lushai Hills and northeastern India; and experiences in Baluchistan and on the North-West Frontier. The literary critic Prasenjit Dasgupta, writing in Robibar (2013), placed Baner Khabar in its historical context by comparing it directly with the two writers who later defined the genre: when the serial first appeared, Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay — celebrated for Aranyak (1937–38), the landmark Bengali nature narrative — had not yet passed school-leaving age, and Jim Corbett — internationally acclaimed for Man-Eaters of Kumaon (1944) — was still hunting in Garhwal-Kumaon, twenty years from picking up a pen.[5] Baner Khabar thus preceded both the defining Bengali nature classic and the defining English jungle memoir. The Burma jungle of Leela Majumdar's Podi Pishir Bormi Baksho is the same territory Pramadaranjan surveyed.[30][31]

One of the book's celebrated passages describes Ngapi — the Shan people's fermented fish paste: fish cut into pieces, sealed in an earthen pot, buried underground for three to four months, then used as an essential condiment. Ray describes the symmetry of mutual culinary incomprehension: just as he found Ngapi's smell overpowering, the Shans found the smell of ghee nauseating. He gives several anecdotes: a Buddhist monk demanding his tent be moved because of luchi-frying ghee; Shan workers eating khichuri with relish but refusing to believe it contained ghee; Burmese neighbours reporting a Hindustani food stall owner to the Deputy Commissioner for making the neighbourhood uninhabitable with ghee-frying.[19] Sukumar Ray echoed the episode in Khai Khai — "বার্মার 'ঙাপি'তে বাপ রে কী গন্ধ";[32] Leela Majumdar returned to it in Kheror Khata;[33] A 2023 educational book on food history published by Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung South Asia, First History Lessons: Food and Eating, opens its first chapter with the Ngapi incident from Baner Khabar.[34] The travel writer Biprodash Barua also cited Baner Khabar in his Aparup Myanmer for its account of Burmese food culture.[35]

Editions of Baner Khabar

[edit]
  • Signet Press, Calcutta, 1956 (first edition; 234 pp.; cover Satyajit Ray; illustrations Shyamalkrishna Basu)[19]
  • Bona, Calcutta, 2010 (144 pp.; ISBN 9788187493365)[36][37]
  • Lalmati Prakashan, Kolkata, 2011 (224 pp.);[38] 2022 (ISBN 9789395097420; 223 pp.);[39] 2023 (ISBN 9789381174357; 224 pp.) — of all subsequent publishers, Lalmati alone retains Satyajit Ray's original Signet Press cover design[40]
  • Adorn Publication, Dhaka, 2013 (184 pp.; ISBN 9789842003493)[41]
  • Satirtho Prokashona, Dhaka, 2023 (200 pp.; ISBN 9789849720577)[42]
  • Adarsha, Dhaka, 2025 (168 pp.; ISBN 9789849945420)[43]

Translations

[edit]

Together with Kuladaranjan Ray, he co-translated works by Arthur Conan Doyle and Jules Verne into Bengali for young readers.[1][44]

Early life and education

[edit]

Pramada Ranjan Ray was born on 18 June 1874 (official Survey record; family sources give 1875 — see § Birth and death dates) in the village of Masua (মসূয়া), Katiadi, Kishoreganj, then part of Mymensingh District, Bengal Presidency, now Bangladesh.[45] His father Kalinath Ray — known as Munshi Shyamsundar, a scholar in Sanskrit, Arabic and Persian, consulted by both Hindu pandits and Muslim maulvis — died when Pramadaranjan was about five years old. His mother was Joytara Devi.[3][46]

He was the youngest of five brothers. Like his brothers he received early schooling at the Ray family school in Masua, then attended Kishoreganj High School.[47][48] He passed the Entrance examination at Calcutta Metropolitan Institution and the F.A. (First Arts) at Metropolitan College — where his brothers Saradaranjan Ray and Muktidaranjan Ray were professors.[49] He then attended Bengal Engineering College, Shibpur, where he passed the survey examination (সার্ভে পাস) — a sub-degree surveying certificate — before leaving, as his daughter Leela Majumdar states in her 1991 biographical note, "শিবপুর এঞ্জিনিয়ারিং কলেজের শেষ বার্ষিক পরীক্ষাটি দেবার ঠিক আগেই" (just before the final annual civil engineering examination).[15] He ranked first in the Survey of India entrance examination and joined on 21 November 1898.[23]

Career

[edit]

Ray joined the Survey of India on 21 November 1898 as Probationary Sub-Assistant Superintendent 3rd grade, attached to the Trigonometrical Branch, Dehradun.[50] He recalls in the book's preface spending approximately twenty to twenty-two years on field surveys in remote and dangerous terrain.[19]

His field postings:

By 1920 he was Head Draftsman of No. 1 Drawing Office, Calcutta Map Publication headquarters, salary Rs. 500 plus Rs. 100 city allowance.[45] On 15 April 1927 he took charge as Officer in Charge of No. 1 Drawing Office, a post he held until retirement.[51]

In the 1912–13 season he commanded the largest survey camp in No. 12 Party (Assam) — nine surveyors — mapping the Kamrup and Darrang districts.[52] In 1914–15 his team grew to ten surveyors and two trainees, mapping nearly three standard topographical sheets including detailed 2-inch-scale work in reserved forest areas.[53]

The title of Rai Sahib was conferred on 3 June 1913 — the date engraved on the medal — at the rank of Extra Assistant Superintendent; gazetted four days later in the Gazette of India of 7 June 1913. The Indian Title Badge had been introduced only in 1911; Pramadaranjan received his in 1913, making him among the earliest holders of the medal form of the honour.[54][55]

In 1924–25 he was promoted to the Class I Service — the Imperial Service of India — the only Ray family member to reach this grade.[56] Leela Majumdar records in Pakdandi that he received the promotion solely on merit, and had never told the family — she learned of it by accident. On 13 June 1929, at a durbar at Murree, he was elevated to Rai Bahadur.[57] He retired on 18 March 1930, listed in the departmental records as a Class I Superintendent.[58] His daughter Leela Majumdar states in her 1991 biographical note that he attained the rank of Deputy Surveyor General before retirement; this is attributed to her as an opinion and has not been corroborated in Survey of India General Reports or other government records.[15]

Family

[edit]

Pramada Ranjan Ray was born in the village of Masua (মসূয়া), Katiadi, Kishoreganj, now Bangladesh.[45][3] His brothers were Saradaranjan Ray (1858–1925), mathematician, Sanskrit scholar, Principal of Metropolitan College, and cricketer known as the W. G. Grace of India[59]; Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury (1863–1915), children's writer, publisher and printing pioneer; Muktidaranjan Ray (1867–1934), professor and cricketer; and Kuladaranjan Ray (1873–1950), children's author, photo-portrait artist and cricketer. The family had three daughters — Giribala, Sarasibala, and Mrinalini, who married Hemendramohan Basu, pioneering Bengali gramophone entrepreneur.[3][60]

The Brahmo Samaj lists Pramadaranjan Ray among eighteen notable Brahmo literary figures, alongside Rabindranath Tagore, Satyajit Ray, Sukumar Ray, Leela Majumdar, and Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury.[61] Of the five brothers, Upendrakishore, Kuladaranjan, and Pramadaranjan embraced Brahmoism; Saradaranjan and Muktidaranjan remained Hindu.[62][63] Leela Majumdar notes that only Upendrakishore took formal Brahmo initiation (diksha); Pramadaranjan never took diksha but was, in her words, "দস্তুরমতো গোঁড়া ব্রাহ্ম" (a thoroughly orthodox Brahmo in practice).[16]

In 1905 he married Surama Devi, who had been raised in Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury's household after her mother's death and her father's departure as a sannyasi.[64][65] Having grown up in Upendrakishore's household, Surama Devi called Pramadaranjan "chhoto kaka"; to Upendrakishore's children he was "chhoto dadu."[66] The family lived at 100 Garpar Road[67], north Calcutta, from 1914, the joint family residence central to the Ray family's literary activities.[3] Nalini Das — Punyalata's daughter and later principal of Bethune College — recalled that Pramadaranjan's children regularly attended family meetings.[68] Almost the entire Ray family contributed to Sandesh; Buddhadeva Bose remarked in 1948 that they had "nearly held a monopoly" of Bengali children's literature, with Sukumar's father as pioneer, "followed up by at least one uncle and a sister no less remarkable."[69][70][3]

Pramadaranjan and Surama had eight children: Prabhataranjan, Sulekha, Leela, Kalyanaranjan, Amiyaranjan, Sarojaranjan, Jatiranjan, and Latika. Satyajit Ray in Childhood Days briefly characterises some of the sons: Prabhataranjan as mathematical, Kalyanaranjan as notably robust in appetite, Amiyaranjan as a stamp collector, Sarojaranjan as then the tallest in the family, and Jatiranjan as considered the handsomest.[71] The second daughter Leela Majumdar (1908–2007) became one of the most celebrated Bengali children's writers of the twentieth century.[71][72] The contemporary periodical Prabasi (Vol. 28, 1928, p. 782) recorded that Leela Ray, daughter of Rai Sahib Pramadaranjan Ray, had placed first in English Literature in the B.A. examination; that in the 1926 Intermediate examination she had placed second in the entire University of Calcutta, first in Botany, and first in English Literature in both Matriculation and Intermediate.[73]

When in 1933 Leela married Dr. Sudhir Kumar Majumdar (1897–1984), a Hindu dentist, Pramadaranjan, firm in his Brahmo convictions, did not attend. The next morning Leela and her husband went to offer pranam. Leela records: "বাবা আমাকে ত্যাগ করলেন। পরদিন সকালে সব কথা ভুলে দুজনে গেলাম বাবাকে প্রণাম করতে। তিনি আমাদের দেখেই ঘর থেকে উঠে চলে গেলেন। শুধু ঘর থেকেই নয়, আমার জীবন থেকেই সরে পড়লেন।"[74] For sixteen years until his death on 30 April 1949 (eighteen in some sources, including Leela Majumdar's own account), he did not communicate with his daughter, her household or her children.[75][76]

Family stay at Shillong

[edit]

During his northeastern posting years the family lived in Shillong, approximately 1911 to 1919. They spent time first in Cherrapunji, then in the Laban locality of Shillong — first in a small house on the upper floor of the Laban Brahmo Mandir, briefly in a eucalyptus-surrounded house, and finally in 'High Winds' for eight years.[16] High Winds was rented at Rs. 45 per month from a Khasi landlord named Jeebon Ray — described by Leela Majumdar as literate, mustachioed, and universally regarded as a good man; by 1916 the active landlord was Chandranath Ray, likely Jeebon Ray's son, who built an extension rather than ask the family to leave.[16] Kynpham Singh's biography identifies Babu Jeebon Roy (1838–1903) — a Khasi Extra Assistant Commissioner described by Singh as "The Father of Modern Khasis" — as a property owner in Laban.[77]

The first person outside the family that Leela Majumdar records in Pakdandi is Nilmani Chakravarti — a Brahmo missionary at Cherrapunji who taught the Khasi people to read and write in Khasi, founded schools and orphanages, and ran temperance campaigns. Jnanendramohan Das documents his work in Banglar Baire Bangali (1931).[78] Laban at the time housed a substantial Bengali government employee community and a Brahmo subcommunity.[79]

The Brahmo community in Laban held Sunday schools and annual Maghotsav celebrations on 25 January at Chandmari, attended by Hindu neighbours. A neighbour, Sarada Manjari Dutta, a schoolteacher of about sixty, visited households when mothers were ill.[16][79] Rabindranath Tagore visited Shillong in October 1919. Pramadaranjan found Tagore's long hair an irritant.[16][79]

Character and principles

[edit]

Leela Majumdar's 1991 Sandesh biographical note describes him as approximately six feet tall, powerfully built, skilled at drawing and mathematics, and a noted cricketer.[15] Leela's Raybari adds: dark complexion, sharply chiselled features; father Kalinath died when he was about five; after Masua he moved first to Dhaka (Saradaranjan's workplace), then Kolkata.[46] As a child he was so strong and unruly that his mother hired a servant specifically chosen to be burlier than him. His sister Mrinalini called him "Lauya" (the gourd) for his large build.[46] Punyalata Chakraborty records in Chelebelar Dinguli: two front teeth broken, two fingers broken, collarbone broken, knee broken — across hockey, cricket, horse-riding and football.[80] Satyajit Ray describes him in Childhood Days as "sturdy" and adds that he "could not stand even the hint of femininity in a man."[71] Subimal Roy records that both Kuladaranjan and Pramadaranjan wore beards in early life but later went clean-shaven.[81]

Charuchandra Dutta's Purano Katha — a social history of Bengal unconnected to the Ray family — names Pramadaranjan alongside Kuladaranjan Ray and Srish De of Bishop's College as players who elevated Bengali cricket, and singles out his "scientific bowling" as distinct from the old-fashioned underarm style.[82]

He was critical of the Santiniketan milieu, which he considered effeminate, and objected to Rabindranath Tagore's flowing hair.[83][16] He polished his own shoes throughout his career. He told his children: "Do not unnecessarily let others serve you, not even salaried servants." He personally taught his children mathematics. One storytelling incident recalled by Leela Majumdar involves a boy named Monglu who, during a story session, swallowed a live fish rather than interrupt the tale.[16][60]

Leela's Raybari describes the Survey work as alternating six-month cycles: office work (Dehradun, Barrackpore, Shillong) and field postings in remote jungle terrain. Saradaranjan Ray instilled in all the brothers the philosophy that complete human beings need the playing field, not just the classroom.[46]

He wrote in flawless Calcutta chalit Bengali — Baner Khabar bears no trace of dialectal origin — but spoke the pure Mymensingh village dialect throughout his life, addressing relatives with "Bouthan" as he would have in Masua.[84]

He could place his fingers in his mouth and produce an extremely loud whistle — Satyajit Ray records in Childhood Days that it startled the whole neighbourhood; Satyajit himself was a celebrated whistler of a different kind — musical melody — and his facility with whistling may have been enriched by this family precedent.[71][85][84]

His laugh — described by Punyalata Chakraborty as one of the finest wholehearted laughs she had heard,[80] and recalled by Satyajit Ray in Childhood Days as a distinctly powerful sound[71] — was specifically recorded at Marble House on Dharmatala Street, the studio of his brother-in-law Hemendramohan Basu, the same studio and apparatus on which Rabindranath Tagore (poet and Nobel laureate) and Dwijendralal Ray (legendary Bengali playwright and composer) had recorded their voices.[86][86] Leela Majumdar wrote in Raybari: "Those who heard that laughter say that even now, they can still hear it ringing in their ears."[46]

He held his honorary titles with embarrassment and never used them; his swadeshi friends never knew he held them. When this was raised at home, his wife Surama replied: "This is no betrayal. And if Baba quit his job, would you and your patriot friends run our household?"[16] He was widely considered strict and unforgiving of what he regarded as wrong; yet no one in distress ever went away from him empty-handed.[46]

When children visited the Garpar Road house, they clamoured for his stories — accounts from The Three Musketeers, King Solomon's Mines and Allan Quatermain, and his own jungle experiences. Leela Majumdar recalled: "He had an extraordinary gift for storytelling — tales of distant lands, tales from his own experiences in forests and jungles, tales of his childhood in East Bengal."[60] These oral accounts became Baner Khabar.[60]

During the First World War he wished to enlist; he kept a heavy service revolver at home. His superior officer dissuaded him by pointing out that his frontier survey work was itself an essential contribution.[16] In his final years, at seventy-four, his legs failed him entirely; he would not call for help, and only occasionally two drops of tears gathered at the corner of his eyes — the sole outward sign, Leela wrote, of what was happening inside "our terrifyingly fierce and formidably strong father."[16]

Birth and death dates

[edit]

Birth year — two dates appear in sources:

  • 18 June 1874 — Survey of India List of Officers, 1st July 1920 (official record).[45] Also: Patabahar (2017).[23] Confirmed arithmetically by Leela Majumdar's Sandesh (May 1991) note that he died aged 75 in 1949: 1874 + 75 = 1949.[15] Dasgupta (2013) independently corroborates 1874, identifying him as eleven years junior to Upendrakishore (b. 1863).[5] Adorn Publication gives 19 June 1874 — one day's discrepancy.[49]
  • 1875 — Sukumar Ray's biographical note[87];;[64] Chandak Sengoopta's The Rays Before Satyajit;[3] Sengoopta (2017).[88]

Death date — three dates appear in sources:

  • 30 April 1949 — established by Leela Majumdar's first-person account in Pakdandi: on 1 May 1949 her elder sister told her "বাবা কাল সকালে মারা গেছেন" ("Baba died yesterday morning").[16] Corroborated by Patabahar (2017),[23] Sandesh Eksho Galpo Eksho (2025),[4] and Leela's 1991 Sandesh note.[15]
  • 1947 — Sengoopta's The Rays Before Satyajit, sourced from Hemantakumar Adhya, Upendrakishore Raychaudhuri (Sahitya Akademi, 1997), p. 4.[89][3]
  • 1951 — Baridbaran Ghosh's essay in Aar Konokhaney (1968),[90] most likely derived from Leela Majumdar's use of "আঠারো বছর" (eighteen years) to describe the post-1933 estrangement: 1933 + 18 = 1951. The actual interval is sixteen years (1933–1949).


References

[edit]
  1. 1 2 "Private Collection of Upendrakishor Ray (Chowdhury)'s Family". Endangered Archives Programme EAP1104-7, British Library.
  2. ↑ "Ray of Light and Shadow". ThinkersLog.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sengoopta, Chandak (2016). The Rays Before Satyajit: Creativity and Modernity in Colonial India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 31–35. ISBN 978-0-19-946475-3.
  4. 1 2 Mitra, Ashok Kumar; Ray, Prasadaranjan (2025). Sandesh Eksho Galpo Eksho (in Bengali). Sandesh. p. 578 – via Internet Archive.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Dasgupta, Prasenjit (10 November 2013). "হলুদ বন সবুজ মন" [Yellow Forest, Green Mind]. Robibar (in Bengali). pp. 40–41 – via Internet Archive.
  6. ↑ Panja, Debashri (April 2025). "সন্দেশ পত্রিকা : বিচার, বিশ্লেষণ-সমীক্ষা". Trisangam International Refereed Journal. V (ii): 714–717. ISSN 2583-0848.
  7. ↑ "Tracing Sandesh history and Ray legacy with calendar launch". The Times of India. Kolkata. 2023.
  8. ↑ Pal, Soumyen (10 November 2013). "এসো বেসো আহারে". Robibar Protidin (in Bengali). p. 20.
  9. ↑ কুড়িয়ে বাড়িয়ে (in Bengali). pp. 82–83.
  10. ↑ Gooptu, Sarvani (2017). "Mapping Asia for Children: Pedagogy and Nationalism in Sandesh (1913–1926)". Mapping Asia for Children.
  11. 1 2 Basu, Sunirmal (1955). Jeebankhatar Koek Pata (in Bengali). Vol. 1. pp. 70–71 – via Bengali Wikisource.
  12. ↑ "বনের খবর" (PDF). Sandesh (in Bengali). Magh 1395 BE: 30–33. February 1989.
  13. ↑ "সূচি সিন্দুক — সন্দেশ ১৯৮৯" (in Bengali). Dhulokhela.
  14. ↑ "বনের খবর". Sandesh (in Bengali). Baisakh 1398 BE: 53–60. May 1991.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Majumdar, Leela (May 1991). "লেখক পরিচয় [প্রমদারঞ্জন রায়]". Sandesh (in Bengali). Baisakh 1398: 52.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Majumdar, Leela (2001) [1986]. Pakdandi. Kolkata: Ananda Publishers. pp. 30, 43, 51–52, 53, 65, 68, 100, 109–113, 118, 135, 143, 155, 174.
  17. ↑ Sarkar, Jogindranath, ed. (1929). Bone Jongole (in Bengali). Calcutta: City Book Society. pp. 28–36, 66–73, 111–123 – via Internet Archive.
  18. ↑ Majumdar, Leela (ed.). Fulamala (in Bengali). Calcutta: Nandita Publishers – via Internet Archive.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ray, Pramadaranjan (1956). Baner Khabar (in Bengali). Calcutta: Signet Press – via Internet Archive.
  20. ↑ Chaudhuri, Binayendra Mohan (October 1957). "A Review of Current Indian Writing: Bengali" (PDF). Indian Literature. 1 (1). New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi: 68–78. JSTOR 23329926.
  21. ↑ "বনের খবর: প্রমদারঞ্জন রায়" (in Bengali). Rokomari.com. Retrieved 2026-04-03.
  22. ↑ "Gazi, Pachabdi". Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh. Retrieved 2026-04-03.
  23. 1 2 3 4 Patabahar: Bangla, Chaturtha Sreni (PDF) (in Bengali). Kolkata: Paschimabanga Prathamik Shiksha Parshad. 2017. pp. 40–46.
  24. ↑ Hazra, Soumik Kumar; Ghosh, Ranjini (December 2025). "Mapping the Status of School Students in West Bengal" (PDF). Journal of Advance and Future Research. 3 (12): 224–236. ISSN 2984-889X.
  25. ↑ Devi, Mahasweta (August 2011). "Sandesh-er adda" (PDF). Sandesh (in Bengali).
  26. ↑ Roy, Gautam Chando (2012). "Upendrakishore Roychaudhuri's "Sandesh"". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 73: 898–905. JSTOR 44156287.
  27. ↑ Chakraborty, Shreyosi (March–April 2016). "প্রমদারঞ্জন রায়ের "বনের খবর"". Parabaas (in Bengali). 62. ISSN 1563-8685.
  28. ↑ "শিশু সাহিত্যে অ্যাডভেঞ্চার". Shiksha Bichitra (in Bengali): 152. 1981 – via Internet Archive.
  29. ↑ Ray, Utsa (11 February 2017). "The Creative Zeal of the Rays". Economic and Political Weekly. 52 (6).
  30. ↑ Kumar, Anu. "Beloved story teller of magic worlds". Parabaas.
  31. ↑ Hasan Mithun, Kamrul. "Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury and his home in Masua". Robbar.
  32. ↑ Ray, Sukumar. Khai Khai (in Bengali) – via Internet Archive.
  33. ↑ Majumdar, Leela (2009) [1982]. Kheror Khata (in Bengali). Kolkata: Ananda Publishers. p. 37.
  34. ↑ First History Lessons: Food and Eating. New Delhi: Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung South Asia. 2023. pp. 9–10.
  35. ↑ Barua, Biprodash. Aparup Myanmer (in Bengali) – via Internet Archive.
  36. ↑ "Baner Khabar". National Library of India OPAC. Retrieved 2026-04-03.
  37. ↑ Ray, Pramadaranjan (2010). Baner Khabar (in Bengali). Calcutta: Bona. p. 144. ISBN 9788187493365.
  38. ↑ Ray, Pramadaranjan (2011). Baner Khabar (in Bengali) (1st Lalmati ed.). Kolkata: Lalmati Prakashan. p. 224.
  39. ↑ Ray, Pramadaranjan (2022). Baner Khabar (in Bengali). Kolkata: Lalmati Prakashan. p. 223. ISBN 9789395097420.
  40. ↑ Ray, Pramadaranjan (2023). Baner Khabar (in Bengali). Kolkata: Lalmati Prakashan. p. 224. ISBN 9789381174357.
  41. ↑ Ray, Pramadaranjan (2013). Baner Khabar (in Bengali) (1st ed.). Dhaka: Adorn Publication. p. 184. ISBN 9789842003493.
  42. ↑ Ray, Pramadaranjan (2023). Baner Khabar (in Bengali). Dhaka: Satirtho Prokashona. p. 200. ISBN 9789849720577.
  43. ↑ Ray, Pramadaranjan (2025). Baner Khabar (in Bengali). Dhaka: Adarsha. p. 168. ISBN 9789849945420.
  44. ↑ Private Records of Some Leading Business Families of Early Colonial Bengal (PDF) (Report). Endangered Archives Programme EAP906. British Library. 2015. p. 42.
  45. 1 2 3 4 List of Officers in the Survey of India, Corrected to 1st July 1920. Survey of India. 1920. p. 12.
  46. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Majumdar, Leela (2023). Raybari (in Bengali). Kolkata: Bichitraa Publishers. pp. 77–79. ASIN B0C178P4Z7.
  47. ↑ Ray, Prasadaranjan (September 2014). "ময়মনসিংহ ও উপেন্দ্রকিশোর" [Mymensingh and Upendrakishore]. Kali o Kalam (in Bengali).
  48. ↑ Ray, Prasadaranjan (May–July 2013). "উপেন্দ্রকিশোরের ছেলেবেলা" (PDF). Sandesh (in Bengali): 16.
  49. 1 2 "Pramadaranjan Roy". Dhaka: Adorn Publication.
  50. 1 2 3 List of Officers in the Survey of India, Corrected to 1st July 1908 (PDF). Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India. 1908. pp. 245, Disposition List.
  51. ↑ Survey of India Map Publication and Office Work, 1927 to 1928. Survey of India. 1928. pp. 2, 11.
  52. ↑ "No. 12 Party (Assam)". Records of the Survey of India (PDF). Vol. V. Survey of India. 1914. pp. 26–27.
  53. ↑ "Annual Reports of Parties and Offices, 1914–15". Records of the Survey of India. Vol. IX. Survey of India. 1916. pp. 31–32.
  54. ↑ "Indian Title Badge, 3rd Class, Rai Sahib (Pramadaranjan Ray 3rd June 1913)". Auction 24003 — Orders, Decorations and Medals, Lot 268. Spink & Son. Retrieved 2026-04-17.
  55. ↑ "Pramadaranjan Ray". Who's Who in India, Supplement 2. Newul Kishore Press. 1914 – via Wikisource.
  56. ↑ Survey of India General Report, 1924–25 (PDF). Survey of India. 1926. p. 5.
  57. ↑ Survey of India General Report, 1928–29. Survey of India. 1929. p. 8.
  58. ↑ "List of Casualties which Occurred in the Survey of India during the Year Ending 31st December 1930". List of Officers in the Survey of India, Corrected to 1st January 1931. Survey of India. 1931.
  59. ↑ "Sarada Ranjan Ray was called W.G. Grace of India for popularizing Cricket". GetBengal. Retrieved 2026-04-03.
  60. 1 2 3 4 Ray, Sukumar (1988). "Porijon Porichiti". Ha Ja Ba Ra La (in Bengali). Calcutta: A. Mukherjee and Co. p. 49 – via Internet Archive.
  61. ↑ "Famous Brahmos — Literature". The Brahmo Samaj. Retrieved 2026-04-24.
  62. ↑ Biswas, Dilipkumar. "Sukumar prasanga". In Nag, Sujit Kumar (ed.). Sukumar Bichitra (in Bengali) – via Internet Archive.
  63. ↑ Bagchi, Barnita (2018). "Ar konakhane/'Somewhere Else': Utopian Resonances in Lila Majumdar's Autobiographical Writing". Cracow Indological Studies. XX (2): 163–178. doi:10.12797/CIS.20.2018.02.08.
  64. 1 2 Ray, Sukumar (1960). "Jibani". Sukumar Samagra Rachanabali (in Bengali). Vol. 1. Calcutta: Asia Publishing Company – via Bengali Wikisource.
  65. ↑ "The beyond beckons Lila Majumdar". The Statesman. 6 April 2007.
  66. ↑ Majumdar, Leela. "Upendrakishore". Leela Majumdar Rachanabali (in Bengali). Vol. 2. Kolkata: Ananda Publishers. pp. 130, 367, 376.
  67. ↑ Ray, Satyajit (1982). Jakhan Chhoto Chhilam (in Bengali). Calcutta: Ananda Publishers – via Internet Archive.
  68. ↑ Das, Nalini (2016). Satyajiter Chhelebela (in Bengali). Posthumous publication.
  69. ↑ "আলেখ্য". Alekhya (in Bengali). 5 (3): 31. 1974 – via Internet Archive.
  70. ↑ Bose, Buddhadeva (1948). An Acre of Green Grass. pp. 103–104 – via Internet Archive.
  71. 1 2 3 4 5 Ray, Satyajit (1998). Childhood Days: A Memoir. New Delhi: Penguin Books India. pp. 35, 55.
  72. ↑ "Lila Majumdar — Biographical Sketch". Parabaas.
  73. ↑ "পরীক্ষার ফল". Prabasi (in Bengali). 28 (1–6): 782. 1928 – via Internet Archive.
  74. ↑ "Leela Majumdar Bengali Author" (in Bengali). Banglalive.
  75. ↑ Sen, Rushati (5 March 2023). "রাগী বাবার জেদী মেয়ে". Anandabazar Patrika.
  76. ↑ Sen, Aveek (28 February 2013). "Difficult Fathers, Delightful Daughters". The Telegraph.
  77. ↑ Singh, Kynpham (1972). Ka Jingim U Babu Jeebon Roy ("The Father of Modern Khasis") 1838–1903 (PDF) (in Khasi). Umsohsun, Shillong: The Shillong Cooperative Society Limited – via Internet Archive.
  78. ↑ Das, Jnanendramohan (1931). "আসাম প্রদেশ". বঙ্গের বাহিরে বাঙ্গালী [Bengalis Outside Bengal] (in Bengali). Vol. 3. Calcutta: Indian Publishing House. pp. 751, 793–795.
  79. 1 2 3 Sen, Arpita (2021). "Joyful Memories of Idyllic Times: Remembering Shillong in Leela Majumdar's Pakdandi (1911–1919)" (PDF). Man and Society: A Journal of North-East Studies. XVIII: 129–151.
  80. 1 2 Chakraborty, Punyalata (1958). Chelebelar Dinguli (in Bengali) (1st ed.). Calcutta: Newscript. pp. 25, 92 – via Internet Archive.
  81. ↑ Roy, Subimal (May–July 2013). "উপেন্দ্রকিশোর রায়ের কথা" (PDF). Sandesh (in Bengali): 6.
  82. ↑ Dutta, Charuchandra. Purano Katha (in Bengali) (1st ed.). p. 117 – via Internet Archive.
  83. ↑ Majumdar, Leela (1968). Aar Konokhaney. Calcutta: Mitra o Ghosh. pp. 5, 145.
  84. 1 2 Raychowdhury, Hitendrakishore (1984). "Upendrakishorer Sahodar". Upendrakishore O Moshua Ray Poribaarer Golposholpo. Firma KLM Private Limited. pp. 49–50.
  85. ↑ "Home and the world". The Telegraph. Kolkata.
  86. 1 2 Ghosh, Baridbaran (ed.). Kuntalin Galpo-shatak (in Bengali) (1st ed.) – via Internet Archive.
  87. ↑ Sengupta, Debanjan (September–October 2014). "শতবর্ষে সন্দেশ" [A Hundred Years of Sandesh]. Nibodhata (in Bengali). 28 (3): 323–333.
  88. ↑ Sengoopta, Chandak (2017). "Between emulation and innovation: Upendrakishore Ray and the ambiguities of colonial modernity". History and Sociology of South Asia. 11 (2): 83–100. doi:10.1177/2230807517701572.
  89. ↑ Adhya, Hemantakumar (1997). Upendrakishore Raychaudhuri. Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. p. 4.
  90. ↑ Ghosh, Baridbaran (1968). "লীলা মজুমদার : ফিরে দেখা". Aar Konokhaney (in Bengali). by Leela Majumdar. Kolkata: Mitra & Ghosh Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 81-7293-232-4.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Dasgupta, Prasenjit. "হলুদ বন সবুজ মন." Robibar, 10 November 2013, pp. 40–41. Internet Archive
  • Sengoopta, Chandak. The Rays Before Satyajit. Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2016.
  • Chakraborty, Shreyosi. "প্রমদারঞ্জন রায়ের 'বনের খবর'." Parabaas, Vol. 62, March–April 2016. ISSN 1563-8685.
  • Sen, Arpita. "Joyful Memories of Idyllic Times." Man and Society, Vol. XVIII, 2021, pp. 129–151.
  • Chakraborty, Punyalata. Chelebelar Dinguli. Newscript, Calcutta, 1958.
  • Roy, Gautam Chando. "Upendrakishore Roychaudhuri's 'Sandesh'." Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 73, 2012, pp. 898–905.
[edit]

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