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Tang ping

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Tang ping
Chinese躺平
Literal meaninglying flat
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyintǎng píng
Bopomofoㄊㄤˇ ㄆㄧㄥˊ
Gwoyeu Romatzyhtaang pyng
Wade–Gilest'ang3 p'ing2
IPA[tʰàŋ.pʰǐŋ]
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutpingtong2 ping4
Southern Min
Hokkien POJtháng pêⁿ

Tang ping (Chinese: 躺平; pinyin: tǎng píng; lit. 'lying flat') is a Chinese slang term for a personal rejection of societal pressure to overwork and over-achieve, such as in the 996 working hour system.[1][2][3][4] Tang ping means choosing to "lie down flat and get over the beatings" by adopting a "low-desire life."

Novelist Liao Zenghu described "lying flat" as a passive-aggressive resistance movement,[5] and The New York Times called it part of a nascent Chinese counterculture.[6] It has also been compared to the Great Resignation, a surge of resignations that began in the West at roughly the same time.[7][8][9] The National Language Resources Monitoring and Research Center, affiliated with the China's Ministry of Education, listed the phrase among the ten most popular memes on the Chinese Internet in 2021.[10]

Those who choose to "lie flat" may lower their professional commitment and economic ambitions, prioritize psychological health over economic materialism, and simplify their goals, while still being fiscally productive to meet their essential needs.[11]

The phrase "quiet quitting", meaning doing only what one's job demands and nothing more, which became popular in the United States in 2022,[12][13] was thought to be inspired by the tang ping movement.[14] Another newer related phrase is bai lan (Chinese: 摆烂; pinyin: bǎi làn; lit. 'let it rot'), which means "to actively embrace a deteriorating situation, rather than trying to turn it around". Basically, it refers to a voluntary retreat from pursuing certain goals because individuals realize they are simply too difficult to achieve.[15] An extreme version of lying flat dubbed "rat people" (Chinese: 老鼠人; pinyin: lǎoshǔrén) had surfaced in 2025.[16] In 2025, the Cyberspace Administration of China mandated that social media platforms censor expressions of lying flat and other "negative worldviews".[17][18]

Etymology and meaning

[edit]

The term tang ping (躺平) literally means "lying flat," from tǎng (躺, "to recline") and píng (平, "flat").[1]

As slang it refers to stepping back from pressure to work, compete, and meet conventional markers of success such as home ownership, marriage, and children.[11]

People who "lie flat" may reduce their working hours, spend less, and prioritize psychological well-being over material success, while still meeting their essential needs.[11]

Lying flat is frequently discussed alongside "involution" (Chinese: 内卷; pinyin: nèijuǎn), a term for competition that intensifies while the rewards stay flat or shrink.[8]

Origins

[edit]

The term first appeared on the Chinese Internet around February 2020, near the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.[19] It gained momentum in April 2021 when Luo Huazhong, posting as "Kind-Hearted Traveler," published an essay on Baidu Tieba titled "Lying Flat is Justice."[20][6]

Luo, a former factory worker from Jiande in Zhejiang, described leaving his job in 2016, cycling roughly 2,100 km (1,300 mi) from Sichuan to Tibet, and living frugally on odd jobs and about US$60 a month from his savings.[20][6]

In the essay he likened himself to the Greek philosophers Diogenes and Heraclitus, and presented lying flat as a considered philosophical stance.[1]

Luo's post spread on Sina Weibo and Douban, where discussion groups formed around the idea before some were removed.[1] Supporters described lying flat as a response to a competitive labor market, long hours, and housing costs that made conventional success feel unattainable.[4][11]

Background

[edit]

In April 2021, a truck driver committed suicide due to fines and the impoundment of his vehicle, which sparked widespread discussion on the internet about the hardships of life at the grassroots level. Despite official emphasis on "poverty alleviation success" and the narrative of achieving a "moderately prosperous society," his death drew attention to the lack of significant improvement, and even decline, in labor conditions amidst the rapid pace of social development. The exacerbation of domestic social problems in mainland China due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019 also played a role. Some commentators argue that similar incidents are commonplace and that the working class has not truly benefited from rapid economic growth.[21][22][23]

In May 2021, due to changes in population structure, the government of the People's Republic of China announced the introduction of a three-child policy. However, some analysts believe that many young people today face challenges such as long working hours, stagnant wages, difficulties with homeownership, mental and physical exhaustion, and heavy burdens of caring for older people, leading to a widespread decline in the willingness to marry and have children.[24][25]

From April to May 2021, a video circulated on the video-sharing website Bilibili featuring a speech by well-known media personality Bai Yansong. When asked about the phenomenon of contemporary young people feeling patriotic and optimistic about the country's future while also feeling powerless in the face of life and employment pressures, Bai Yansong responded with a rhetorical question: "Do we now expect housing prices to be low, jobs to be easy to find everywhere, no pressure at all, and as long as you pursue the girl you like, she will agree?" This statement sparked a barrage of criticism and ridicule from numerous netizens.[26][27][28]

Official responses

[edit]

The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) moved quickly to reject the idea. The Cyberspace Administration of China ordered online platforms to "strictly restrict" posts on tang ping and had censors remove Luo's original Tieba post[29] while a discussion group of nearly 10,000 followers on Chinese social media site Douban is no longer accessible.[1] Selling tang ping-branded merchandise online is forbidden.[6]

In May 2021, Chinese state media Xinhua published an editorial asserting that "lying flat" is shameful.[30][31] In May, a video clip of CCTV news commentator Bai Yansong criticizing the low-key mindset circulated on the popular video-sharing website Bilibili,[11] and had attracted thousands of mockeries and slurs on the danmu commentaries in response.[32][33] The same month, a commentary of Hubei Radio and Television Economic Channel said, "you can accept your fate, but you mustn't lie flat."[34] An October article by CCP general secretary Xi Jinping, published in the Communist Party journal Qiushi, called for "avoiding 'involution' [nei juan] and 'lying flat'".[8][35]

Some official voices were more sympathetic, even as others pressed the criticism. Guangming Daily added that tang ping should not be discounted without reflection, suggesting that a government wanting to cultivate diligence in the young should first improve their quality of life.[11] Huang Ping, a literature professor who researches youth culture at East China Normal University, told Sixth Tone that official media outlets may be concerned about the tang ping lifestyle because of its potential to threaten productivity, but "humans aren't merely tools for making things... when you can't catch up with society's development—say, skyrocketing home prices—tang ping is actually the most rational choice."[11]

On 28 April 2026, the Ministry of State Security (MSS) published a video on its WeChat channel describing lying flat as a campaign of ideological infiltration by hostile anti-China forces aimed at Chinese youth.[36][37] The video was met with widespread derision and disappointment on social media in China.[38]

Comments

[edit]

Negative comments

[edit]

In May 2021, Sina Weibo's "Communist Youth League Central Committee" posted a Weibo message stating that "contemporary young people have never chosen to lie flat." The Nanfang Daily published a commentary article titled "Lying flat is shameful, where does the sense of justice come from?" by Wang Qingfeng, which criticized the "lying flat philosophy," condemning it as harmful and "toxic chicken soup".[39] This article was reposted by Xinhua News Agency.[40] The Guangming Daily's "Guangming Commentary" column criticized the "lying flat" phenomenon in an article titled "Rejecting 'involution,' are young people starting to believe in 'lying flat-ology'?".[41] A commentary from the TV Economic Channel of Hubei Radio and Television stated: "Accepting fate is okay, lying flat is not".[42] The Global Times' "Global Times Sharp Commentary" column sarcastically said: "Young people who claim to lie flat are always woken up at dawn by the alarm clocks they set themselves".[43]

Li Fengliang, an associate professor at Tsinghua University, believes that "lying flat is an extremely irresponsible attitude that not only disappoints one's parents but also millions of taxpayers. ... People can still achieve upward social mobility through competition."[44]

On December 27, 2021, the Guangming Daily published a commentary on its front page titled "Lying Flat is Not Advisable," rejecting the behavior of lying flat.[45]

Positive comments

[edit]

Financial scholar He Jiangbing believes that lying flat is a kind of "helpless activism". Although it will harm the economy, reducing consumption helps reduce waste and carbon footprint, which is conducive to achieving carbon emission reduction targets. People who "lie flat" are usually very gentle, not rebellious, and tend not to retaliate against society, which helps maintain stability. He believes that it is unreasonable to accuse young people of lying flat as decadent, and that a rigid hierarchy and a lack of fair competition are the real decadence.[46] "Lying flat" can be extended to describe a state of inaction with low desire, low social participation, and not catering to secular expectations or mainstream views, to resist or withdraw from formulaic social norms (but not anti-social).[47]

On August 3, 2021, former CIA employee and NSA contractor Edward Snowden posted on Twitter, sharing the song "Lying Flat is King", and encouraged young people to "never forget that you are not alone: the exploitation of the emerging generation is a global struggle."[48]

Huang Ping, a professor in the Department of Chinese at East China Normal University, believes that "lying flat" is a way for young people to put down their burdens. When people cannot keep up with the distorted development of society (such as soaring housing prices),[49][50] "lying flat" is not a bad choice as the most rational option, and the official media's attention to this trend is due to concerns that the lying flat philosophy may pose a potential threat to productivity.[11] There is also a view that although "lying flat" is only an emotional social response, it also poses new issues for the healthy development of society, such as how to improve the working environment and career development ecology of young people.[51]

Columnist Chang Ping commented that "lying flat-ism" is "an awakening of rights consciousness and identity consciousness."[52] Sinologist Mieke Matthyssen further describes tangping as a "courageous resistance" that expresses a desire for a mentally healthy lifestyle and balanced personal development. It is a form of "self-preservation" against the harmful inputs of excessive materialism and submissive citizenship.[53]

Analysis of the phenomenon

[edit]

In a post in May 2021, Guangming Net stated that lying flat is a common phenomenon across a wide range of countries and regions. An economy possesses a certain security function and diversified economic opportunities when it reaches the climax of a state, so the marginal utility of working overtime decreases, resulting in a passive young generation.[54]

According to the BBC, the serial popularity of "Geyou Lying Down" to "Lazy eggs" to "mourning culture" signals the increasing pressure on the younger generation, who grew up under the single-child policy, to work longer hours, abide by the social credit system, and show their patriotism.[1]

On June 9, 2021, the British newspaper The Independent identified Lying Flat as an online protest by young people in China, an extension of similar movements around the world that call for rest and recovery rather than busyness.[55] Business Insider and The Washington Post reported on the issue and interviewed several young people who practice reclinism.[56][4]

According to The New York Times, lying flat happens in the US too. It's a movement that individuals are embracing, lying flat as a way to resist the expectations of relentless productivity and career success. It highlights economic inequality, limited job opportunities, and a sense of disillusionment with the traditional path of working long hours as factors contributing to the rise of the lying flat movement. Lying flat represents a rejection of the idea that one's job or economic status solely determines one's worth. Instead, it reflects a desire for a simpler, more fulfilling life that prioritizes personal well-being over material success.[57]

In NTV NEWS24, Morimoto Hayashi believes that the popularity of the "lying flat" movement contrasts sharply with the philosophy of striving advocated repeatedly by the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, such as "the new era is the era of struggle." This news has garnered thousands of responses on Japanese websites, resonating with many Japanese netizens.[58]

Some believe that the official concern and criticism of the trend stem from its ideological connotation of non-cooperation, which is considered a potential threat to stability.[43][59][60]

Similar concepts

[edit]

Quiet quitting

[edit]

The phrase "quiet quitting", meaning doing only what one's job demands and nothing more, which became popular in the United States in 2022 primarily due to the evolving landscape of work culture influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic. As the pandemic reshaped the way people worked, with remote and hybrid models becoming more common, individuals began to reassess their priorities and work-life balance.[61][62] It was thought to be inspired by the tang ping movement. Another newer related phrase is bai lan (Chinese: 摆烂; pinyin: bǎi làn; lit. 'let it rot'), which means "to actively embrace a deteriorating situation, rather than trying to turn it around". Basically, it refers to a voluntary retreat from pursuing certain goals because individuals realize they are simply too difficult to achieve.[63][64]

It has been seen as a rejection of the hustle-culture mentality long associated with career success and corporate ladder climbing. It showcases the stance that employers can no longer extract and exploit more employee labor than they are paying for.[65]

Sampo generation

[edit]

Sampo generation is also referred to as "Three giving-up generation", a neologism in South Korea referring to a generation that gives up courtship, marriage, and having kids due to the excess stress they face in life, including high cost of living, high working hours, low income, and high unemployment rate.[66]

The term evolved into Opo generation (Five giving-up generation), Chilpo generation (Seven giving-up generation), Gupo generation (Nine giving-up generation), and N-po generation, which is people giving up on more things, including employment, home ownership, interpersonal relationships, hope, health, physical appearance, and eventually life.[citation needed]

Freeter

[edit]

Freeter is a term used in Japan to describe a person aged 15 to 34 who is unemployed, underemployed, or otherwise lacks full-time paid employment. The term excludes homemakers and students.[67]

Freeter have become a culture in Japan where they accommodate low-waged and marginalized workers to live and enjoy basic activities of life. The culture is evident in Koenji, Tokyo, where there are second-hand shops and recycled objects, and bars with low, affordable prices in the area, reflecting an alternative way of living.[68]

NEET

[edit]

NEET (Not in Education, Employment, or Training) is a term describing a state where a person is unemployed and not receiving an education or vocational training. The classification originated in the United Kingdom in the late 1990s. The use of term has spread, in varying degrees, to other countries, including Japan, South Korea, China, Serbia, Canada, and the United States.[69]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "China's new 'tang ping' trend aims to highlight pressures of work culture". BBC. June 3, 2021. Archived from the original on September 23, 2025. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  2. ↑ "An entire generation of Chinese youth is rejecting the pressures of hustle culture by 'lying flat'". The Independent. June 9, 2021. Archived from the original on May 26, 2022.
  3. ↑ "China's youth are lying flat: the fear is, so might their futures". South China Morning Post. June 14, 2021. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  4. 1 2 3 Kuo, Lily (June 5, 2021). "Young Chinese take a stand against pressures of modern life — by lying down". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2024.
  5. ↑ Joe McDonald; Fu Ting (July 4, 2021). "Some Chinese shun grueling careers for 'low-desire life'". Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 25, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Elsie Chen (July 3, 2021). "These Chinese Millennials Are 'Chilling,' and Beijing Isn't Happy". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 17, 2023. Retrieved July 4, 2021. Young people in China have set off a nascent counterculture movement that involves lying down and doing as little as possible.
  7. ↑ Kaplan, Juliana (November 3, 2021). "The labor shortage is reshaping the economy and how people talk about work. Here's a glossary of all the new phrases that sum up workers' frustration with their deal, from 'lying flat' to 'antiwork.'". Business Insider. Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved November 17, 2021.
  8. 1 2 3 Siqi, Ji; Huifeng, He; Peach, Brian (October 24, 2021). "What is 'lying flat', and why are Chinese officials standing up to it?". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved November 17, 2021.
  9. ↑ Tharoor, Ishaan (October 18, 2021). "Analysis | The 'Great Resignation' goes global". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved November 17, 2021.
  10. ↑ Li, Jane (December 7, 2021). "'Lying flat' is officially one of China's top memes of 2021". Quartz.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Zhang, Wanqing; Liu, Mengqiu (May 27, 2021). "Tired of Running in Place, Young Chinese 'Lie Down'". Sixth Tone. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  12. ↑ Serenko, A. (2023). "The human capital management perspective on quiet quitting: Recommendations for employees, managers, and national policymakers" (PDF). Journal of Knowledge Management. in–press: 27–43. doi:10.1108/JKM-10-2022-0792. S2CID 258026195. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 26, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
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  14. ↑ Henry Bodkin (August 7, 2022). "Workers embrace the bare minimum in 'quiet quitting' trend". The Telegraph.
  15. ↑ "The rise of 'bai lan': why China's frustrated youth are ready to 'let it rot'" Archived July 6, 2024, at the Wayback Machine. The Guardian. 2022.
  16. ↑ Tan, Matthew Loh, Kwan Wei Kevin. "China's broke and burned-out young workers are coming together under a new banner: 'rat people'". Business Insider. Archived from the original on June 6, 2025. Retrieved June 6, 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  18. ↑ Kuo, Lily (October 8, 2025). "Cheer Up, or Else: China Cracks Down on the Haters and Cynics". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 8, 2025. Retrieved October 8, 2025.
  19. ↑ Picoche, Ariane (January 17, 2022). "Tang ping: the Chinese millennials lying flat to protest against overwork". Welcome to the Jungle. Archived from the original on September 28, 2022. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
  20. 1 2 Li, Jane (June 18, 2021). "A niche Chinese Gen Z meme is ringing alarm bells for Beijing". Quartz. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
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  29. ↑ Yuan, Shawn (January 1, 2022). "Silent resistance against social pressures in China". The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health. 6 (1): 11–12. doi:10.1016/S2352-4642(21)00378-3. ISSN 2352-4642. PMID 34921804. S2CID 245255571. Archived from the original on February 27, 2023. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
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  31. ↑ "The low-desire life: why people in China are rejecting high-pressure jobs in favour of 'lying flat'". The Guardian. July 5, 2021. Archived from the original on October 26, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2021.
  32. ↑ "蚌埠住了，白岩松："难道我们现在指望的是房价很低，然后一点压力都没有？不会吧？！"请看2021年4月房价排行榜". 哔哩哔哩弹幕视频网. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2021.
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  43. 1 2 "躺平主义危险吗". June 2, 2021. Archived from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2024.
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  61. ↑ Life, Soo Kim; Reporter, Trends (February 3, 2023). "More than a third of Americans are "quiet quitting"". Newsweek. Archived from the original on April 23, 2024. Retrieved April 23, 2024.
  62. ↑ "Before 'quiet quitting,' China was 'lying flat.' How the anti-work movement swept the globe". Fortune. Archived from the original on April 23, 2024. Retrieved April 23, 2024.
  63. ↑ Ni, Vincent (May 26, 2022). "The rise of 'bai lan': why China's frustrated youth are ready to 'let it rot'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved April 23, 2024.
  64. ↑ "Why Chinese youths are going from 'lying flat' to 'letting it rot'". Young Post. October 5, 2022. Retrieved April 23, 2024.
  65. ↑ Salvucci, Jeremy (April 16, 2024). "What is quiet quitting? The viral misnomer explained". TheStreet. Archived from the original on April 23, 2024. Retrieved April 23, 2024.
  66. ↑ Bhuiyan, Samiul (September 5, 2022). "THE SAMPO GENERATION OF SOUTH KOREA". Medium. Archived from the original on April 23, 2024. Retrieved April 23, 2024.
  67. ↑ "Freeter in Japan: between freedom and precariousness". Japan Experience. Archived from the original on June 15, 2025. Retrieved August 26, 2025.
  68. ↑ "Freeters". Japan Experience. Archived from the original on June 14, 2024. Retrieved April 23, 2024.
  69. ↑ O'Dell, Hope (February 15, 2024). "1 in 5 Young People Around the World are NEETs. What Does That Mean?". globalaffairs.org. Archived from the original on August 5, 2025. Retrieved August 26, 2025.

Further reading

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