Tritomini
| Tritomini | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Scelidopetalon biwenxuani, adult from above (left) and below | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Clade: | Pancrustacea |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Infraorder: | Cucujiformia |
| Family: | Erotylidae |
| Subfamily: | Erotylinae |
| Tribe: | Tritomini Curtis, 1834 |
| Synonyms | |
|
Cyrtotriplacini Chûjô, 1969 | |
Tritomini is a tribe of pleasing fungus beetles (family Erotylidae) belonging to subfamily Erotylinae. If the Erotylinae are delimited more narrowly, the Tritomini are elevated to subfamily status as Tritominae.[1] They occur almost globally, with more than 400 species in some three dozen genera; from North America, about 35 species in 9 genera are reported.[2]
Description
[edit]Tritomini (or Tritominae) are characterized by having "clubs" at the tips of the antennae, which are composed of 3-5 distinct and widened segments; the first segment of their curved maxillary palps is longer than segments 2 and 3 together, and the end segment is wider than long. The mentum of the labium is highly variable in shape and size, but generally not wider than high; the labial palps are more or less widened at the tip, which is usually hatchet-shaped and has one conspicuous strong bristle on the outer side, and the sides of the mouth cavity form flat lobes. On the prothorax, the holes for the foreleg attachments are fully closed; halfway between the leg attachments and the rear margin of the prothorax, there is a seam between prosternum and proepimera. The joint between meso- and metasternum has a broad double knob. On the 5-segmented tarsi, the first three segments are increasingly widened, while segment 4 is reduced, attached to the upper centerside of segment 3, and firmly joined to the base segment 5.[3][4][5]
The lacinia of the maxilla may have two small curved teeth at the tip (e.g. in Triplax) which are sometimes so small and close together to appear as a single tooth; or it may lack such structures entirely (e.g. in Tritoma). Up to the mid-20th century, it was assumed that all members of this group lacked lacinia teeth.[3] Upon the discovery of this distinction,[4][6] the historical distinction between Tritomini (or Tritominae) and Triplacini (or Triplacinae) became again relevant, but whether the Triplax and Tritoma lineages should be considered distinct subtribes (or tribes, in case a subfamily Tritominae is recognized) is deferred until thorough phylogenetic studies of this group are available.
The coloration of pronotum and elytra is very diverse, with a few species even iridescent – otherwise quite rare in this family –, but eyespots are generally absent (though there are exceptions, e.g. in the vast Mycotretus assemblage).[7]
Systematics and ecology
[edit]The systematics of this tribe (or subfamily) are not fully resolved as of 2020. In addition to the relationship to the Erotylinae, the delimitation of the Tritomini versus the Xenoscelinae (or Cryptophilinae if the sensu stricto delimitation of pleasing fungus beetle subfamilies is applied), specifically the "Toramini", is not clear at all. One molecular phylogenetic study found the "Toramini" embedded within the "Tritominae", but the latter did not resolve as a clade but rather as an evolutionary grade. Since only the genus Toramus was sampled to represent the entire Xenoscelinae (or Cryptophilinae), these results require more thorough investigation.[7]
Adults and larvae of these beetles presumably eat basidiomycete fungi, as is typical for Erotylidae, but details about their ecology are known only for a few Tritomini.[5] Even so, this group is noted for some divergences from the usual ecology of pleasing fungus beetles: some genera (such as Mycotretus, Triplax and Tritoma) do not eat mainly polypores (shelf fungi), but prefer gilled Agaricales fungi or even a more varied diet. The larvae of some species are gregarious during feeding, and parental care has been recorded in Pselaphacus.[7]
Genera
[edit]
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These genera belong to the tribe Tritomini:
- Afrotriplax Delkeskamp, 1965[8]
- Altisessor Skelley, 2009[9]
- Amblyopus Lacordaire, 1842[verification needed][9][10]
- Amblyscelis Gorham, 1888[9]
- Antoinettia Skelley, 2020[11] (formerly in Ischyrus)
- Aporotritoma Arrow, 1925[2][10] (sometimes in Tritoma)
- Bancous Pic (= Rhamphidera; formerly in Rhysopaussini)[12]
- Callischyrus Crotch, 1876[9][13]
- Camptotritoma Heller, 1920[10]
- Chasmatodera Arrow, 1943[6]
- Congocola Delkeskamp, 1962[6]
- Cubyrus Skelley, 2009[9] (formerly in Ischyrus)
- Cyrtomorphus
- Cyrtomorphoides Heller, 1920[10]
- Dactylotritoma Arrow, 1925[10][14]
- Epytus (= Oocyanus)
- Eudaemonius Lewis, 1887 (= Eutriplax Lewis, 1887)[10]
- Haematochiton (= Scaeother, may belong into Mycotretus)
- Helcocerus Arrow, 1944[10]
- Hirsutotriplax
- Ischyrus Lacordaire, 1842 (= Micrischyrus)
- Isochyrus[verification needed]
- Kratopsis Delkeskamp, 1965[6]
- Latosia Delkeskamp[verification needed][6][12]
- Libatomorpha Heller, 1920 (= Lybatomorpha)[10]
- Lybanodes Gorham, 1888[9][13]
- Lybas Lacordaire, 1842 (= Apolybas)[9][13][14]
- Lybasia Delkeskamp, 1965[8]
- Megischyrus (= Ischyrus Dejean, 1836 ("1837"; unavailable))
- Michyrus Skelley & Gasca-Álvarez, 2020[9][14]
- Motrita Westwood, 1883[10] (formerly in Tritoma)
- Myceporthus Skelley & Powell, 2018[11] (formerly in Mycophtorus)
- Mycolybas
- Mycomystes (= Mycocystes (lapsus))
- Mycophtorus Lacordaire, 1842[9][13] (= Neomycotretus)
- Mycotretus
- Neotrimota Deelder, 1942[10]
- Neotriplax Lewis, 1887[10]
- Neotritoma Heller, 1920[10] (sometimes in Spondotriplax)
- Neoxestus Crotch, 1875[9][13]
- Notaepytus Skelley, 2009[9] (formerly in Epytus)
- Ortitma Heller, 1920[10] (= Cyrtotriplax Gorham, 1888[verification needed] non Crotch, 1873; formerly in Tritoma)
- Palaeolybas Crotch, 1875[verification needed][15]
- Phoxogenys Gorham, 1888[10]
- Pselaphacus Percheron, 1835[verification needed][9][13][14]
- Pseudamblyopus Araki, 1941[9][10]
- Pseudamblyscelis Philipp[verification needed][6]
- Pseudischyrus (may belong into Tritoma)
- Pseudolybas Gorham, 1888[9][13]
- Pseudotritoma Gorham, 1888[9][10] (formerly in Tritoma)
- Renania Lewis, 1887[10][14]
- Rhodotritoma Arrow, 1925[10]
- Rhopalotriplax Deelder, 1942[10]
- Rhopalotritoma Heller, 1920[10]
- Rhynchotritoma Arrow[verification needed] 1920[3]
- Rotitma Chûjô, 1969[2][10] (sometimes in Tritoma)
- Scelidopetalon Delkeskamp, 1957[9][10] (= Petaloscelis Gorham, 1896 nec Bergroth, 1893: preoccupied, Pycnogeusteria; may belong in Pseudamblyopus)
- Sphaerotritoma Arrow, 1943[10]
- Spondotriplax Crotch, 1875[9][10] (= Hedista)
- Tetratriplax Lewis, 1887[10] (= Pselaphandra)
- Tetratritoma Arrow, 1925[10][14]
- Titorma Heller, 1920[10]
- Trichotritoma Arrow, 1936
- Trimota Heller, 1920[10] (formerly in Tritoma)
- Triplacidea Gorham, 1901[9][10] (formerly in Tritoma)
- Triplax (= Paratritoma, Tritomapara)
- Tritoma (= Cyrtotriplax Crotch, 1873)
- Tritomophasma Heller, 1920[10]
- Tritomorpha M.T.Chûjô & M.Chûjô, 1987[10]
- Xalpirta Skelley & Čekalović Kušcević, 2001[11] (formerly in Triplax)
- Xenotritoma Arrow, 1923[10]
- Xestus Wollaston, 1864[16] (tentatively placed here)
- Xiphidiophora Delkeskamp, 1962[8]
- Zythonia Westwood, 1874[9] (= Brechmotriplax, Lophocrotaphus)
The genus Pantocryptus, formerly placed here, has turned out to be misidentified sap beetles of genus Cychramptodes.
References
[edit]
- ↑ "Tritominae". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 2026-06-24.
- 1 2 3 "Tribe Tritomini". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2026-06-24.
- 1 2 3 Deelder, C.L. (1942): Revision of the Erotylidae (Coleoptera) of the Leiden Museum. Zool. Meded. 24(3): 49-115. Fulltext
- 1 2 Boyle, Wilford Wayne (1956): A revision of the Erotylidae of America north of Mexico (Coleoptera). Bull. AMNH 110: 61-172. PDF fulltext
- 1 2 Dai, Cong-Chao & Zhao, Mei-Jun (2013): A new species of Scelidopetalon Delkeskamp (Coleoptera, Erotylidae) from China with a key to world species of the genus. ZooKeys 317: 81–87. doi:10.3897/zookeys.317.5112 (Fulltext)
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Delkeskamp, Kurt (1962): Die afrikanischen Arten der Tritomini und von 3 Gattungen der Triplacini (Col. Erotylidae). 31. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Erotyliden. ["The African species of Tritomini, and on 3 genera of Triplacini. 31st contribution to the knowledge of erotylids." Article in German.] Dt. entomol. Z. N.F. 9(1/2): 66-125. doi:10.1002/mmnd.19620090104
- 1 2 3 Robertson, James A.; McHugh, Joseph V. & Whiting, Michael F. (2004): A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the pleasing fungus beetles (Coleoptera: Erotylidae): evolution of colour patterns, gregariousness and mycophagy. Syst.Entomol. 29(2): 173-187. doi:10.1111/j.0307-6970.2004.00242.x PDF fulltext
- 1 2 3 Delkeskamp, Kurt (1965): Die afrikanischen Arten der Triplacini (mit 1. Nachtrag für die afrikanischen Tritomini) (Col. Erotylidae). 34. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Erotyliden. ["The African species of Triplacini (with 1st addendum for African Tritomini). 34th contribution to the knowledge of erotylids." Article in German.] Dt. entomol. Z. N.F. 12(1/2): 83-177. doi:10.1002/mmnd.19650120108
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 "Tritomini Curtis, 1834". BioLib. Retrieved 2026-06-24.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Chûjô, Michio & Chûjô, Michitaka (1990): A catalog of the Erotylidae (Insecta, Coleoptera) from the old world (excl. the Ethiopian region) III. Esakia 29: 1-67. PDF fulltext.
- 1 2 3 Skelley, Paul E. (2020): A new Central American genus of pleasing fungus beetles (Coleoptera: Erotylidae) from the Ischyrus-Megischyrus complex. Insect. Mund. 804: 1–11. PDF fulltext
- 1 2 Skelley, Paul E. & Alonso-Zarazaga, Miguel A. (2003): Synonymy of Rhamphidera Skelley with Bancous Pic, termitophilous fungus beetles (Coleoptera: Erotylidae). Insecta Mundi 17(1-2): 107-109. PDF fulltext
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Alvarenga, Moacyr (1994): Catálogo dos Erotylidae (Coleoptera) Neotropicais. [Catalogue of Neotropical Erotylidae (Coleoptera). Portuguese with English abstract.] Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 11(1): 1-175. doi:10.1590/S0101-81751994000100001.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Tritomini Curtis, 1834". GBIF. Retrieved 2026-06-24.
- ↑ Skelley, Paul E. (1998): A Catalogue of the Crotch Collection of Erotylidae (Coleoptera). Ann. Zool. 48(1/2): 1-44. PDF fulltext
- ↑ "Erotylidae Latreille, 1802". BioLib. Retrieved 2026-06-30.
Further reading
[edit]- Blatchley, W.S. (1910). An illustrated descriptive catalogue of the Coleoptera, beetles (exclusive of the Rhynchophora) known to occur in Indiana. Nature Pub.
- Crotch, G.R. (1873). Check list of the Coleoptera of America, north of Mexico. Naturalists' Agency. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.38811. ISBN 0665070772.
{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) - Evans, Arthur V.; Hogue, James N. (2006). Field Guide to Beetles of California. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520246577.
- Klimaszewski, Jan; Watt, J.Charles (1997). "Coleoptera: family-group review and keys to identification". Fauna of New Zealand. 37.
- Lawrence, J.F.; Newton Jr., A.F. (1995). Pakaluk, James; Slipinski, Stanislaw Adam (eds.). Families and subfamilies of Coleoptera (with selected genera, notes, references and data on family-group names). Vol. 2. Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN. pp. 779–1006. ISBN 83-85192-34-4.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help) - LeConte, J.L. (1861). Classification of the Coleoptera of North America. Vol. 3. Smithsonian Institution. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.38459. ISBN 0665100558.
{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help);|journal=ignored (help) - Leng, Charles W. (1920). Catalogue of the Coleoptera of America, North of Mexico. John D. Sherman, Jr. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.8777.
- Leschen, Richard A.B. (2003). "Erotylidae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Cucujoidea): phylogeny and review". Fauna of New Zealand. 47.
- Lord, Nathan Patrick; Hartley, Christopher S.; Lawrence, John F.; McHugh, Joseph V.; et al. (2010). "Phylogenetic analysis of the minute brown scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Latridiidae), and recognition of a new beetle family, Akalyptoischiidae fam. n. (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea)". Systematic Entomology. 35 (4): 753–763. Bibcode:2010SysEn..35..753L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00532.x. ISSN 0307-6970.
- Skelley, Paul E.; McHugh, Joseph V. (2002). "Family 87. Erotylidae Leach 1815". In Arnett Jr., R. Jr.; Thomas, M.; Skelley, P.; Frank, J. (eds.). American Beetles vol. 2, Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionoidea. CRC Press. pp. 348–355. ISBN 0-8493-0954-9.
- White, Richard E. (1998) [1983]. A Field Guide to the Beetles of North America (Peterson Field Guides). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0395910897.