Dimapur
Dimapur | |
|---|---|
City and municipality | |
  .jpg) | |
 Interactive map of Dimapur | |
  Dimapur Location of Dimapur in Nagaland  Dimapur Dimapur (India) | |
| Coordinates: 25°54′33″N 93°43′36″E / 25.909174°N 93.726602°E | |
| Country |  India |
| State | Nagaland |
| District | Dimapur |
| Government | |
| • Type | Municipality |
| • Body | Dimapur Municipal Council |
| • Chairperson | Hukheto Yepthomi (Naga People's Front) |
| • Deputy Chairperson | Imlinaro Stephanie Ezüng (Naga People's Front) |
| • Police Commissioner | Kevithuto Sophie, IPS |
| Area | |
| 18.13 km2 (7.00 sq mi) | |
| • Metro | 70 km2 (27 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 145 m (476 ft) |
| Population | |
| 122,834 | |
| • Rank | 1st in Nagaland |
| Languages | |
| • Official | English |
| • Other major spoken languages | |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Telephone code | 91 - (0) 03862 |
| Vehicle registration | NL-07 |
| Website | dimapur |
Dimapur (/diməˈpʊər/) is the largest city and municipality in the Indian state of Nagaland. As of 2024 , the municipality had a population of 172,000. The city is the main gateway and commercial centre of Nagaland. It is located near the border with Assam, along the banks of the Dhansiri River. Its main railway station is the second busiest station in Northeast India. It was an important logistics and supply hub for the Allied forces during the Second World War.[4]
Etymology
[edit]Many historians explain the name 'Dimapur' as the city of the Dimasa people. The compound word is derived from the Dimasa Kachari words: di (water), ma (big), and pur (settlement).[5]
In the Ahom Buranjis, Dimapur is referred to sometimes as Che-din-chi-pen (town-earth-burn-make) meaning "Brick-town" and its rulers as khun timisa[6] (distorted word for Dimasa).[7]
History
[edit]Situated on the banks of the Dhansiri (originally known as Dong-siri meaning a ravine of peaceful habitation), Dimapur was described as the 'Brick City' by the European scholars and by the Ahoms.[8]
Medieval period
[edit]Capital of the Kachari Kingdom
[edit]Dimapur served as the capital of the Dimasa Kingdom during the medieval period.[9] The extensive fortifications, gateways, reservoirs and monumental remains found within the modern city testify to the prosperity and architectural development of the Kachari capital.[10] According to one tradition, the city was founded by the Kachari king Mahamanipha, whose reign is placed between 1330 and 1370.
The Ahom–Kachari conflict under Suhungmung began in 1526, but the campaign did not immediately result in the conquest of Dimapur. According to Edward Gait, renewed hostilities in 1531 followed the construction of an Ahom fort at Marangi in the lower Dhansiri region. After defeating a Kachari army commanded by Detcha, the Ahoms advanced up the Dhansiri River, pursued the retreating forces to Dimapur and compelled the Kachari king Khunkhara to flee. A Kachari prince named Detsung was then installed as ruler under Ahom suzerainty.[11][12]
When Detsung subsequently resisted Ahom authority, another expedition advanced through the Dhansiri valley in 1536. The Ahom forces again entered Dimapur, while Detsung fled and was later captured and killed at Jangmarang. Following this defeat, the Kachari royal house abandoned Dimapur and transferred its political centre southwards to Maibang.[13]
The occupation of Dimapur was nevertheless temporary and did not amount to its permanent annexation or settlement by the Ahom kingdom. Gait describes the Kachari capital as having been “twice occupied”, but states that the Ahoms “never attempted to occupy” the Dhansiri valley, which subsequently reverted largely to forest.[14] Permanent Ahom administration was concentrated farther north, in the lower Dhansiri or Marangi frontier, where an official known as the Marangikhowa Gohain was appointed.[15] Dimapur's fall therefore represented the military defeat and abandonment of the Kachari capital rather than the incorporation of the city and the surrounding upper Dhansiri valley into the Ahom administrative system.
The frontier remained contested: after a Kachari incursion, Pratap Singha led an expedition through the Kopili and Dhansiri valleys in 1606, but the Kacharis later attacked the Ahom force at Raha, killed Sundar Gohain and drove out the survivors, prompting the king to seek conciliation.[16] He subsequently settled four hundred Ahom families around Marangi and proposed an embankment along the Kachari boundary, but abandoned the plan after his nobles argued that a fixed frontier might restrict future expansion.[17]
With the Ming dynasty and kingdom of Ava (1400–1500)
[edit]It appears that Chinese Ming dynasty had political contacts with the Dimasa and other neighbouring kingdoms between 1406 and 1439.[18] The Ming dynasty canonised the Dimasa kingdom as a tusi in 1406.[19] A Pacification superintendency was established in the Dimasa kingdom and Lawangpa was appointed as the Di-ma-sa Pacification Superintendent.[20] The Ming court sent Zhou Rang, a Supervising Secretary to bestow Imperial orders, patent, seals, paper money, silks etc. to the kingdom[21] and in return, the chieftain of Dimasa sent horses and local products as a sign of tribute.[22] In 1425, paper money, ramie-silks, silk gauzes and thin silk were conferred to Mazhiasa who was sent to the Ming court by Diedaomangpa, the acting head of Di-ma-sa Pacification Superintendency.[23]
It is speculated that Dimasa kingdom is referred to as Timmasala in the Yan-anng-myin pagoda inscription of Burma in 1400 A.D.[25][26] In this inscription by Minkhaung I, the kingdom of Ava is said to extend on the east to Shan Pyi, northwest to Timmasala, west to Kula Pyi, and south to Talaing Pyi.[27]
In a 1442 inscription from Pagan of Burma mentions Timmasala (Hill Kacharis) to be one of the 21 principalities under Mong Mao ruler Thonganbwa (1413–1445/6),[28] who was later captured by the Governor of Taungdwin and presented to King Narapati I of Ava.[29]
The ruins of Dimasa Kingdom in Dimapur include a brick wall of the length of nearly 2 miles and 2 tanks about 300 yards square, are indicative of a city of considerable size.[30]
19th century Sanskritisation
[edit]During the early 19th century, the Dimasa chiefs with the assistance of Brahmins claimed themselves to be descendent of Hidimba. According to the legend constructed in the court, during their exile, the Pandavas came to the Kachari Kingdom where Bhima fell in love with Hidimbi (sister of Hidimba). Bhima married princess Hidimbi according to the Gandharva system and a son was born to princess Hidimbi, named Ghatotkacha. He ruled the Kachari Kingdom for many decades. Thereafter, kings of his lineage ruled over the vast land of the "Dilao" river ( which translates to "long river" in English), now known as Brahmaputra River for centuries until 4th century AD.[31][32]
20th century
[edit]World War II
[edit]During World War II, Dimapur was the centre of action between British India and Imperial Japan. It was the staging post for the Allied offensive. The Japanese could reach Kohima where a siege was laid. Allied reinforcement came through Dimapur by rail and road for the push against the Japanese. An airport at Dimapur was also in use for supplies to the allied forces in Burma. The Battle of Kohima about 77 km from Dimapur is considered the turning point for the Japanese retreat from Southeast Asia.[citation needed]
William Slim in his Defeat into Victory mentions that three all-weather roads were prepared by the Allied forces during World War II: Ledo Road in the north:Central Front road from Dimapur to Imphal; and a southern road from Dohazari to Arakan(Even though a road from Dimapur from Imphal already existed, a new road was made in 1942-43 with assistance from the pioneers of The 7th Battalion Worcestershire Regiment[33]). Out of these, the Dimapur- Imphal Road proved to be the most critical as the events unfolded.[34]
Assam lease Dimapur to Nagaland
[edit]In 1918, Dimapur was leased to then Naga Hills District (Now Nagaland) by then erstwhile Assam Province of British of India for 30 years for construction of Railways lines (unclear from which district).[35] In 1963, it was again leased to now state of Nagaland for 99 years.[36] There is controversy surrounding this claim, as both state governments have not come forward to comment on the matter.[37]
21st century
[edit]2004 Dimapur bombings
[edit]On 2 October 2004, two powerful bombs were set off—one at the Dimapur Railway Station and the other at the Hong Kong Market killing 30 and injuring over 100 others.[38][39]
Geography
[edit]Dimapur is located in the southwest of Nagaland. The vast majority of this area is flat with the Dhansiri River, a tributary of the Brahmaputra River flowing east of the city.[citation needed]
Climate
[edit]Dimapur is hot and humid in summers and moderately cold in winters.[40]
| Climate data for Dimapur | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 21.3 (70.3) |
24.0 (75.2) |
27.5 (81.5) |
28.5 (83.3) |
29.2 (84.6) |
29.7 (85.5) |
29.5 (85.1) |
29.4 (84.9) |
28.9 (84.0) |
27.3 (81.1) |
24.8 (76.6) |
22.0 (71.6) |
26.8 (80.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.6 (51.1) |
12.6 (54.7) |
15.6 (60.1) |
18.7 (65.7) |
21.4 (70.5) |
22.9 (73.2) |
24.3 (75.7) |
24.1 (75.4) |
23.1 (73.6) |
20.0 (68.0) |
15.5 (59.9) |
12.0 (53.6) |
18.4 (65.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 24 (0.9) |
45 (1.8) |
96 (3.8) |
214 (8.4) |
241 (9.5) |
259 (10.2) |
247 (9.7) |
239 (9.4) |
199 (7.8) |
105 (4.1) |
26 (1.0) |
15 (0.6) |
1,710 (67.2) |
| Average rainy days | 4 | 5 | 7 | 12 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 16 | 10 | 3 | 2 | 128 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 78 | 72 | 66 | 76 | 82 | 84 | 85 | 85 | 86 | 85 | 81 | 80 | 80 |
| Source: [41] | |||||||||||||
Dimapur has been ranked 28th best “National Clean Air City” under (Category 3 population under 3 lakhs cities) in India.[42]
Demographics
[edit]According to the 2011 census, the city-population of the old Town Committee area (up to the old dhansiri bridge) at 122,834. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Dimapur has an average literacy rate of 86% male literacy is 88% and, female literacy is 84%.[3] In Dimapur, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age. Unlike other places in the state, this city has a heterogeneous mix of people from all over India, and for which it is also known as "Mini India".[citation needed]
Religion
[edit]Christianity is the most followed religion in the city making up 45.10% of the city's population, closely followed by Hinduism at 41.11%. Islam is followed by 11.21%, Jainism by 1.73%, Buddhist by 0.48% and Sikhs by 0.19% respectively.[3]
- Bengali (25.5%)
- Hindi (18.7%)
- Ao (14.3%)
- Lotha (6.52%)
- Nepali (3.76%)
- Angami (2.45%)
- Manipuri (2.30%)
- Zeliang (2.11%)
- Assamese (2.01%)
- Sema (1.91%)
- Kabui (1.77%)
- Sangtam (1.07%)
- Chakhesang (0.81%)
- Others (16.8%)
Tourism
[edit]Religious and historical sites
[edit]- Ruins of Kachari Rajbari
Although is left in ruins after centuries of abandonment, after facing conflict with the Ahom King in 18th century and with the settlement of township occupying almost half of its former glorious fortress, is still a national heritage site. It signifies great historical importance for the region of North-East. It also gives great value to the state of Nagaland.[citation needed]
- Dimapur City Tower
The Dimapur City Tower is a major landmark of the city. It is located at Circular Road in the heart of Dimapur. Also known as the Clock Tower, the tower is decorated with Christmas Lights during the Christmas season.[citation needed]
- Dimapur Jain Temple
The Dimapur Jain Temple was built in 1947. The temple has some intricate glass work. The temple is considered very auspicious by the people of Dimapur. The temple was built by the tireless effort of Shri Jethmal Sethi, Shri Phulchand Sethi, Shri Udayram Chabra, Shri Chunnilal Kishanlal Sethi, Shri Kanhaiyal Sethi, Shri Mangilal Chabra, Motilal Patni, Subhkaran Sethi and other Jain families present in Dimapur at that time.[citation needed]
Parks and other highlights
[edit]Dimapur has several places where tourist can visit such as Nagaland Science Center, Stone Park, Hazi Park, Shiv Mandir and Kali Temple.[45] The Rangapahar Wildlife Sanctuary, Nagaland Zoological Park, Green Park, Niathu Resort, Noune Resort, The Triple Falls, Nagaland Science Centre, Aqua Mellow Park and Agri Expo site in the neighbouring Chümoukedima District can be easily accessible from Dimapur.
Transportation
[edit]Airport
[edit]
Dimapur is served by the Dimapur Airport located at 3rd Mile (AH1), Chümoukedima District. It is the only civil airport in the state and operates routes to Kolkata, Guwahati, Imphal,[46] and Dibrugarh.
Bangladesh Air Force is born in Dimapur on 28 September 1971.[47][48]
Roadways
[edit]Highways passing through Dimapur
[edit]
Railway
[edit]Dimapur has direct train services to cities like Guwahati, Kolkata, Patna, New Delhi, Bangalore, Chandigarh, Amritsar, Dibrugarh and Chennai from the Dimapur railway station. The station is categorised as an A category railway station which lies on the Lumding-Dibrugarh section under the Lumding railway division of Northeast Frontier Railway.
It is one of the two railway stations in Nagaland. The other railway station is Shokhüvi railway station.[49]
Sports
[edit]The Dimapur District Sports Council Stadium is multi-purpose sports stadium in the city while the Nagaland State Stadium is another multi-disciplinary sports stadium currently under construction.[50]
Economy
[edit]Dimapur is the commercial centre of Nagaland. It also acts as a transit hub for trading goods brought in from trains at Dimapur railway station and by road via National Highway 29 to other parts of Nagaland. Many private and central banks are also located in the city. Some major hotels are Hotel Acacia (3-star hotel), Hotel Saramati, Hotel Lake Shiloi among many others.[citation needed]
Commerce
[edit]A number of shopping centers and markets have sprung up in Dimapur, with the HongKong Market, Central Plaza, New Market, Bank colony (Super Market Area) and Circular and NL roads serving as the main commercial areas in the city. The Complexes and shopping centres have sprung up to Notun Bosti.[citation needed]
The stretch from Purana Bazaar to Chümoukedima along the AH-1 is also rapidly developing into commercial areas.[citation needed]
The city's Hong Kong Market is well known for imported goods from Thailand, China, and Burma and is the main Shopping Attraction for Tourists visiting Nagaland. The wholesale foodgrain items are available at KL Sethi Market Complex, Jasokie Market, etc. at GS Road, Dimapur.[citation needed]
Education
[edit] |
Colleges
[edit]- Dimapur Government College
- Public College of Commerce
- Salesian College of Higher Education
- Sakus Mission College
- Trinity Theological College
- Unity College
- Pranab College
- S D Jain Girls College
- Cornerstone College
- Ngullie Memorial College
- School of Engineering & Technology, Nagaland University
- Yemhi Memorial College
- St. John College
Schools
[edit]- Assam Rifles Public School
- Assembly Of God Higher Secondary School
- Don Bosco Higher Secondary School
- Government Higher Secondary School
- Greenwood School
- Holy Cross School
- Christian Higher Secondary School
- Little Star Higher Secondary School
- Living Stone Foundation Higher Secondary School
- N. N. Nagi School
- Pranab Vidyapith Higher Secondary School
- St. John Higher Secondary Residential School
- King David School, Kushiabill
- Hollotoli school
Notable people
[edit]- Kevichüsa Angami (1903–1990), Politician
- Zhokhoi Chüzho, Actor
- Zuboni Hümtsoe (1990–2017), Entrepreneur
- Hekani Jakhalu Kense, Politician
- Chalie Kevichüsa (1943–1992), Journalist
- Razhukhrielie Kevichüsa (1941–2022), Bureaucrat and Musician
- Tubu Kevichüsa (1948–1996), Nationalist Leader
- Dolly Kikon, Anthropologist
- James Kithan, Sportsperson
- Viseyie Koso, Sportsperson
- Alobo Naga, Musician
- Phulchand Sethi (1911–1976), Businessperson
- Kihoto Hollohon Yepthomi (1932–2021), Politician
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ↑ "Dimapur City".
- ↑ "Dimapur Info".
- 1 2 3 "Dimapur City Population Census 2011 | Nagaland". www.census2011.co.in.
- ↑ Roy, Kaushik (2012). "Review of Road of Bones: The Siege of Kohima, 1944. The Epic Story of the Last Great Stand of Empire". War in History. 19 (1): 113–114. ISSN 0968-3445.
- ↑ Bathari 2014, pp. 17–18.
- ↑ (Ramirez 2007:93)
- ↑ "SALESIAN PROVINCE OF DIMAPUR". donboscodimapur.org. Archived from the original on 24 March 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
- ↑ Bodo, Phirmi (15 October 2021). "Dimapur: Memories of a brick city". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
- ↑ District Dimapur, History, dimapur.nic.in, India, retrieved 12 February 2021.
- ↑ (Shin 2020:63)
- ↑ “The Kacharis were again defeated and pursued as far as their capital at Dimapur. The Kachari king fled with his son, and a prince named Detsung was set up in his place.” (Gait 1906:89)
- ↑ Some accounts place Suhungmung's advance to Dimapur in 1526: “This city is probably the one mentioned in the Ahom Buranji, which records that Ahom king Suhungmung (alias Dihingia Rāja) and his son reached the city by ascending the river Timā (Dima or Dhansiri) in 1526 when the Ahoms attacked Dimapur.” (Shin 2020:63)
- ↑ “In 1536 Detsung quarrelled with the Ahoms, who again ascended the Dhansiri and sacked Dimapur ... After this invasion, the Kacharis deserted Dimapur and the valley of the Dhansiri, and, retreating further south, established a new capital at Maibong.” (Gait 1906:244–245)
- ↑ “The Ahoms thus became masters ... of the Dhansiri valley, which they never attempted to occupy and which soon relapsed into jungle.” (Gait 1906:93–94)
- ↑ “Their capital at Dimapur was twice occupied. A permanent official known as the Marangi Khowa Gohain was appointed to hold the lower valley of the Dhansiri.” (Gait 1906:94–95)
- ↑ (Gait 1906:103–104)
- ↑ (Gait 1906:117)
- ↑ Mukherjee, Rila (2011). Pelagic Passageways: The Northern Bay of Bengal Before Colonialism. Primus Books. p. 147. ISBN 978-93-80607-20-7.
- ↑ (Laichen 2000:79)
- ↑ "As the regions of Da Gu-la and Di-ma-sa were broad, pacification superintendencies were established there, while in Xiao Gu-la, Cha-shan, Di-ban, Meng-lun and Ba-jia-ta, Chief's Offices were established. Po-di-na-lang was appointed as Da Gu-la Pacification Superintendent, and La-Wang-pa was appointed as Di-ma-sa Pacification Superintendent"(Wade 1994:301–302)
- ↑ "Patents, seals, Imperial tallies and red warrants engraved with gold characters were conferred upon all of them. The Supervising Secretary Zhou Rang was sent to take the Imperial orders and go and confer them upon these people. Further, paper money and silks as appropriate, were conferred upon them all."(Wade 1994:302)
- ↑ The chieftains sent separately by Po-di-na-lang, the pacification superintendent of Da Gu-la; La-wang-pa, the pacification superintendent of Di-ma-sa; Bai-zhang, the chief of Xiao Gu-la; and Zao-zhang, the chief of Cha-shan, offered tribute of horses and local products in gratitude for the Imperial grace manifested in the conferring of posts upon them."(Wade 1994:432)
- ↑ "Paper money, ramie- silks, silk gauzes and thin silks as appropriate, were conferred upon ...the monk Hui Yuan from Yun-nan Prefecture; the chieftain Ma-zhi-a-sa, who had been sent by Die-dao Mang-pa, the husband of the younger sister of the deceased pacification superintendent of the Di-ma-sa Pacification Superintendency and acting head of the superintendency;"(Wade 1994:862)
- ↑ Plate was discovered in Jorhat Assam from Ahom royal family. ① 永樂五年: Yong-le emperor 5 years: 1407 AD. ② 信符: Plate. ③ 底馬撒宣慰司: Di-ma-sa Xuanwei Si ④ 皇帝聖旨: Imperial edict ⑤ 合當差發: “合當” means must or should, "差發" is a commercial form in the early Ming dynasty that frontier ethnic groups or tribes exchange horses for tea with Ming officials. "合當差發" could be understood as if you have this plate then you can exchange horses for tea with a Ming official. The Ming dynasty prohibits the folk tea trade with frontier ethnics and tribes. "合當差發" is the only way they can get tea from Ming. ⑥ 不信者斬: If somebody does not comply, he should be killed.
- ↑ "The Yan-anng-myin pagoda inscription at Themaungan, south of Pinya, claims that in 1400 A.D. the rule of the king extended beyond the Kandu (Kadu, an ethnic group in northern Burma) and the “Palaung who grow tails,” to the “heretic kingdoms of the naked Nagas on the borders of Khamti Khun kyuiw, as far as the heretic kingdom called Timmasala where they kill people and turn into spirits.” This Timmasala should be identified with the Dimasa Kacharis of Upper Assam."(Laichen 2000:21–22)
- ↑ "The Khaṁtī mentioned after Muiwkon (Mogaung) and Muin Can (Maing Zin) in the Kyankse Hill inscription (List 1084a 5, 955 s.), is doubtless Singkaling Khamti. The recently discovered Yan-aung-myin pagoda inscription at Thèmaunggan, south of Pinya (Obverse, line 8, 762 s.), claims that in 1400 A.D. the rule of the king extended beyond the Kandu (Kadu) and the Ponlon amri yols ("Palaungs who grow tails"), to the "heretic kingdoms of the Naked Nagas on the borders of Khamti Khun lcyviw (?), as far as the heretic kingdom called Timmasàla where they kill people and turn into spirits," i.e., the Dimasa Kacharis of Upper Assam."(Luce 1958:174)
- ↑ "At, or shortly after, his formal ascension, Mingaung the First claimed in the same inscription noted above that “Myanma Pyi” extended on the east to “Shan Pyi,” on the northwest to “Timmasala” (Assam?), on the west to “Kula Pyi,” and on the south to “Talaing Pyi.” What these entities might have been depends on the word pyi. Since Pagan times, the Old Burmese word pran (pyi) has been used in both a concrete, geopolitical and cultural sense (as it is here), as well as in an abstract way, such as in the phrase nibban pyi (the state of nirvana)."(Aung-Thwin 2017:71)
- ↑ "On Tuesday the [5th] waxing of Tagu he captured the capital of Suiw Khut called Kale. On Thursday the 7th waxing of the month, he captured the Mo[Mong Mao] king Suiw Nam Phwa, own grandson of the lord of Nine Hundred Thousand, Suiw Khan Phwa (Thonganbwa), ruler of the 21 Umbrellas:- Muin Mo, Muin Nan; the ocean-ordered anklet wearing Kula (Indians) and Timmasala (Hill Kacharis); Muin Kale; Kasan (Manipur); Kakran (Kachin); Muin Tin; Muin Pran; Muin Ti; Muin Na; Muin Myan; Kyra Uiw; Muin Nuiw; Muin Luiw; Muin Saou; Muin Ya; Muin Khruin; Muin Khun; Muin Yuiw;........Many of these 'Umbrellas', i.e independent states can be identified :- Maw (Lu-ch'uan); Mohnyin (Mengyang); Kula and Dimasa; Kalemyo; Manipur; Kachin - these are unmistakeable"(Luce & Htway 1976:214)
- ↑ "Thonganbwa and the chief of Kale were soon afterwards taken by the governor (of Taungdwin) to the presence of King Narapadi, who was then sojourning in a temporary palace on Minwun hill, and on Sunday, the 12th waxing of Kason, several elephants and ponies and a quantity of jewellery obtained from Kale were presented to the king."(Nyein Maung 1998:38)
- ↑ "However, no clear trace of temples and images in the Dimapur ruins raises doubt about the scale and intensity of Brahmanisation in the early history of the Dimasas. The ruins of Dimapur, which include a brick wall of the aggregate length of nearly 2 miles and 2 tanks about 300 yards square, are indicative of a city of considerable size." (Shin 2020:63)
- ↑ (Shin 2020:68–70)
- ↑ (Bathari 2014:17–18)
- ↑ "BBC - WW2 People's War - THE ROAD FROM DIMAPUR TO KOHIMA". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 10 November 2025.
- ↑ Defeat into Victory by Field Marshal Sir William Slim; Originally published 1956.
- ↑ NP, Return Dimapur To Assam Demand Grows[permanent dead link], nagalandpage.com, India, 18 July 2018
- ↑ EMN, Assam politician wants Dimapur and Merapani from Nagaland, easternmirrornagaland.com, India, 19 September 2016
- ↑ Nagaland Post, Paying the Price of Silence Archived 22 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine, nagalandpost.com, India, 15 September 2018
- ↑ Vinayak, G (2 October 2004). "At least 30 killed in Nagaland blast". Rediff.com. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
- ↑ "India reels after deadly blasts". Al Jazeera. 3 October 2004. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
- ↑ "February Climate History for Dimapur". myweather2.com. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
- ↑ Climate data
- ↑ "Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024" (PDF). Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024. 7 September 2024.
- ↑ "Dimapur City religious population". Census India 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
- ↑ "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Nagaland". Census 2011. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. Retrieved 18 April 2026.
- ↑ "Dimapur Places to Visit". holidayiq.com. Archived from the original on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
- ↑ "Alliance Air confirms plans to commence Guwahati-Dimapur-Imphal service in Dec-2019". CAPA. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
- ↑ "BAF History". Bangladesh Air Force. Archived from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2025.
- ↑ "Fifty years ago, remote Dimapur airstrip gave wings to fledgling Bangladesh Air Force". The Economic Times. 28 September 2021. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 10 November 2025.
- ↑ "Nagaland gets second Railway station after over 100 years | Nagaland Post". 27 August 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ↑ "State Stadium Dimapur – Why is it taking so long to complete?". Nagas Connect. 10 May 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
References
[edit]- Nyein Maung, ed. (1998), Shay-haung Myanma Kyauksa-mya [Ancient Burmese Stone Inscriptions] (in Burmese), vol. V, Yangon: Archaeological Department
- Luce, Gordon H. (1958). "The Early Syam in Burma's history" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. 46 (2): 123–214.
- Luce, G.H; Htway, Tin (1976), "A 15th Century Inscription and Library at Pagán, Burma", Malalasekera Commemoration Volume. Colombo: The Malalasekera Commemoration Volume Editorial Committee, Dept of Pali and Buddhist Studies, University of Ceylon, pp. 203–256
- Aung-Thwin, Michael A. (2017). Myanmar in the Fifteenth Century. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-6783-6.
- Gait, Edward A. (1906), A History of Assam, Calcutta: Thacker, Spink & Co.
- Bathari, Uttam (2014). Memory History and polity a study of dimasa identity in colonial past and post colonial present (Ph.D.). Gauhati University. hdl:10603/115353.
- Laichen, Sun (2000), Ming -Southeast Asian overland interactions, 1368--1644.
- Ramirez, Philippe (2007), "Politico-ritual variations on the Assamese fringes: Do social systems exist?", in Sadan, Mandy; Robinne., François (eds.), Social Dynamics in the Highlands of Southeast Asia Reconsidering Political Systems of Highland Burma, Boston: Brill, pp. 91–107
- Shin, Jae-Eun (2020). "Descending from demons, ascending to kshatriyas: Genealogical claims and political process in pre-modern Northeast India, The Chutiyas and the Dimasas". The Indian Economic and Social History Review. 57 (1): 49–75. doi:10.1177/0019464619894134. S2CID 213213265.
- Wade, Geoffrey (1994), The Ming Shi-lu (Veritable Records of the Ming Dynasty) as a Source for Southeast Asian History -- 14th to 17th Centuries, Hong Kong
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