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Dermatocranium

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The dermatocranium is the portion of the vertebrate skull that is composed of dermal bone, as opposed to the chondrocranium and splanchnocranium, which are composed of endochondral bone. Bones of the dermatocranium originate from integumentary bony armour in the earliest fishes, only later fusing to the endochondral skull bones.[1]

The dermatocranium comprises the skull roof, the facial skeleton, and—in fishes—the opercular bones.[2] During the early evolution of tetrapods, a number of the bones in the posterior skull separated to become the dermal portions of the shoulder girdle.[3]

Osteichthyes

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The dermatocranium of osteichthyans is divided into the following series. Few if any taxa have every bone of the dermatocranium; some represent bones present ancestrally in osteichthyans but later lost in various groups, while others represent neomorphs only present in some groups.[3]

Facial series

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Bones of the facial series make up the snout.

Orbital series

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Bones of the orbital series encircle and define the orbit.

Temporal series

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Bones of the temporal series make up the region behind the orbit (i.e., the temple). These bones frequently encircle the temporal fenestrae, if present.

Vault series

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Also known as roofing bones, the vault series forms the dorsal surface of the braincase. This area also encloses the parietal eye, if present.

Palatal series

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The palatal series encloses most of the roof of the mouth.

Mandibular series

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The bones of the mandibular series enclose Meckel's cartilage and form most of the lower jaw. In mammals, the angular becomes part of the structure of the ear.

Opercular series

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Among actinopterygian and sarcopterygian fishes,[1] the bones of the opercular series cover the gills. They serve to protect the gills and support the rearmost part of the face; they also serve in respiration and feeding.[18][19]

Basibranchial region

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Bones of the basibranchial region occur ventral to the opercular series, posterior to the mandibular series.[1][20]

Pectoral series

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In basal osteichthyans as well as in many extant fishes, these bones are affixed to the posterior of the skull. In modern tetrapods they are either lost or, when present, form part of the pectoral girdle. Other parts of the girdle, such as the scapula and coracoid, develop from endochondral bone and were never part of the dermatocranium.[1] Bones of this series may have originated as operculum-like elements covering the sixth gill arch.[21]

Placoderms

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The skulls of Entelognathus and Qilinyu helped to clarify homology between placoderm and osteichthyan dermatocranial bones.

Among placoderms, bony dermal elements cover the exterior of the skull; indeed, in many placoderms, they are the only ossified portion of the skull. While some bones of the placoderm dermatocranium are known to be homologous with bones of osteichthyans, others are less certain.[22][23] The following elements are divided here according to their homology with the bones in osteichthyes.

Facial series

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  • Premedian plate (Homologous with the osteichthyan rostral or mosaic rostral bones)[24]
  • Rostral plate (Homologous with the osteichthyan rostral or mosaic rostral bones)[24]
  • Anterior supragnathal (Homologous with the osteichthyan premaxilla)[23][25]
  • Posterior supragnathal (Homologous with the osteichthyan maxilla)[23][25]
  • Postnasal plate (Homologous with the osteichthyan nasal series)[24]
  • Pineal plate (Homologous with the osteichthyan postrostral or mosaic postrostral bones)[24]
  • Rostropineal plate[26]

Orbital series

[edit]

Temporal series

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  • Postorbital plate (Homologous with the sarcopterygian intertemporal/actinopterygian dermosphenotic)[24]
  • Anterior paranuchal (Homologous with the sarcopterygian tabular/actinopterygian supratemporal)[24]
  • Postmarginal plate (Homologous with the osteichthyan extratemporal)[24]
  • Marginal plate (Homologous with the sarcopterygian supratemporal/actinopterygian intertemporal)[24]
  • Lateral plate

Vault series

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Palatal series

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Mandibular series

[edit]

Opercular series

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  • Submarginal plate (Homologous with the osteichthyan operculum)[24]

Pectoral series

[edit]
  • Anterior dorsolateral plate (Homologous with the osteichthyan posttemporal)[24]
  • Anterior medio-ventral plate (Homologous with the osteichthyan interclavicle)[24]
  • Posterior medio-ventral plate
  • Posterior ventrolateral plate
  • Posterior dorsolateral plate (Homologous with the osteichthyan supracleithrum)[24]
  • Anterior lateral plate (Homologous in part with the osteichthyan cleithrum)[24]
  • Anterior ventrolateral plate (Homologous in part with the osteichthyan cleithrum)[24]
  • Spinal plate (Homologous in part with the osteichthyan cleithrum)[24]
  • Posterior lateral plate (Homologous with the osteichthyan postcleithrum/anocleithrum)[24]
  • Interolateral plate (Homologous with the osteichthyan clavicle)[24]
  • Postnuchal[24]
  • Anterior median dorsal plate
  • Posterior median dorsal plate
  • Antero-ventral plate

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 Kardong, Kenneth (2015). Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
  2. ↑ Kent, George C.; Carr, Robert K. (2001). Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates (9th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-303869-5.
  3. 1 2 Kardong, Kenneth (2015). Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
  4. ↑ Xiong, Jianli; Liu, Xiuying; Zeng, Xiaomao (2011-06-01). "Discovery of an Internasal Bone in Hynobius maoershanensis (Urodela: Hynobiidae)". Asian Herpetological Research. 2 (2): 87–90. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1245.2011.00087. ISSN 2095-0357.
  5. 1 2 3 Jollie, Malcolm (1986). "A primer of bone names for the understanding of the actinopterygian head and pectoral girdle skeletons". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 64 (2). NRC Research Press: 365–379. doi:10.1139/z86-058. ISSN 0008-4301.
  6. ↑ "3. Description and Systematics of Panderichthyid Fishes with Comments on Their Relationship to Tetrapods", Origins of the Higher Groups of Tetrapods, Cornell University Press, pp. 68–109, 2018-12-31, doi:10.7591/9781501718335-005, retrieved 2026-09-17
  7. ↑ Kriwet, Jürgen (2005). "A comprehensive study of the skull and dentition of pycnodont fishes". Zitteliana: 135–188. doi:10.5282/ubm/epub.11955. ISSN 1612-412X.
  8. ↑ Trueb, Linda (1993). "Patterns of cranial diversity in Lissamphibia". In Hanken, J.; Hall, B.K. (eds.). The skull: Patterns of Structural Diversity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  9. ↑ Maidment, Susannah C. R.; Porro, Laura B. (March 2010). "Homology of the palpebral and origin of supraorbital ossifications in ornithischian dinosaurs". Lethaia. 43 (1): 95–111. Bibcode:2010Letha..43...95M. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00172.x. ISSN 0024-1164.
  10. ↑ Poplin, Cécile (2004). "The dermosphenotic in early actinopterygians, a nomenclatural problem" (PDF). In Arratia, G.; Tintori, A. (eds.). Mesozoic Fishes 3 – Systematics, Paleoenvironments and Biodiversity. München, Germany: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. pp. 65–178. ISBN -89937-053-8. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: length (help)
  11. 1 2 Arratia, Gloria; Schultze, Hans-Peter (1991). "Palatoquadrate and its ossifications: Development and homology within osteichthyans". Journal of Morphology. 208 (1): 1–81. doi:10.1002/jmor.1052080102. ISSN 1097-4687.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Block, A. J.; Mabee, P. M. (July 2012). "Development of the mandibular, hyoid arch and gill arch skeleton in the Chinese barb Puntius semifasciolatus : comparisons of ossification sequences among Cypriniformes". Journal of Fish Biology. 81 (1): 54–80. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03307.x. ISSN 0022-1112.
  13. ↑ Trueb, Linda (1993). "Patterns of cranial diversity in Lissamphibia". In Hanken, J.; Hall, B.K. (eds.). The skull: Patterns of Structural Diversity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  14. 1 2 Prino, Andrea; Witzmann, Florian; Schwermann, Achim H.; Sander, P. Martin; Garbay, Laurent; Konietzko-Meier, Dorota (2024-10-01). "How not to disappear completely: new Stereospondyli fossils from the Rhaetian, Upper Triassic of Bonenburg, North Rhine-Westphalia and their implications for the Late Triassic extinction of Stereospondyli". Palaeontologia Polonica. 69 (4): 687. doi:10.4202/app.01147.2024. ISSN 0078-8562.
  15. ↑ Bolt, John R.; Lombard, R. Eric (2006). "SIGOURNEA MULTIDENTATA, A NEW STEM TETRAPOD FROM THE UPPER MISSISSIPPIAN OF IOWA, USA". Journal of Paleontology. 80 (4): 717–725. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2006)80[717:SMANST]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-3360.
  16. ↑ Smirnov, Sergei V.; Vassilieva, Anna B. (2009). "Number of Ossification Centers in the Anuran Cranial Bones Depends upon the Rate of Development: Experimental Evidence". Russian Journal of Herpetology. 16 (3): 167–176. doi:10.30906/1026-2296-2009-16-3-167-176. ISSN 1026-2296.
  17. ↑ Zhu, Min; Zhao, Wenjin; Jia, Liantao; Lu, Jing; Qiao, Tuo; Qu, Qingming (March 2009). "The oldest articulated osteichthyan reveals mosaic gnathostome characters". Nature. 458 (7237): 469–474. doi:10.1038/nature07855. ISSN 1476-4687.
  18. ↑ Beraldo, Paola; Pinosa, Maurizio; Tibaldi, Emilio; Canavese, Bartolomeo (2003-04-14). "Abnormalities of the operculum in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata): morphological description". Aquaculture. 220 (1): 89–99. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00416-7. ISSN 0044-8486.
  19. ↑ Charles B. Kimmel; Windsor E. Aguirre; Bonnie Ullmann; Mark Currey; William A. Cresko (2008). "Allometric change accompanies opercular shape evolution in Alaskan threespine sticklebacks" (PDF). Behaviour. 145 (4/5): 669–691. Bibcode:2008Behav.145..669C. doi:10.1163/156853908792451395. JSTOR 40295944.
  20. ↑ Arratia, Gloria; Schultze, Hans-Peter (1990-03-01). "The urohyal: Development and homology within osteichthyans". Journal of Morphology. 203 (3): 247–282. doi:10.1002/jmor.1052030302. ISSN 1097-4687.
  21. ↑ Brazeau, Martin D.; Castiello, Marco; El Fassi El Fehri, Amin; Hamilton, Louis; Ivanov, Alexander O.; Johanson, Zerina; Friedman, Matt (2023). "Fossil evidence for a pharyngeal origin of the vertebrate pectoral girdle". Nature. 623 (7987). Nature Publishing Group: 550–554. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06702-4. ISSN 1476-4687.
  22. ↑ Young, Gavin C. (2010). "Placoderms (Armored Fish): Dominant Vertebrates of the Devonian Period". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 38. Annual Reviews: 523–550. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-040809-152507. ISSN 1545-4495.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Long, John A.; Trinajstic, Kate (2024-01-22). "Placoderms". Current Biology. 34 (2). Elsevier: R43–R47. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.11.038. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 38262353.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Zhu, Min; Yu, Xiaobo; Ahlberg, Per Erik; Choo, Brian; Lu, Jing; Qiao, Tuo; Qu, Qingming; Zhao, Wenjin; Jia, Liantao; Blom, Henning; Zhu, You’an (2013). "A Silurian placoderm with osteichthyan-like marginal jaw bones". Nature. 502 (7470). Nature Publishing Group: 188–193. doi:10.1038/nature12617. ISSN 1476-4687.
  25. 1 2 3 Zhu, Min; Ahlberg, Per E.; Pan, Zhaohui; Zhu, Youan; Qiao, Tuo; Zhao, Wenjin; Jia, Liantao; Lu, Jing (2016-10-21). "A Silurian maxillate placoderm illuminates jaw evolution". Science. 354 (6310): 334–336. doi:10.1126/science.aah3764. ISSN 0036-8075. Archived from the original on 2023-08-13.
  26. ↑ Dupret, Vincent; Sanchez, Sophie; Goujet, Daniel; Tafforeau, Paul; Ahlberg, Per E. (2014). "A primitive placoderm sheds light on the origin of the jawed vertebrate face". Nature. 507 (7493). Nature Publishing Group: 500–503. doi:10.1038/nature12980. ISSN 1476-4687.
  27. ↑ Gai, Zhikun; Yu, Xiaobo; Zhu, Min (2017). "The Evolution of the Zygomatic Bone From Agnatha to Tetrapoda". The Anatomical Record. 300 (1): 16–29. doi:10.1002/ar.23512. ISSN 1932-8494.
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