Edge Rewrite
// HTMLRewriter · presentation

This page was redesigned at the edge.

Cloudflare fetched the original article and streamed it through HTMLRewriter to apply an entirely new visual system without rebuilding the source page.

Jump to content

Template:Infobox planet/testcases

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


New color categories

[edit]

Kepler-10b

[edit]
Side by side comparison
{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
Kepler-10b
Size comparison of Kepler-10b with Earth
Discovery
Discovered byBatalha et al.
Discovery dateJanuary 10, 2011
Transit (Kepler Mission)
Orbital characteristics
0.01684 +0.00032
0.00034
AU
Eccentricity0
0.837495 d
20.0999 h
Inclination84.4
Semi-amplitude3.3 +0.8
1.0
StarKepler-10
Physical characteristics
1.47±0.03 R🜨
Mass3.58±0.33 M🜨
Mean density
6.46±0.73 g/cm3
15 m/s2 (49 ft/s2)
Albedo0.5
Temperature1,833 K (1,560 °C; 2,840 °F) (day side)
50 K (−223.2 °C; −369.7 °F) (night side)
Kepler-10b
Size comparison of Kepler-10b with Earth
Discovery
Discovered byBatalha et al.
Discovery dateJanuary 10, 2011
Transit (Kepler Mission)
Orbital characteristics
0.01684 +0.00032
0.00034
AU
Eccentricity0
0.837495 d
20.0999 h
Inclination84.4
Semi-amplitude3.3 +0.8
1.0
StarKepler-10
Physical characteristics
1.47±0.03 R🜨
Mass3.58±0.33 M🜨
Mean density
6.46±0.73 g/cm3
15 m/s2 (49 ft/s2)
Albedo0.5
Temperature1,833 K (1,560 °C; 2,840 °F) (day side)
50 K (−223.2 °C; −369.7 °F) (night side)

Earth

[edit]
Side by side comparison
{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
Earth
Earth as seen from Meteosat-12 in 2025, during the March equinox
Earth as seen from Meteosat-12 in 2025, during the March equinox
Designations
Adjectives
  • Earthly
  • Terrestrial
  • Terran
  • Tellurian
Symbol🜨 and ♁
Orbital characteristics
Epoch J2000
Aphelion152097597 km
Perihelion147098450 km
149598023 km
Eccentricity0.0167086
365.256363004 d
(1.00001742096 aj)
29.7827 km/s
358.617°
Inclination
−11.26064° – J2000 ecliptic
3 January 2026
114.20783°
Satellites1, the Moon
Physical characteristics
6371.0 km
Equatorial radius
6378.137 km
Polar radius
6356.752 km
Flattening1/298.257222101 (ETRS89)
Circumference
  • 510072000 km2
  • Land: 148940000 km2
  • Water: 361132000 km2
Volume1.08321×1012 km3
Mass(5.97217±0.00028)×1024 kg
Mean density
5.513 g/cm3
9.80665 m/s2
(exactly 1 g0)
0.3307
11.186 km/s
1.0 d
(24h 00 m 00s)
0.99726968 d
(23h 56 m 4.100s)
Equatorial rotation velocity
1674.4 km/h
23.4392811°
Albedo
Temperature255 K (−18 °C)
(blackbody temperature)
Surface temp. min mean max
  −89.2 °C 14.76 °C 56.7 °C
Surface equivalent dose rate0.274 μSv/h
−3.99
Atmosphere
Surface pressure
101.325 kPa (at sea level)
Composition by volume
Source:
Earth
Earth as seen from Meteosat-12 in 2025, during the March equinox
Earth as seen from Meteosat-12 in 2025, during the March equinox
Designations
Adjectives
  • Earthly
  • Terrestrial
  • Terran
  • Tellurian
Symbol🜨 and ♁
Orbital characteristics
Epoch J2000
Aphelion152097597 km
Perihelion147098450 km
149598023 km
Eccentricity0.0167086
365.256363004 d
(1.00001742096 aj)
29.7827 km/s
358.617°
Inclination
−11.26064° – J2000 ecliptic
3 January 2026
114.20783°
Satellites1, the Moon
Physical characteristics
6371.0 km
Equatorial radius
6378.137 km
Polar radius
6356.752 km
Flattening1/298.257222101 (ETRS89)
Circumference
  • 510072000 km2
  • Land: 148940000 km2
  • Water: 361132000 km2
Volume1.08321×1012 km3
Mass(5.97217±0.00028)×1024 kg
Mean density
5.513 g/cm3
9.80665 m/s2
(exactly 1 g0)
0.3307
11.186 km/s
1.0 d
(24h 00 m 00s)
0.99726968 d
(23h 56 m 4.100s)
Equatorial rotation velocity
1674.4 km/h
23.4392811°
Albedo
Temperature255 K (−18 °C)
(blackbody temperature)
Surface temp. min mean max
  −89.2 °C 14.76 °C 56.7 °C
Surface equivalent dose rate0.274 μSv/h
−3.99
Atmosphere
Surface pressure
101.325 kPa (at sea level)
Composition by volume
Source:

Jupiter

[edit]
Side by side comparison
{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
Jupiter
A full disk image of Jupiter taken by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope
Jupiter in true colour,
Designations
Pronunciation/ˈpɪtər/
Named after
Jupiter
AdjectivesJovian (/ˈviən/)
Symbol♃
Orbital characteristics
Epoch J2000
Aphelion5.4570 AU (816.363 million km)
Perihelion4.9506 AU (740.595 million km)
5.2038 AU (778.479 million km)
Eccentricity0.0489
398.88 d
13.06 km/s
20.020°
Inclination
100.464°
January 21, 2023
273.867°
Known satellites115 (as of 2026)
Physical characteristics
69886±0.4 km
10.969 x of Earth
Equatorial radius
71488±0.4 km
Polar radius
66842±0.4 km
10.516 x of Earth's
Flattening0.06499
6.1457×1010 km2
120.5 × of Earth's
Volume1.4309×1015 km3
1,321 × of Earth's
Mass(1.898125±0.000088)×1027 kg
Mean density
1.326 g/cm3
24.79 m/s2
2.528 g0
0.2756±0.0006
59.5 km/s
9.9258 h (9 h 55 m 33 s)
9.9250 hours (9 h 55 m 30 s)
Equatorial rotation velocity
12.6 km/s
3.13° (to orbit)
North pole right ascension
268.057°; 17h 52m 14s
North pole declination
64.495°
Albedo
Temperature88 K (−185 °C) (blackbody temperature)
Surface temp. min mean max
1 bar 165 K
0.1 bar 78 K 128 K
−2.94 to −1.66
−9.4
29.8" to 50.1"
Atmosphere
Surface pressure
200–600 kPa (30–90 psi)
(opaque cloud deck)
27 km (17 mi)
Composition by volume
Jupiter
A full disk image of Jupiter taken by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope
Jupiter in true colour,
Designations
Pronunciation/ˈpɪtər/
Named after
Jupiter
AdjectivesJovian (/ˈviən/)
Symbol♃
Orbital characteristics
Epoch J2000
Aphelion5.4570 AU (816.363 million km)
Perihelion4.9506 AU (740.595 million km)
5.2038 AU (778.479 million km)
Eccentricity0.0489
398.88 d
13.06 km/s
20.020°
Inclination
100.464°
January 21, 2023
273.867°
Known satellites115 (as of 2026)
Physical characteristics
69886±0.4 km
10.969 x of Earth
Equatorial radius
71488±0.4 km
Polar radius
66842±0.4 km
10.516 x of Earth's
Flattening0.06499
6.1457×1010 km2
120.5 × of Earth's
Volume1.4309×1015 km3
1,321 × of Earth's
Mass(1.898125±0.000088)×1027 kg
Mean density
1.326 g/cm3
24.79 m/s2
2.528 g0
0.2756±0.0006
59.5 km/s
9.9258 h (9 h 55 m 33 s)
9.9250 hours (9 h 55 m 30 s)
Equatorial rotation velocity
12.6 km/s
3.13° (to orbit)
North pole right ascension
268.057°; 17h 52m 14s
North pole declination
64.495°
Albedo
Temperature88 K (−185 °C) (blackbody temperature)
Surface temp. min mean max
1 bar 165 K
0.1 bar 78 K 128 K
−2.94 to −1.66
−9.4
29.8" to 50.1"
Atmosphere
Surface pressure
200–600 kPa (30–90 psi)
(opaque cloud deck)
27 km (17 mi)
Composition by volume

Uranus

[edit]
Side by side comparison
{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
Uranus
Uranus in true colour,[a] as captured by Voyager 2 on January 24, 1986. Its pale, muted appearance is due to a shroud of haze above its clouds.
Discovery
Discovered by[[]]
Discovery date7 August 2026
Designations
Pronunciation/ˈjʊərənəs/ or /jʊˈrnəs/
Named after
the Latin form Ūranus of the Greek god Οὐρανός Ouranos
AdjectivesUranian (/jʊˈrniən/)
Symbol⛢, ♅
Orbital characteristics[b]
Epoch J2000
Aphelion20.0965 AU (3.00639 billion km)
Perihelion18.2861 AU (2.73556 billion km)
19.19126 AU (2.870972 billion km)
Eccentricity0.04717
369.66 days
6.80 km/s
142.238600°
Inclination
74.006°
17–19 August 2050
96.998857°
Known satellites29
Physical characteristics
25,362±7 km[c]
Equatorial radius
25556.6 km
Polar radius
24968.5±0.4 km
Flattening0.0229±0.0008[d]
Circumference159,354.1 km
8.1156×109 km2[c]
15.91 Earths
Volume6.833×1013 km3[c]
63.086 Earths
Mass(8.68099±0.00040)×1025 kg
14.536 Earths
GM=5,793,939±13 km3/s2
Mean density
1.27 g/cm3[e]
8.69 m/s2 (0.886 g0)[c]
0.23 (estimate)
21.3 km/s[c]
−0.718649 d
17h 14m 51s
(retrograde)
−0.718661 d
17h 14m 52.310s ± 0.036s
(retrograde)
Equatorial rotation velocity
2.59 km/s
82.23° (to orbit, retrograde). 97.77°(prograde, right-hand rule)
North pole right ascension
17h 9m 15s
257.311°
North pole declination
−15.175°
Albedo0.300 (Bond)
0.488 (geom.)
Surface temp. min mean max
1 bar level 76 K
(−197.2 °C)
0.1 bar
(tropopause)
47 K 53 K 57 K
5.38 to 6.03
−7.2
3.3″ to 4.1″
Atmosphere[f]
27.7 km
Composition by volumeBelow 1.3 bar (130 kPa):
Icy volatiles:
Uranus
Uranus in true colour,[g] as captured by Voyager 2 on January 24, 1986. Its pale, muted appearance is due to a shroud of haze above its clouds.
Discovery
Discovered by[[]]
Discovery date7 August 2026
Designations
Pronunciation/ˈjʊərənəs/ or /jʊˈrnəs/
Named after
the Latin form Ūranus of the Greek god Οὐρανός Ouranos
AdjectivesUranian (/jʊˈrniən/)
Symbol⛢, ♅
Orbital characteristics[h]
Epoch J2000
Aphelion20.0965 AU (3.00639 billion km)
Perihelion18.2861 AU (2.73556 billion km)
19.19126 AU (2.870972 billion km)
Eccentricity0.04717
369.66 days
6.80 km/s
142.238600°
Inclination
74.006°
17–19 August 2050
96.998857°
Known satellites29
Physical characteristics
25,362±7 km[c]
Equatorial radius
25556.6 km
Polar radius
24968.5±0.4 km
Flattening0.0229±0.0008[i]
Circumference159,354.1 km
8.1156×109 km2[c]
15.91 Earths
Volume6.833×1013 km3[c]
63.086 Earths
Mass(8.68099±0.00040)×1025 kg
14.536 Earths
GM=5,793,939±13 km3/s2
Mean density
1.27 g/cm3[e]
8.69 m/s2 (0.886 g0)[c]
0.23 (estimate)
21.3 km/s[c]
−0.718649 d
17h 14m 51s
(retrograde)
−0.718661 d
17h 14m 52.310s ± 0.036s
(retrograde)
Equatorial rotation velocity
2.59 km/s
82.23° (to orbit, retrograde). 97.77°(prograde, right-hand rule)
North pole right ascension
17h 9m 15s
257.311°
North pole declination
−15.175°
Albedo0.300 (Bond)
0.488 (geom.)
Surface temp. min mean max
1 bar level 76 K
(−197.2 °C)
0.1 bar
(tropopause)
47 K 53 K 57 K
5.38 to 6.03
−7.2
3.3″ to 4.1″
Atmosphere[j]
27.7 km
Composition by volumeBelow 1.3 bar (130 kPa):
Icy volatiles:

Moon

[edit]
Side by side comparison
{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
Moon
Full Moon in the darkness of the night sky. It is patterned with a mix of light-tone regions and darker, irregular blotches, and scattered with varied circles surrounded by out-thrown rays of bright ejecta: impact craters.
The near side of the Moon with the lunar north pole at the top
Designations
Designation
Earth I
Symbol☾ or ☽
Orbital characteristics
Epoch J2000
Uncertainty parameter 0
Perigee362600 km
(356400370400 km)
Apogee405400 km
(404000406700 km)
384399 km  (1.28 ls; 1/389 AU; 1 LD)
Mean orbit radius
384784 km
(1.28 ls; 1/384 AU; 1.001 LD)
Eccentricity0.0549
27.321661 d
(27 d 7 h 43 min 11.5 s)
29.530589 d
(29 d 12 h 44 min 2.9 s)
1.022 km/s
Inclination5.145° to the ecliptic[k]
Regressing by one revolution in 18.61 years
Progressing by one
revolution in 8.85 years
Satellite ofEarth[l]
Physical characteristics
1737.4 km  
(0.2727 of Earth's)
Equatorial radius
1738.1 km  
(0.2725 of Earth's)
Polar radius
1736.0 km  
(0.2731 of Earth's)
Flattening0.0012
Circumference10921 km  (equatorial)
3.793×107 km2  
(0.074 of Earth's)
Volume2.1958×1010 km3  
(0.02 of Earth's)
Mass7.346×1022 kg  
(0.0123 of Earth's)
Mean density
3.344 g/cm3
0.606 × Earth
1.622 m/s2 (5.32 ft/s2)
0.1654 g0
0.3929±0.0009
2.38 km/s
(8600 km/h; 5300 mph)
29.530589 d
(29 d 12 h 44 min 2.9 s; synodic; solar day) (spin-orbit locked)
27.321661 d  (spin-orbit locked)
Equatorial rotation velocity
4.627 m/s
North pole right ascension
  • 17h 47m 26s
  • 266.86°
North pole declination
65.64°
Albedo0.136
Surface temp. min mean max
Equator 100 K 250 K 390 K
85°N  150 K 230 K
Surface absorbed dose rate13.2 μGy/h
(during lunar daytime)
Surface equivalent dose rate57.0 μSv/h
(during lunar daytime)
0.2
29.3 to 34.1 arcminutes[n]
Atmosphere
Surface pressure
  • 10−7 Pa (1 picobar)  (day)
  • 10−10 Pa (1 femtobar)   
    (night)[o]
Composition by volume
Moon
Full Moon in the darkness of the night sky. It is patterned with a mix of light-tone regions and darker, irregular blotches, and scattered with varied circles surrounded by out-thrown rays of bright ejecta: impact craters.
The near side of the Moon with the lunar north pole at the top
Designations
Designation
Earth I
Symbol☾ or ☽
Orbital characteristics
Epoch J2000
Uncertainty parameter 0
Perigee362600 km
(356400370400 km)
Apogee405400 km
(404000406700 km)
384399 km  (1.28 ls; 1/389 AU; 1 LD)
Mean orbit radius
384784 km
(1.28 ls; 1/384 AU; 1.001 LD)
Eccentricity0.0549
27.321661 d
(27 d 7 h 43 min 11.5 s)
29.530589 d
(29 d 12 h 44 min 2.9 s)
1.022 km/s
Inclination5.145° to the ecliptic[k]
Regressing by one revolution in 18.61 years
Progressing by one
revolution in 8.85 years
Satellite ofEarth[l]
Physical characteristics
1737.4 km  
(0.2727 of Earth's)
Equatorial radius
1738.1 km  
(0.2725 of Earth's)
Polar radius
1736.0 km  
(0.2731 of Earth's)
Flattening0.0012
Circumference10921 km  (equatorial)
3.793×107 km2  
(0.074 of Earth's)
Volume2.1958×1010 km3  
(0.02 of Earth's)
Mass7.346×1022 kg  
(0.0123 of Earth's)
Mean density
3.344 g/cm3
0.606 × Earth
1.622 m/s2 (5.32 ft/s2)
0.1654 g0
0.3929±0.0009
2.38 km/s
(8600 km/h; 5300 mph)
29.530589 d
(29 d 12 h 44 min 2.9 s; synodic; solar day) (spin-orbit locked)
27.321661 d  (spin-orbit locked)
Equatorial rotation velocity
4.627 m/s
North pole right ascension
  • 17h 47m 26s
  • 266.86°
North pole declination
65.64°
Albedo0.136
Surface temp. min mean max
Equator 100 K 250 K 390 K
85°N  150 K 230 K
Surface absorbed dose rate13.2 μGy/h
(during lunar daytime)
Surface equivalent dose rate57.0 μSv/h
(during lunar daytime)
0.2
29.3 to 34.1 arcminutes[n]
Atmosphere
Surface pressure
  • 10−7 Pa (1 picobar)  (day)
  • 10−10 Pa (1 femtobar)   
    (night)[o]
Composition by volume

Enceladus

[edit]
Side by side comparison
{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
Enceladus
Enceladus imaged by the Cassini orbiter, October 2015
Discovery
Discovered byWilliam Herschel
Discovery dateAugust 28, 1789
Designations
Designation
Saturn II
Pronunciation/ɛnˈsɛlədəs/
Named after
Ἐγκέλαδος Enkélados
AdjectivesEnceladean /ɛnsəˈldiən/
Orbital characteristics
Periapsis236895 km
Apoapsis239180 km
238037 km
Eccentricity0.0047
1.370218 d
Inclination0.009° (to Saturn's equator)
Satellite ofSaturn
Physical characteristics
Dimensions513.2 × 502.8 × 496.6 km
252.1±0.2 km (0.0395 Earths, 0.1451 Moons)
Mass(1.080318±0.00028)×1020 kg (1.8×10−5 Earths)
Mean density
1.6097±0.0038 g/cm3
0.113 m/s2 (0.0116 g)
0.3305±0.0025
0.239 km/s (860.4 km/h)
Synchronous
< 0.05°
Albedo1.375±0.008 (geometric at 550 nm) or 0.81±0.04 (Bond)
Surface temp. min mean max
Kelvin 32.9 K 75 K 145 K
Celsius −240 °C −198 °C −128 °C
11.7
Atmosphere
Surface pressure
Trace, significant spatial variability
Composition by volume91% water vapour
4% nitrogen
3.2% carbon dioxide
1.7% methane
Enceladus
Enceladus imaged by the Cassini orbiter, October 2015
Discovery
Discovered byWilliam Herschel
Discovery dateAugust 28, 1789
Designations
Designation
Saturn II
Pronunciation/ɛnˈsɛlədəs/
Named after
Ἐγκέλαδος Enkélados
AdjectivesEnceladean /ɛnsəˈldiən/
Orbital characteristics
Periapsis236895 km
Apoapsis239180 km
238037 km
Eccentricity0.0047
1.370218 d
Inclination0.009° (to Saturn's equator)
Satellite ofSaturn
Physical characteristics
Dimensions513.2 × 502.8 × 496.6 km
252.1±0.2 km (0.0395 Earths, 0.1451 Moons)
Mass(1.080318±0.00028)×1020 kg (1.8×10−5 Earths)
Mean density
1.6097±0.0038 g/cm3
0.113 m/s2 (0.0116 g)
0.3305±0.0025
0.239 km/s (860.4 km/h)
Synchronous
< 0.05°
Albedo1.375±0.008 (geometric at 550 nm) or 0.81±0.04 (Bond)
Surface temp. min mean max
Kelvin 32.9 K 75 K 145 K
Celsius −240 °C −198 °C −128 °C
11.7
Atmosphere
Surface pressure
Trace, significant spatial variability
Composition by volume91% water vapour
4% nitrogen
3.2% carbon dioxide
1.7% methane

Paaliaq

[edit]
Side by side comparison
{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
Paaliaq
Time lapse of Paaliaq moving along its orbit that lead to its discovery
Discovery
Discovered byJ. J. Kavelaars et al.
Discovery dateOctober 2000
Designations
Designation
Saturn XX
Pronunciation/ˈpɑːli.ɑːk/
S/2000 S 2
AdjectivesPaaliapian, Paaliaqian[p]
Orbital characteristics
Epoch 2000 January 1.5
14 997 300 km
Eccentricity0.384
687.1 d
(1.88 yr)
Inclination47.1°
Satellite ofSaturn
GroupInuit group (Paaliaq)
Physical characteristics
22 km
Mass2.94×1016 kg (calculated)
Mean density
2.3 g/cm3 (assumed)
18.79±0.09 h
Albedo0.06 (assumed)
Spectral type
red
B−V=0.86, R−V=0.40
D
21.3
11.38±0.26 (V)
Paaliaq
Time lapse of Paaliaq moving along its orbit that lead to its discovery
Discovery
Discovered byJ. J. Kavelaars et al.
Discovery dateOctober 2000
Designations
Designation
Saturn XX
Pronunciation/ˈpɑːli.ɑːk/
S/2000 S 2
AdjectivesPaaliapian, Paaliaqian[p]
Orbital characteristics
Epoch 2000 January 1.5
14 997 300 km
Eccentricity0.384
687.1 d
(1.88 yr)
Inclination47.1°
Satellite ofSaturn
GroupInuit group (Paaliaq)
Physical characteristics
22 km
Mass2.94×1016 kg (calculated)
Mean density
2.3 g/cm3 (assumed)
18.79±0.09 h
Albedo0.06 (assumed)
Spectral type
red
B−V=0.86, R−V=0.40
D
21.3
11.38±0.26 (V)

Pluto

[edit]
Side by side comparison
{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
Pluto
Pluto in true color as imaged by Ralph aboard the New Horizons spacecraft from a distance of 35,445 km (22,025 mi) on July 14, 2015
Discovery
Discovered byClyde W. Tombaugh
Discovery siteLowell Observatory
Discovery dateFebruary 18, 1930
Designations
Pronunciation/ˈplt/
Named after
Pluto
(134340) Pluto
AdjectivesPlutonian /plˈtniən/
Symbol♇ or ⯓
Orbital characteristics[q]
Epoch J2000
Earliest precovery dateAugust 20, 1909
Aphelion
  • 49.305 AU
  • (7.37593 billion km)
  • February 2114
Perihelion
  • 29.658 AU
  • (4.43682 billion km)
  • (September 5, 1989)
  • 39.482 AU
  • (5.90638 billion km)
Eccentricity0.2488
366.73 days
4.743 km/s
14.53 deg
Inclination
  • 17.16°
  • (11.88° to Sun's equator)
110.299°
113.834°
Known satellites5
Physical characteristics
Dimensions2,376.6±1.6 km (observations consistent with a sphere, predicted deviations too small to be observed)
  • 1,188.3±0.8 km
  • 0.1868 Earths
Flattening<1%
  • 1.774443×107 km2[r]
  • 0.035 Earths
Volume
  • (7.057±0.004)×109 km3[s]
  • 0.00651 Earths
Mass
Mean density
1.853±0.004 g/cm3
Equatorial surface gravity
0.620 m/s2 (0.0632 g0)[t]
Equatorial escape velocity
1.212 km/s[u]
  • −6.38680 d
  • −6 d, 9 h, 17 m, 00 s
  • −6.387222 d
  • −6 d, 9 h, 17 m, 36 s
Equatorial rotation velocity
13.53 m/s
119.51° (to orbit)
North pole right ascension
132.993°
North pole declination
−6.163°
0.52 geometric (locally 0.08–1.0)
0.72 ± 0.07 Bond
Surface temp. min mean max
Kelvin 33 K 44 K (−229 °C) 55 K
13.65 to 16.3
(mean is 15.1)
−0.55
0.06 to 0.11[v]
Atmosphere
Surface pressure
1.0 Pa (2015) (9.9×10−6 atm)
Composition by volumeNitrogen, methane, carbon monoxide
Pluto
Pluto in true color as imaged by Ralph aboard the New Horizons spacecraft from a distance of 35,445 km (22,025 mi) on July 14, 2015
Discovery
Discovered byClyde W. Tombaugh
Discovery siteLowell Observatory
Discovery dateFebruary 18, 1930
Designations
Pronunciation/ˈplt/
Named after
Pluto
(134340) Pluto
AdjectivesPlutonian /plˈtniən/
Symbol♇ or ⯓
Orbital characteristics[q]
Epoch J2000
Earliest precovery dateAugust 20, 1909
Aphelion
  • 49.305 AU
  • (7.37593 billion km)
  • February 2114
Perihelion
  • 29.658 AU
  • (4.43682 billion km)
  • (September 5, 1989)
  • 39.482 AU
  • (5.90638 billion km)
Eccentricity0.2488
366.73 days
4.743 km/s
14.53 deg
Inclination
  • 17.16°
  • (11.88° to Sun's equator)
110.299°
113.834°
Known satellites5
Physical characteristics
Dimensions2,376.6±1.6 km (observations consistent with a sphere, predicted deviations too small to be observed)
  • 1,188.3±0.8 km
  • 0.1868 Earths
Flattening<1%
  • 1.774443×107 km2[r]
  • 0.035 Earths
Volume
  • (7.057±0.004)×109 km3[s]
  • 0.00651 Earths
Mass
Mean density
1.853±0.004 g/cm3
Equatorial surface gravity
0.620 m/s2 (0.0632 g0)[t]
Equatorial escape velocity
1.212 km/s[u]
  • −6.38680 d
  • −6 d, 9 h, 17 m, 00 s
  • −6.387222 d
  • −6 d, 9 h, 17 m, 36 s
Equatorial rotation velocity
13.53 m/s
119.51° (to orbit)
North pole right ascension
132.993°
North pole declination
−6.163°
0.52 geometric (locally 0.08–1.0)
0.72 ± 0.07 Bond
Surface temp. min mean max
Kelvin 33 K 44 K (−229 °C) 55 K
13.65 to 16.3
(mean is 15.1)
−0.55
0.06 to 0.11[v]
Atmosphere
Surface pressure
1.0 Pa (2015) (9.9×10−6 atm)
Composition by volumeNitrogen, methane, carbon monoxide

28978 Ixion

[edit]
Side by side comparison
{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
28978 Ixion
Hubble Space Telescope image of Ixion taken in 2006
Discovery
Discovered byDeep Ecliptic Survey
Discovery siteCerro Tololo Obs.
Discovery date22 May 2001
Designations
Pronunciation/ɪkˈs.ən/
Named after
Ιξίων Ixīōn
2001 KX76
TNO · plutino · distant
AdjectivesIxionian /ɪksiˈniən/
Symbol or (astrological)
Orbital characteristics (barycentric)[w]
Epoch 21 November 2025 (JD 2461000.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc39.88 yr (14,565 days)
Earliest precovery date17 July 1982
Aphelion49.136 AU
Perihelion29.858 AU
39.497 AU
Eccentricity0.2440
248.06 yr (90,604 d)
294.975°
0° 0m 14.361s / day
Inclination19.630°
71.031°
≈ 24 September 2070
±0.05 days[x]
299.864°
Known satellites0
Physical characteristics
Dimensions726.84+7.06
−7.70
× 667.96+14.14
−9.92
km
(projected, occultation)
696.78+10.75
−8.87
 km
(area equivalent)
Flattening0.081+0.004
−0.010
(projected)
12.4±0.3 h
Temperature64+0.7
−1.1
 K
IR (moderately red)
B–V=1.06±0.03
V–R=0.61±0.02
V–I=1.146±0.086
R-I=0.54±0.03
19.8
  • 3.845±0.006 (2026)
  • 3.774±0.021 (2016)
28978 Ixion
Hubble Space Telescope image of Ixion taken in 2006
Discovery
Discovered byDeep Ecliptic Survey
Discovery siteCerro Tololo Obs.
Discovery date22 May 2001
Designations
Pronunciation/ɪkˈs.ən/
Named after
Ιξίων Ixīōn
2001 KX76
TNO · plutino · distant
AdjectivesIxionian /ɪksiˈniən/
Symbol or (astrological)
Orbital characteristics (barycentric)[w]
Epoch 21 November 2025 (JD 2461000.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc39.88 yr (14,565 days)
Earliest precovery date17 July 1982
Aphelion49.136 AU
Perihelion29.858 AU
39.497 AU
Eccentricity0.2440
248.06 yr (90,604 d)
294.975°
0° 0m 14.361s / day
Inclination19.630°
71.031°
≈ 24 September 2070
±0.05 days[x]
299.864°
Known satellites0
Physical characteristics
Dimensions726.84+7.06
−7.70
× 667.96+14.14
−9.92
km
(projected, occultation)
696.78+10.75
−8.87
 km
(area equivalent)
Flattening0.081+0.004
−0.010
(projected)
12.4±0.3 h
Temperature64+0.7
−1.1
 K
IR (moderately red)
B–V=1.06±0.03
V–R=0.61±0.02
V–I=1.146±0.086
R-I=0.54±0.03
19.8
  • 3.845±0.006 (2026)
  • 3.774±0.021 (2016)

433 Eros

[edit]
Side by side comparison
{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
433 Eros
Eros – composite image of the north polar region, with the craters Psyche above and Himeros below. The long ridge Hinks Dorsum, believed to be a thrust fault, can be seen snaking diagonally between them. The smaller crater in the foreground is Narcissus. Watters, (2011)
Discovery
Discovered byC. G. Witt
Discovery siteBerlin Urania Obs.
Discovery date13 August 1898
Designations
Pronunciation/ˈɪərɒs/
Named after
Ἔρως, Érōs
  • 1898 DQ
  • 1956 PC
AdjectivesErotian /ɛˈrʃ(i)ən/
Symbol (astrological)
Orbital characteristics
Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc53.89 yr (19,683 days)
Earliest precovery date29 October 1893
Aphelion1.7825 AU
Perihelion1.1334 AU
1.4579 AU
Eccentricity0.2226
1.76 yr (643 days)
71.280°
0° 33m 35.64s / day
Inclination10.828°
304.32°
178.82°
Earth MOID0.1505 AU (58.6 LD)
Mars MOID0.2407 AU
Physical characteristics
Dimensions
  • 16.84±0.06 km (mean diameter)
  • 34.4 × 11.2 × 11.2 km
Mass(6.687±0.003)×1015 kg
Mean density
2.67±0.03 g/cm3
5.270 h
0.25±0.06
7.0–15
11.16
433 Eros
Eros – composite image of the north polar region, with the craters Psyche above and Himeros below. The long ridge Hinks Dorsum, believed to be a thrust fault, can be seen snaking diagonally between them. The smaller crater in the foreground is Narcissus. Watters, (2011)
Discovery
Discovered byC. G. Witt
Discovery siteBerlin Urania Obs.
Discovery date13 August 1898
Designations
Pronunciation/ˈɪərɒs/
Named after
Ἔρως, Érōs
  • 1898 DQ
  • 1956 PC
AdjectivesErotian /ɛˈrʃ(i)ən/
Symbol (astrological)
Orbital characteristics
Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc53.89 yr (19,683 days)
Earliest precovery date29 October 1893
Aphelion1.7825 AU
Perihelion1.1334 AU
1.4579 AU
Eccentricity0.2226
1.76 yr (643 days)
71.280°
0° 33m 35.64s / day
Inclination10.828°
304.32°
178.82°
Earth MOID0.1505 AU (58.6 LD)
Mars MOID0.2407 AU
Physical characteristics
Dimensions
  • 16.84±0.06 km (mean diameter)
  • 34.4 × 11.2 × 11.2 km
Mass(6.687±0.003)×1015 kg
Mean density
2.67±0.03 g/cm3
5.270 h
0.25±0.06
7.0–15
11.16

1951 Lick

[edit]
Side by side comparison
{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
1951 Lick
Discovery
Discovered byC. A. Wirtanen
Discovery siteLick Obs.
Discovery date26 July 1949
Designations
Named after
James Lick (philanthropist)
1949 OA
Mars-crosser
Orbital characteristics
Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc67.12 yr (24,514 days)
Aphelion1.4760 AU
Perihelion1.3049 AU
1.3904 AU
Eccentricity0.0616
1.64 yr (599 days)
221.32°
0° 36m 3.96s / day
Inclination39.091°
130.75°
140.52°
Earth MOID0.3068 AU · 119.5 LD
Physical characteristics
Dimensions5.57±0.5 km (IRAS:3)
5.59 km (derived)
4.424±0.006 h
5.2974±0.0004 h
5.3008±0.0024 h[y]
5.3016±0.0020 h[z]
5.317±0.001 h
0.0895±0.020 (IRAS:3)
0.1028 (derived)
SMASS = A · A
14.20±0.2[z] · 14.2 · 14.35±0.2 · 14.35 · 14.5±0.2 · 14.51
1951 Lick
Discovery
Discovered byC. A. Wirtanen
Discovery siteLick Obs.
Discovery date26 July 1949
Designations
Named after
James Lick (philanthropist)
1949 OA
Mars-crosser
Orbital characteristics
Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc67.12 yr (24,514 days)
Aphelion1.4760 AU
Perihelion1.3049 AU
1.3904 AU
Eccentricity0.0616
1.64 yr (599 days)
221.32°
0° 36m 3.96s / day
Inclination39.091°
130.75°
140.52°
Earth MOID0.3068 AU · 119.5 LD
Physical characteristics
Dimensions5.57±0.5 km (IRAS:3)
5.59 km (derived)
4.424±0.006 h
5.2974±0.0004 h
5.3008±0.0024 h[y]
5.3016±0.0020 h[z]
5.317±0.001 h
0.0895±0.020 (IRAS:3)
0.1028 (derived)
SMASS = A · A
14.20±0.2[z] · 14.2 · 14.35±0.2 · 14.35 · 14.5±0.2 · 14.51

4 Vesta

[edit]
Side by side comparison
{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
4 Vesta
True color image of Vesta taken by Dawn. The massive Rheasilvia Crater dominates Vesta's south pole.
Discovery
Discovered byHeinrich Wilhelm Olbers
Discovery date29 March 1807
Designations
Pronunciation/ˈvɛstə/
Named after
Vesta
Main belt (Vesta family)
Adjectives
Symbol🝷 (historical astronomical)
% (modern astrological)
Orbital characteristics
Epoch 13 September 2023
(JD 2453300.5)
Aphelion2.57 AU (384 million km)
Perihelion2.15 AU (322 million km)
2.36 AU (353 million km)
Eccentricity0.0894
3.63 yr (1325.86 d)
19.34 km/s
169.4°
Inclination7.1422° to ecliptic
5.58° to invariable plane
103.71°
26 December 2021
151.66°
SatellitesNone
Earth MOID1.14 AU (171 million km)
Proper orbital elements
2.36151 AU
0.098758
6.39234°
99.1888 deg / yr
3.62944 yr
(1325.654 d)
Precession of perihelion long.
36.8729 (2343 years) arcsec / yr
Precession of asc. node
−39.5979 (2182 years) arcsec / yr
Physical characteristics
Dimensions572.6 km × 557.2 km × 446.4 km
525.4±0.2 km
Flattening0.2204
(8.66±0.2)×105 km2[ab]
Volume7.4970×107 km3
Mass(2.590271±0.000058)×1020 kg
Mean density
3.456±0.035 g/cm3
Equatorial surface gravity
0.22 m/s2 (0.022 g0)
Equatorial escape velocity
0.36 km/s
0.2226 d (5.342 h)
Equatorial rotation velocity
93.1 m/s[ac]
29°
North pole right ascension
20h 32m[ad]
North pole declination
48°[ad]
0.423
Temperaturemin: 75 K (−198 °C)
max: 250 K (−23 °C)
V
5.1 to 8.48
3.20
0.70 to 0.22
4 Vesta
True color image of Vesta taken by Dawn. The massive Rheasilvia Crater dominates Vesta's south pole.
Discovery
Discovered byHeinrich Wilhelm Olbers
Discovery date29 March 1807
Designations
Pronunciation/ˈvɛstə/
Named after
Vesta
Main belt (Vesta family)
Adjectives
Symbol🝷 (historical astronomical)
% (modern astrological)
Orbital characteristics
Epoch 13 September 2023
(JD 2453300.5)
Aphelion2.57 AU (384 million km)
Perihelion2.15 AU (322 million km)
2.36 AU (353 million km)
Eccentricity0.0894
3.63 yr (1325.86 d)
19.34 km/s
169.4°
Inclination7.1422° to ecliptic
5.58° to invariable plane
103.71°
26 December 2021
151.66°
SatellitesNone
Earth MOID1.14 AU (171 million km)
Proper orbital elements
2.36151 AU
0.098758
6.39234°
99.1888 deg / yr
3.62944 yr
(1325.654 d)
Precession of perihelion long.
36.8729 (2343 years) arcsec / yr
Precession of asc. node
−39.5979 (2182 years) arcsec / yr
Physical characteristics
Dimensions572.6 km × 557.2 km × 446.4 km
525.4±0.2 km
Flattening0.2204
(8.66±0.2)×105 km2[ab]
Volume7.4970×107 km3
Mass(2.590271±0.000058)×1020 kg
Mean density
3.456±0.035 g/cm3
Equatorial surface gravity
0.22 m/s2 (0.022 g0)
Equatorial escape velocity
0.36 km/s
0.2226 d (5.342 h)
Equatorial rotation velocity
93.1 m/s[af]
29°
North pole right ascension
20h 32m[ad]
North pole declination
48°[ad]
0.423
Temperaturemin: 75 K (−198 °C)
max: 250 K (−23 °C)
V
5.1 to 8.48
3.20
0.70 to 0.22

588 Achilles

[edit]
Side by side comparison
{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
588 Achilles
Image: 300 pixels
Modelled shape of Achilles from its light curve
Discovery
Discovered byM. F. Wolf
Discovery siteHeidelberg Obs.
Discovery date22 February 1906
Designations
Pronunciation/əˈkɪlz/
Named after
Achilles (Greek mythology)
1906 TG
Jupiter trojan
Greek · background
AdjectivesAchillean /ˌækɪˈlən, əˈkɪliən/
Orbital characteristics
Epoch 23 March 2018 (JD 2458200.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc112.25 yr (41,000 d)
Aphelion5.9714 AU
Perihelion4.4467 AU
5.2091 AU
Eccentricity0.1463
11.89 yr (4,343 d)
205.11°
0° 4m 58.44s / day
Inclination10.318°
316.54°
133.50°
Jupiter MOID0.5704 AU
TJupiter2.9460
Physical characteristics
130.10±0.55 km
133.22±3.33 km
135.47±4.1 km
7.306±0.002 h
0.0328±0.002
0.035±0.002
0.043±0.006
Tholen = DU
B–V = 0.755
U–B = 0.216
V–I = 0.940±0.019
8.47
8.67
588 Achilles
Image: 300 pixels
Modelled shape of Achilles from its light curve
Discovery
Discovered byM. F. Wolf
Discovery siteHeidelberg Obs.
Discovery date22 February 1906
Designations
Pronunciation/əˈkɪlz/
Named after
Achilles (Greek mythology)
1906 TG
Jupiter trojan
Greek · background
AdjectivesAchillean /ˌækɪˈlən, əˈkɪliən/
Orbital characteristics
Epoch 23 March 2018 (JD 2458200.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc112.25 yr (41,000 d)
Aphelion5.9714 AU
Perihelion4.4467 AU
5.2091 AU
Eccentricity0.1463
11.89 yr (4,343 d)
205.11°
0° 4m 58.44s / day
Inclination10.318°
316.54°
133.50°
Jupiter MOID0.5704 AU
TJupiter2.9460
Physical characteristics
130.10±0.55 km
133.22±3.33 km
135.47±4.1 km
7.306±0.002 h
0.0328±0.002
0.035±0.002
0.043±0.006
Tholen = DU
B–V = 0.755
U–B = 0.216
V–I = 0.940±0.019
8.47
8.67

944 Hidalgo

[edit]
Side by side comparison
{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
944 Hidalgo
Animation of 944 Hidalgo's movement over 5 minutes in 2003, taken by the Very Large Telescope.
Discovery
Discovered byW. Baade
Discovery siteBergedorf Obs.
Discovery date31 October 1920
Designations
Pronunciation/hɪˈdælɡ/
Named after
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
(Mexican revolutionary)
1920 HZ · A920 UB
centaur  · main-belt
unusual
Symbol (astrological)
Orbital characteristics
Epoch 27 April 2019 (JD 2458600.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc97.97 yr (35,784 d)
Aphelion9.5345 AU
Perihelion1.9474 AU
5.7410 AU
Eccentricity0.6608
13.76 yr (5,024 d)
13.078°
0° 4m 18.12s / day
Inclination42.521°
21.420°
56.651°
Jupiter MOID0.3285 AU
TJupiter2.0690
Physical characteristics
52.45±3.60 km
61.4±12.7 km
10.063±0.0003 h[ag]
0.028
0.042
Tholen = D
10.77
944 Hidalgo
Animation of 944 Hidalgo's movement over 5 minutes in 2003, taken by the Very Large Telescope.
Discovery
Discovered byW. Baade
Discovery siteBergedorf Obs.
Discovery date31 October 1920
Designations
Pronunciation/hɪˈdælɡ/
Named after
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
(Mexican revolutionary)
1920 HZ · A920 UB
centaur  · main-belt
unusual
Symbol (astrological)
Orbital characteristics
Epoch 27 April 2019 (JD 2458600.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc97.97 yr (35,784 d)
Aphelion9.5345 AU
Perihelion1.9474 AU
5.7410 AU
Eccentricity0.6608
13.76 yr (5,024 d)
13.078°
0° 4m 18.12s / day
Inclination42.521°
21.420°
56.651°
Jupiter MOID0.3285 AU
TJupiter2.0690
Physical characteristics
52.45±3.60 km
61.4±12.7 km
10.063±0.0003 h[ag]
0.028
0.042
Tholen = D
10.77

15760 Albion

[edit]
Side by side comparison
{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
15760 Albion
Long-exposure image of Albion (circled) taken by the European Southern Observatory in September 1992
Discovery
Discovered byD. C. Jewitt
J. X. Luu
Discovery siteMauna Kea Obs.
Discovery date30 August 1992
Designations
Pronunciation/ˈælbiən/
Named after
Albion (mythology by William Blake)
1992 QB1
TNO · cubewano (cold)
distant
Orbital characteristics
Epoch 31 May 2020 (JD 2459000.5)
Uncertainty parameter 3
Observation arc26.34 yr (9,621 days)
Aphelion47.042 AU
Perihelion40.809 AU
43.925 AU
Eccentricity0.07096
291.13 yr (106,334 days)
34.041°
0° 0m 12.188s / day
Inclination2.1797°
359.276°
0.7765°
Physical characteristics
108 km
167 km
0.2 (assumed) 0.152?
RR (red)
B–V=0.869±0.143
V−R=0.707±0.093
V−I=1.212±0.146
23.3
7.38±0.06 · 7.1
15760 Albion
Long-exposure image of Albion (circled) taken by the European Southern Observatory in September 1992
Discovery
Discovered byD. C. Jewitt
J. X. Luu
Discovery siteMauna Kea Obs.
Discovery date30 August 1992
Designations
Pronunciation/ˈælbiən/
Named after
Albion (mythology by William Blake)
1992 QB1
TNO · cubewano (cold)
distant
Orbital characteristics
Epoch 31 May 2020 (JD 2459000.5)
Uncertainty parameter 3
Observation arc26.34 yr (9,621 days)
Aphelion47.042 AU
Perihelion40.809 AU
43.925 AU
Eccentricity0.07096
291.13 yr (106,334 days)
34.041°
0° 0m 12.188s / day
Inclination2.1797°
359.276°
0.7765°
Physical characteristics
108 km
167 km
0.2 (assumed) 0.152?
RR (red)
B–V=0.869±0.143
V−R=0.707±0.093
V−I=1.212±0.146
23.3
7.38±0.06 · 7.1

Custom background color

[edit]

Baseball (no type set)

[edit]
Side by side comparison
{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
Baseball
Discovery
Discovered byWilliam A. Cutler
Discovery siteHarwood Baseball Factory
Discovery date1858
Physical characteristics
74 millimetres (2.9 in)
Mass0.146 kilograms (5.1 oz)
Baseball
Discovery
Discovered byWilliam A. Cutler
Discovery siteHarwood Baseball Factory
Discovery date1858
Physical characteristics
74 millimetres (2.9 in)
Mass0.146 kilograms (5.1 oz)

Baseball (invalid type set)

[edit]
Side by side comparison
{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
Baseball
Discovery
Discovered byWilliam A. Cutler
Discovery siteHarwood Baseball Factory
Discovery date1858
Physical characteristics
74 millimetres (2.9 in)
Mass0.146 kilograms (5.1 oz)
Baseball
Discovery
Discovered byWilliam A. Cutler
Discovery siteHarwood Baseball Factory
Discovery date1858
Physical characteristics
74 millimetres (2.9 in)
Mass0.146 kilograms (5.1 oz)
Type error: Unrecognized type label "sports ball"

Baseball (no type set with non-default background)

[edit]
Side by side comparison
{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
Baseball
Discovery
Discovered byWilliam A. Cutler
Discovery siteHarwood Baseball Factory
Discovery date1858
Physical characteristics
74 millimetres (2.9 in)
Mass0.146 kilograms (5.1 oz)
Baseball
Discovery
Discovered byWilliam A. Cutler
Discovery siteHarwood Baseball Factory
Discovery date1858
Physical characteristics
74 millimetres (2.9 in)
Mass0.146 kilograms (5.1 oz)

Baseball (no type set with non-default bgcolor)

[edit]
Side by side comparison
{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
Baseball
Discovery
Discovered byWilliam A. Cutler
Discovery siteHarwood Baseball Factory
Discovery date1858
Physical characteristics
74 millimetres (2.9 in)
Mass0.146 kilograms (5.1 oz)
Baseball
Discovery
Discovered byWilliam A. Cutler
Discovery siteHarwood Baseball Factory
Discovery date1858
Physical characteristics
74 millimetres (2.9 in)
Mass0.146 kilograms (5.1 oz)

Baseball (no type set with non-default bgcolour)

[edit]
Side by side comparison
{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
Baseball
Discovery
Discovered byWilliam A. Cutler
Discovery siteHarwood Baseball Factory
Discovery date1858
Physical characteristics
74 millimetres (2.9 in)
Mass0.146 kilograms (5.1 oz)
Baseball
Discovery
Discovered byWilliam A. Cutler
Discovery siteHarwood Baseball Factory
Discovery date1858
Physical characteristics
74 millimetres (2.9 in)
Mass0.146 kilograms (5.1 oz)

Baseball (no type set with conflicting background-color templates)

[edit]
Side by side comparison
{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
Baseball
Discovery
Discovered byWilliam A. Cutler
Discovery siteHarwood Baseball Factory
Discovery date1858
Physical characteristics
74 millimetres (2.9 in)
Mass0.146 kilograms (5.1 oz)
Baseball
Discovery
Discovered byWilliam A. Cutler
Discovery siteHarwood Baseball Factory
Discovery date1858
Physical characteristics
74 millimetres (2.9 in)
Mass0.146 kilograms (5.1 oz)
  1. Based on Irwin, Patrick G J; Dobinson, Jack; James, Arjuna; Teanby, Nicholas A; Simon, Amy A; Fletcher, Leigh N; Roman, Michael T; Orton, Glenn S; Wong, Michael H; Toledo, Daniel; Pérez-Hoyos, Santiago; Beck, Julie (23 December 2023). "Modelling the seasonal cycle of Uranus's colour and magnitude, and comparison with Neptune". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 527 (4): 11521–11538. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3761. hdl:20.500.11850/657542. ISSN 0035-8711.
  2. These are the mean elements from VSOP87, together with derived quantities.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Cite error: The named reference atmospheric pressure was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. Calculated using data from Seidelmann, 2007.
  5. 1 2 Cite error: The named reference atmospheric pressure2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. Calculation of He, H2 and CH4 molar fractions is based on a 2.3% mixing ratio of methane to hydrogen and the 15/85 He/H2 proportions measured at the tropopause.
  7. Based on Irwin, Patrick G J; Dobinson, Jack; James, Arjuna; Teanby, Nicholas A; Simon, Amy A; Fletcher, Leigh N; Roman, Michael T; Orton, Glenn S; Wong, Michael H; Toledo, Daniel; Pérez-Hoyos, Santiago; Beck, Julie (23 December 2023). "Modelling the seasonal cycle of Uranus's colour and magnitude, and comparison with Neptune". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 527 (4): 11521–11538. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3761. hdl:20.500.11850/657542. ISSN 0035-8711.
  8. These are the mean elements from VSOP87, together with derived quantities.
  9. Calculated using data from Seidelmann, 2007.
  10. Calculation of He, H2 and CH4 molar fractions is based on a 2.3% mixing ratio of methane to hydrogen and the 15/85 He/H2 proportions measured at the tropopause.
  11. 1 2 Between 18.29° and 28.58° to Earth's equator
  12. 1 2 Cite error: The named reference near-Earth asteroids was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. 1 2 Cite error: The named reference maxval was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. 1 2 Cite error: The named reference angular size was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. 1 2 Cite error: The named reference pressure explanation was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. 1 2 Cite error: The named reference adj was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. 1 2 The mean elements here are from the Theory of the Outer Planets (TOP2013) solution by the Institut de mécanique céleste et de calcul des éphémérides (IMCCE). They refer to the standard equinox J2000, the barycenter of the Solar System, and the epoch J2000.
  18. 1 2 Cite error: The named reference Surface area was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  19. 1 2 Cite error: The named reference Volume was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. 1 2 Cite error: The named reference Surface gravity was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  21. 1 2 Cite error: The named reference Escape velocity was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. 1 2 Cite error: The named reference Angular size was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  23. 1 2 Cite error: The named reference barycentric was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  24. 1 2 JPL Horizons accurately calculates perihelion using numerical integration. The JPL SBDB assumes the object and the Sun are the only two objects in the universe and that the orbit is unchanging.
  25. 1 2 Cite error: The named reference LCDB-Pravec-1998 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  26. 1 2 3 4 Cite error: The named reference LCDB-Pravec-1997 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  27. Marc Rayman of the JPL Dawn team used "Vestian" (analogous to the Greek cognate Hestian) a few times in 2010 and early 2011 in his Dawn Journal, and the Planetary Society continued to use that form for a few more years. The word had been used elsewhere, e.g. in Tsiolkovsky (1960) The call of the cosmos. However, otherwise the shorter form "Vestan" has been used by JPL. Most modern print sources also use "Vestan".
    Note that the related word "Vestalian" refers to people or things associated with Vesta, such as the vestal virgins, not to Vesta herself.
  28. 1 2 Calculated using the known dimensions assuming an ellipsoid.
  29. Calculated using (1) the known rotation period (5.342 h) and (2) the equatorial radius Req (285 km) of the best-fit biaxial ellipsoid to Asteroid 4 Vesta.
  30. 1 2 3 4 topocentric coordinates computed for the selected location: Greenwich, United Kingdom
  31. Marc Rayman of the JPL Dawn team used "Vestian" (analogous to the Greek cognate Hestian) a few times in 2010 and early 2011 in his Dawn Journal, and the Planetary Society continued to use that form for a few more years. The word had been used elsewhere, e.g. in Tsiolkovsky (1960) The call of the cosmos. However, otherwise the shorter form "Vestan" has been used by JPL. Most modern print sources also use "Vestan".
    Note that the related word "Vestalian" refers to people or things associated with Vesta, such as the vestal virgins, not to Vesta herself.
  32. Calculated using (1) the known rotation period (5.342 h) and (2) the equatorial radius Req (285 km) of the best-fit biaxial ellipsoid to Asteroid 4 Vesta.
  33. 1 2 Cite error: The named reference lightcurve-plot-Koff-2011 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).