Wayampi language
| Wayãpi | |
|---|---|
| Wayampi | |
| Wajãpi | |
| Pronunciation | [wajãˈpi] ~ [wãjãˈpi] |
| Native to | French Guiana, Brazil |
| Ethnicity | Wayãpi |
Native speakers | (1,200 cited 2000)[1] |
Tupian
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | oym |
| Glottolog | waya1270 |
| ELP | Wayampí |
Wayãpi or Wayampi (Waiãpi, Guayapi, Oiampí, Wayampi: Wajãpi[2]) is a Tupi–Guarani language spoken by the Wayãpi people. It is spoken in French Guiana and Brazil.
Classification
[edit]Wayampi is a member of the Tupian language family. According to Brazilian linguist Aryon Rodrigues, it forms a subgroup with neighbouring Emerillon, as well as the Zoʼé, Kaʼapor (Urubú), Anambé, Guajá, Aurê–Aurá, and Takunyapé languages, termed Northern Tupi–Guarani.[3][4] Wayampi and Emerillon are the only Tupian languages spoken in the region of the Guianas.[5]
Dialects
[edit]Two dialects of Wayampi are distinguished in the literature, Amapari Wayampi and Guianese Wayampi.[2]
History
[edit]The Wayampi migrated to their current area in the 18th century, similarly to the Zoʼé and Emerillon.[2]
Documentation
[edit]The first documentation of Wayampi comes in a wordlist collected by Adam de Bauve and published in 1833 to 1834,[6][7] followed by M. Leprieur in the same year.[6] Both these wordlists were compiled in Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius's (1867) book Glossaria linguarum brasiliensium. These were followed by Jules Crevaux's 93-word list recorded in 1875 and published in 1882.[5]
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]Wayampi has 13 consonant phonemes.[8]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | lab. | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ ⟨ĝ⟩ | |||
| Plosive | p | t | k | kʷ ⟨kw⟩ | ʔ ⟨'⟩ | |
| Fricative | s | h | ||||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||
/p/ cannot occur word-finally.[8]
Vowels
[edit]| Front | Non-front | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | ||
| Close | i ĩ | ɯ ɯ̃ | u ũ |
| Mid | e ẽ | o õ | |
| Open | a ã | ||
In closed, or consonant-final, syllables, /e, o/ are realized as [ɛ, ɔ]. /i/ is attested in only one open, or vowel-final, syllable, in awasi 'corn'. Nasal vowels are more common in stressed syllables.[10]
Orthography
[edit]Wayãpi is spelt phonetically based on the International Phonetic Alphabet, and not according the French orthography.[11] The spelling uses the letter ɨ for the close central unrounded vowel between i and u.[12] E is always pronounced é, vowels with a tilde are always nasal (ã, ẽ, ĩ, õ, ũ), ö is like the German O umlaut, and b is pronounced mb. All letters are pronounced.[12]
References
[edit]- ↑ Wayãpi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- 1 2 3 Carvalho, Fernando (2023-08-22). "Wajãpi (Brazil, French Guiana)". Language Documentation and Description: 5 Pages. doi:10.25894/LDD.333.
- ↑ Dixon, Robert M. W.; Aĭkhenvalʹd, A. I︠U︡, eds. (1999). The Amazonian languages (PDF). Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57021-3.
- ↑ Copin 2012.
- 1 2 Grenand, Françoise (1980). La langue wayãpi (Guyane française): phonologie et grammaire (PDF). Langues et civilisations à tradition orale. Paris: Société d'études linguistiques et anthropologiques de France. ISBN 978-2-85297-092-2.
- 1 2 texte, Société de géographie (France) Auteur du (1834-01-01). "Bulletin de la Société de géographie". Gallica. Retrieved 2026-05-15.
- ↑ texte, Société de géographie (France) Auteur du (1833-07-01). "Bulletin de la Société de géographie". Gallica. Retrieved 2026-05-15.
- 1 2 3 Copin (2012), p. 409
- ↑ Copin (2012), p. 412
- ↑ Copin (2012)
- ↑ Grenand & Grenand (2017), p. 18
- 1 2 Grenand & Grenand (2017), p. 20
Bibliography
[edit]- Copin, François (2012), Grammaire wayampi (famille tupi-guarani), Université de Paris
- Grenand, Pierre; Grenand, Françoise Grenand (2017). "Pour une histoire de la cartographie des territoires teko et wayãpi (Commune de Camopi, Guyane française)". Revue d'ethnoécologie (in French). 11 (11). doi:10.4000/ethnoecologie.3007.