Cleithrum
The cleithrum (pl.: cleithra) is a paired membrane bone which first appears as part of the skeleton in primitive bony fish, where it runs vertically along the scapula.[1] Its name is derived from Greek κλειθρον = "key (lock)", by analogy with "clavicle" from Latin clavicula = "little key".
Anatomy
[edit]The cleithrum forms a part of the shoulder girdle. Unlike most bones of the shoulder, but like the clavicle and interclavicle, it develops as dermal bone. It articulates with the clavicle on its ventral side.[2]
In fishes, where it attaches to the rear part of the skull, it articulates anteriorly with the bones of the operculum. It also articulates with the similarly-named postcleithrum (also known as the anocleithrum), supracleithrum, and presupracleithrum.[2]
Evolution
[edit]Ancestrally the cleithrum formed a part of the dermatocranium of the skull, and was attached to the rear part of the head in fishes. It is believed to have evolved from a number of bony plates present in placoderms (namely, the anterior lateral plate, the anterior ventrolateral plate, and the spinal plate).[3]
In modern fishes, the cleithrum is a large bone that extends upwards from the base of the pectoral fin and anchors to the cranium above the gills, forming the posterior edge of the gill chamber.[4] The bone has scientific use as a means to determine the age of fishes.
The lobe-finned fishes share this arrangement. In the earliest tetrapods, however, the cleithrum/clavicle complex came free of the skull roof, allowing for a movable neck. A small cleithrum is present in Triadobatrachus (the earliest known lissamphibian) and in modern frogs, where it forms a vestigial portion of the shoulder girdle attached to the suprascapula.[5][6]
The cleithrum disappeared early in the evolution of reptiles, and in amniotes is very small or absent. It has been argued based on position, muscle connectivity, and developmental origin that the nuchal element of the turtle carapace is formed from fused cleithra.[7]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ↑ Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 184–186. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.
- 1 2 Kardong, Kenneth (2015). Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
- ↑ Zhu, Min; Yu, Xiaobo; Ahlberg, Per Erik; Choo, Brian; Lu, Jing; Qiao, Tuo; Qu, Qingming; Zhao, Wenjin; Jia, Liantao; Blom, Henning; Zhu, You’an (2013). "A Silurian placoderm with osteichthyan-like marginal jaw bones". Nature. 502 (7470). Nature Publishing Group: 188–193. doi:10.1038/nature12617. ISSN 1476-4687.
- ↑ "Fish Glossary". University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute. 5 February 2002. Archived from the original on 2011-03-13.
- ↑ Ascarrunz, Eduardo; Rage, Jean-Claude; Legreneur, Pierre; Laurin, Michel (2016-06-14). "Triadobatrachus massinoti, the earliest known lissamphibian (Vertebrata: Tetrapoda) re-examined by μCT scan, and the evolution of trunk length in batrachians". Contributions to Zoology. 85 (2): 201–234. doi:10.1163/18759866-08502004. ISSN 1383-4517. Archived from the original on 2026-08-12.
- ↑ Havelková, Pavla; Roček, Zbyněk (2006). "Transformation of the pectoral girdle in the evolutionary origin of frogs: insights from the primitive anuran Discoglossus". Journal of Anatomy. 209 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00583.x. ISSN 1469-7580. PMC 2100309. PMID 16822264.
- ↑ Lyson, Tyler R.; Bhullar, Bhart-Anjan S.; Bever, Gabe S.; Joyce, Walter G.; de Queiroz, Kevin; Abzhanov, Arhat; Gauthier, Jacques A. (September 2013). "Homology of the enigmatic nuchal bone reveals novel reorganization of the shoulder girdle in the evolution of the turtle shell". Evolution & Development. 15 (5): 317–325. doi:10.1111/ede.12041. ISSN 1520-541X.
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