Cloudflare fetched the original article and streamed it through HTMLRewriter to apply an entirely new visual system without rebuilding the source page.
// request.cf · coarse context
A page that knows where it met you.
Only coarse request metadata is shown. This demo does not display or persist visitor IP addresses.
This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Hindi and Urdu on Wikipedia.
It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Hindi and Urdu in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first.
It is to be noted that Hindustani, as a pluricentric language, is written in two scripts—Devanagari and Perso-Arabic—and that the Devanagari script is used for Hindi (as well as sometimes for Urdu) in India, while the Perso-Arabic script is used for Urdu in India and Pakistan. There is a degree of somewhat mutual comprehension of scripts . In this way it may be compared to Persian and Serbo-Croatian.
12345678Hindi and Urdu contrast dental [t] and [d] with apical postalveolar [ʈ] and [ɖ] (as well as aspirated variants). Both sets sound like /t/ and /d/ to most English speakers although the dental [t] and [d] are used in place of the English /θ/ and /ð/ for some speakers with th-stopping.
123456Mainly phonemes of Urdu. Hindi speakers may replace [x], [z], [ʒ], [ɣ], [q] and [f] with [kʰ], [dʒ], [dʒʱ], [g], [k] and [pʰ] respectively.
↑In a number of words, the ع and/or ء is sometimes pronounced as ʔ in Urdu, which is typically not represented or pronounced in Hindi, except when the Urdu variant is transliterated into Hindi.
12Mainly phonemes of Hindi. Urdu speakers usually replace [ɳ] and [ʂ] with [n] and [ʃ] respectively.
12/ɾ/ can surface as a trill [r] in word-initial and syllable-final positions. Geminate /ɾː/ is always a trill.
12[w] occurs as an allophone of [ʋ] when /वو/ is in an onglide position between an onset consonant and a following vowel while [ʋ], which may phonetically be [v], occurs otherwise.
12[ɛ] and [ɔ] occur as allophones of /ə/ near an /ɦ/ that is surrounded on both sides by schwas. Usually, the second schwa becomes silent, which results in an [ɛ] and [ɔ] respectively, preceding an /ɦ/.
↑Urdu transliteration. The Hindi variant is usually written as ऐतबार or एतबार (aitbār, ētbār). Rekhta Dictionary transliterates this term as ए'तिबार (ē'tibār) in Devanagari/Hindi.[4]
