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Stanley Alvin Watson

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Stanley Alvin Watson
DCM and Bar
Watson in 1920
Born(1893-06-01)1 June 1893
Orillia, Ontario, Canada
Died(1962-05-06)6 May 1962
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
OccupationsTeacher, soldier
Spouse(s)
Teressa Oborne Mullett
​
​
(m. 1919; died 1923)​

Lucy Lovell Bate
​
(m. 1927)​
Children5
Military career
AllegianceCanada
Branch
Service years
1915–1918 and 1941–1942
Rank
  • First World War
    - private (1915) to lieutenant (1918)
  • Second World War
    - lieutenant (1941) to acting-lieutenant-colonel (1942)
Unit
  • First World War
    - 157th Battalion
    - 116th Battalion
    - 2nd Central Ontario Regimental Depot (England)
    - 8th Reserve Battalion
    - Canadian Training School (in England for officers)
    - No. 2 Military District Depot (in Canada for demobilization)
  • Second World War
    - Adjutant-General Directorate of Personnel Selection
Awards

Stanley Alvin Watson (1893–1962) was a Canadian soldier who was a field veteran of the First World War and served as an army administrator in the Second World War. In his civilian life, Watson was an educator who trained a cadet company and later transformed the curriculum and instructional techniques of the elementary schools of Ontario. He edited and wrote school textbooks and supplementary materials and published scholarly articles on education.

Background

[edit]

Stanley A. Watson was born in 1893 to Alexander F. Watson and Adelaide C. Wright in Orillia, Ontario. Watson married Teressa Oborne "Obie" Mullett in 1919 in Orillia. They had three children: Mary (1919), Clifford Gordon (1922), and John (1923). Obie Mullett died in 1923, a few days after giving birth to John.[1][2][3][4] Watson married Lucy Lovell Bate in 1927 in Toronto, Ontario. They had two children: Kenneth Patrick (1929) and Roger (1936). Stanley Watson died in 1962 in Toronto.[4][5][6]

Education

[edit]

Watson attended school in Orillia, where he graduated from Orillia Collegiate Institute (high school). In July 1912, he received a second-class certificate to teach in elementary schools from the Ontario Department of Education following examination at the North Bay Normal School (teacher training college).[7][8]

Following his service in the First World War, Watson continued his teacher training. During July–August 1919, he attended a refresher course at the University of Toronto for returning soldier-teachers.[9][10] He attended the University in 1919–1920 to upgrade his teaching qualifications to a first-class certificate.[11][12] Watson served as president of his class at the Faculty of Education.[13]

Watson subsequently attended the University of Toronto part-time from 1921 until 1927 school year, when he was admitted to the degree of Bachelor of Arts. At Keele Street School in 1927, Watson was the only one to hold a degree.[14]

Military service

[edit]

First World War

[edit]

Watson served as a front-line infantryman in the First World War. He enlisted on 23 December 1915 as a private with the 157th Battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF), which was organized under the Army Act of the United Kingdom as part of the Imperial British Army.[15][16] His rank was raised to acting-sergeant on 1 March 1916.[16][17][18]

The 157th Battalion shipped to England in October 1916. Watson was transferred to the 116th Battalion CEF on 8 December 1916, where his rank was reverted on 9 January 1917 to acting-corporal for administrative reasons and restored on 6 February. His new unit was shipped to France on 11 February 1917. Watson's rank of acting-sergeant was made permanent (substantive) on 1 April 1917.[17]

Watson's platoon wins skills competition

" Orillia, Oct 4 – The 116th Battalion ... was awarded no fewer than 21 medals † for a raid on the German trenches, carried out July last. On this occasion they did a great deal of damage to the enemy and took 53 prisoners, and in thanking the battalion Sir Arthur Currie declared it was 'as successful a raid as had ever been carried out in France'. ...

No. 1 platoon of the 116th Battalion, in which Sergt. Watson and Sergt. McLean ‡ [both from Orillia] are non-commissioned officers, has distinguished itself by winning the brigade and divisional prizes for drill, smartness, and shooting, beating platoons from such crack battalions as the Royal Canadian Regiment and the Princess Pats. The glory won by the 116th has given great satisfaction here, there being upwards of a hundred men from this town in the battalion. Their record reflects much credit, both on the rank and file and on the commanding officer, Lieut.-Col. Sam Sharpe, M.P."

—  "Simcoe Soldiers Won Lasting Glory", The Mail and Empire (Toronto), 5 Oct 1917, p. 2.
† 18 to enlisted men, 3 to commissioned officers.
‡ Corporal Donald McLean (Reg. No. 643928) of this platoon was promoted after the 9 August contest to sergeant on 22 August 1917.[19]

On 9 August 1917, the 116th Battalion (of the 9th Infantry Brigade) was represented by its No. 1 Platoon of "A" Company, with Watson as Sergeant, in a skills competition (dress, drill marching, and target shooting) amongst nine battalions from the three brigades of the 3rd Division of the Canadian Corps. The 29 members of Watson's platoon won the competition at Ferfay, France, with 221 points.[20][21][22]

In late August 1917, Watson was awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal (DCM) for "conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty" during a raid by his battalion on German lines near the village of Avion, France, on the night of 22–23 July.[23][24] Watson's decoration was authorized on 25 August and announced in a Division Routine Order of 28 August.[25] The investiture of Watson's decoration occurred behind the front lines in a field (Ferme de Berthonval Farm) near Fraser Camp (Mont-Saint-Éloi) on 30 September 1917 when 18 enlisted personnel were honoured for their actions during the July raid. The pinning of the decoration was done by Lieutenant-General Arthur Currie, Commander of the Canadian Corps.[23][26] Currie declared that the military action was "as successful a raid as had ever been carried out in France".[21][24][27] Watson's citation was subsequently published in the Gazette supplement of 26 January 1918 as follows:

" 643986 Sjt. S. A. Watson, Infy.
For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty prior to and during an attack. Having previously rendered great assistance in reconnaissance and in cutting wire, he led his platoon on the night of the attack himself, under great difficulties, in the face of heavy shell fire and gas attack. Crawling on his hands and knees, he made two journeys and got his platoon to the jumping-off position, after which he led a bombing party and personally killed a number of the enemy, also bombing many of them out of their dug-outs. He displayed similar gallantry and coolness in guiding his men back through the wire in spite of more gas and heavy shelling." [28]

A more detailed account was given in the War Diary of the 116th Battalion for July 1917.[20]

On 1 March 1918, the 116th Battalion announced that Watson had been awarded a Bar to his Distinguished Conduct Medal (DCM) for the same raid as his original decoration. This Bar signified that his actions during the 1917 raid had merited two DCMs.[29][30][31]

Watson was withdrawn from the field near the end of December 1917 and posted to the 2nd Central Ontario Regimental Depot (CORD) in England for the purpose of obtaining a commission as an officer. From February to April 1918, Watson attended the Canadian Training School (CTS) for officers at Bexhill. He was appointed lieutenant[32][33] by an order of 25 April with effect from 28 April[17] and posted to the 8th Reserve Battalion at Witley for a week. Watson returned to CORD on 4 May and was attached to CTS on 5 May for "instructional duty". He was promoted to Assistant Instructor on 11 July 1918.[17][32][33][34]

Watson left CTS at the end of November 1918 and returned to Canada via the SS Pannonia.[35] of the Cunard Line. The ship departed Avonmouth (Bristol), England, on 30 November and landed at Portland, Maine, on 13 December.[17][36] He was demobilized in Canada from the No. 2 Military District Depot on 31 December 1918. His war service gratuity of $563 was paid in six installments over an eight-month period in 1919.[17]

Retroactive rank in Canadian Militia

[edit]
CEF Ranks versus Militia Ranks

" Ottawa, Ont., Dec. 18 – Recent appointments and promotions in the Canadian militia have created some confusion in the public mind.

On Tuesday last there was issued a list of such appointments and promotions in the higher ranks, including many prominent officers with the Canadian expeditionary force at the front. Such names as those of Brigadier-General Garnet Hughes, Brigadier-General Mercer and others appeared in the Canadian militia gazette list long after word had been received from England that these men had been appointed to such positions. Confusion has been still worse confounded by the fact that in the same issue of the Gazette many of these men appear as having been granted the rank of brevet-colonels.

The explanation given at the Militia Department is that these appointments and promotions are to the Canadian militia. These men are first gazetted as brevet-colonels giving them permanent rank in the Canadian militia. They are then gazetted brigadier-generals, giving them the temporary rank in the Canadian militia equal to that which they have earned in the Canadian expeditionary forces in Great Britain."

—  The Toronto Star, 18 Dec 1915, p. 5.[37]

In June 1919, Watson was retroactively granted the rank of temporary-lieutenant in the Canadian Militia for the past period of his officer commission in the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF), 28 April to 31 December 1918.[38] The Militia was organized under Canada's Militia Act for the defence of Canada, while the CEF was organized under the UK Army Act for action in Europe. Their ranks were entirely separate hierarchies.[16][18][39]

Veterans' associations

[edit]

While at the University of Toronto during 1919–1920, Watson served as president of the Veterans' Teachers' Association formed by his refresher-course classmates and as the representative of education students on the executive council of the University Veterans' Association of Toronto. Thereafter, he served as secretary of the teacher organization.[9][12][40]

Second World War

[edit]

In October 1941, Watson joined the Canadian Army, where he resumed his old rank of lieutenant. He was promoted in November 1941 to acting-major and then in June 1942 to acting-lieutenant-colonel.[41][42]

Watson worked in the Adjutant-General (AG) Branch, where he served with the Directorate of Personnel Selection as a regional chief examiner (November 1941) in Toronto to administer a new system of matching recruits with suitable roles.[43] He was moved to Winnipeg in April 1942 as an interim replacement for the retired chief examiner there.[31]

In June 1942, Watson was transferred to National Defence Headquarters, Ottawa, and appointed an Assistant Adjutant-General (AAG). Watson gave up his AAG position in August 1942 but retained his acting-lieutenant-colonel rank. He retired from the military in September 1942 for medical reasons. Watson was subsequently known by his AG rank of acting-lieutenant-colonel and was addressed as colonel.[42][44][45]

Education career

[edit]

Watson's first teaching position was at Orillia Township School No. 2 beginning September 1912. He was the sole teacher with an average attendance of 19 students during the two school years that ended June 1914. By September 1915, Watson moved to the Model School in the Town of Orillia, where he was one of 12 instructors for people training to obtain a third-class teaching certificate.[46]

Following his war service and full-time attendance at the University of Toronto (December 1915 – June 1920), Watson resumed his teaching career in September 1920 at Keele Street School in the Toronto Board of Education. He moved from Keele Street School to Brock Avenue School for January 1931. Watson was then promoted to principal at Deer Park School for September 1931 and returned as principal to Keele Street School for September 1932. He moved as principal to Essex Street School for September 1937.[47]

In addition to his regular teaching position, Watson worked from 1921 to 1931 (October to March terms) at the Ogden Night School in the Toronto Board. He was promoted to principal of the night school for October 1927 onwards.[48][49] This school specialized in the teaching of English to immigrants and was highly regarded for its strategy of focusing on oral work prior to the introduction of the written language.[48][50]

During his time at Keele Street School, Watson became known as an advocate for "modern education". This philosophy focused on children as individuals with active involvement in their learning through guided, practical activities, rather than treating them as passive, generic recipients of factual knowledge from a teacher. Active citizenship was also part of the new system.[51] Starting in December 1936, Watson was employed by the Ontario Department of Education as a curriculum writer and promoter in the implementation of the philosophy across the elementary school system of Ontario. (See § Curriculum development.)

Watson was seconded in September 1940 by the Ontario Department of Education from his position at Essex Street School to teach at the Toronto Normal School (teacher training college). In October 1941, he was granted a leave of absence to enlist with the Canadian Army. He returned to the Toronto Normal School in January 1943 following his military service.[52]

In September 1943, Watson became the Department's Acting Inspector of Public Schools for Simcoe County South. He returned to the Toronto Normal School in February 1944 and was appointed principal of the Ottawa Normal School for 1 September 1944. Watson was promoted on 1 January 1946 to the position of Assistant Superintendent of Elementary Education. He was further promoted on 1 November 1956 as the first Superintendent of Curriculum and Textbooks in a newly established branch of the Department of Education. He retired on 31 October 1960.[6][53]

Keele Street School Cadet Company

[edit]
Keele Street School Cadet Company, May 1917

Following his arrival in 1920 at Keele Street School, Watson joined its principal, W. H. Harwood, as an instructor for the school's cadet company. In September 1921, Watson became a lieutenant in the Corps of School Cadet Instructors of the Canadian Militia.[A][54][55][56]

Watson was a successful instructor whose Keele Street School Cadet Company won several awards over a number of years. In 1927, his cadet company received the following honours:

  • Lord Roberts Flag [B] (for the fifth consecutive year) for greatest efficiency in drill movements during the annual competition amongst the elementary-school cadets of Toronto (award established 1907, with the flag donated for the purpose by the cadet corps of a London, UK, school [58]).[C]
  • John Wanless Cup (for the fifth consecutive year) for greatest general proficiency in all areas (drill, shooting, etc.) during the annual competition amongst the elementary-school cadets of the City (award established 1923 by John Wanless, Trustee of the Toronto Board of Education [60]).
  • Anna Otter Challenge Cup for "the best disciplined company in the best battalion" amongst the elementary schools of Toronto (award established 1927 by General Sir William Dillon Otter (retired) in honour of his mother [61]).
  • Canadian National Exhibition Cup for "the best cadet company in the cadet parade" at the annual exhibition (the second year of the cadet parade [62]).
  • Inspector Armstrong Flag [D] for best drill during the annual inspection of elementary-school cadets in the western part of the City of Toronto. (The Keele Street Cadets also received the Inspector Armstrong Flag in 1923 and 1926.)
    [56][64][65]

In September 1928, the Keele Cadets received the Anna Otter Cup and the Commercial Travellers' Association Flag as the best cadet company in the CNE parade.[66]

On 23 September 1942, Watson was retired for medical reasons from his lieutenant position in the Cadet Services of Canada. He was given the retirement militia rank of major.[45][67]

Layolomi Lodge

[edit]

Layolomi Lodge – " That camp, with its granite outcrops and enveloping forest of pine and birch, was built on a mythology of self-reliance within the beauty and power of nature. It informed the confidence and sense of connection to the earth that seems to have been shared by the whole [Watson] family. ... The confidence [my brother] expressed in me from the beginning was persuasive. Much of that encouragement took place among the granite and pine and sand and water of Layolomi, and the constant invitation to adventure and experiment the place offered; ever since, the Precambrian landscape has been invested with power, nourishment, and a sense of the rightness of the world."

—  Patrick Watson. This Hour has Seven Decades. 2004. pp. 2–3.

Watson was a director of Layolomi Lodge (also known as Camp Layolomi), attended annually by his children. This summer camp facility for boys was organized by a group of Toronto teachers and located on Lake Bernard near Sundridge, Ontario, and Algonquin Park.[4][68]

Curriculum development

[edit]

From December 1936 through mid-1939, Watson worked with Thornton Mustard of the Toronto Normal School as a two-person committee tasked by the Ontario Department of Education with modernizing the Province's elementary school curriculum.[69][70][71][72] The philosophy of the new curriculum reflected programmes already introduced in other provinces.[E] Mustard and Watson gave special credit to the influence of the Hadow Reports of the United Kingdom.[75][76] The new provincial courses of study were described as "revolutionary" and "a fundamental change in educational philosophy" in Canada.[77][72] Using feedback received, Watson continued to revise Ontario's new curriculum into the early 1940s.[78] (See § Curricula below.)

The central theme of the new curriculum was the recognition and development of the abilities and potential of each child as an individual for the purpose of producing a better citizen. This philosophy replaced the previous strict adherence to uniform standards with success measured by formal examinations on factual course content. In addition, the new program was to provide students with a practical education rather than simply be a preparation and filter for university studies.[77][69][70][79]

Courses in the new curriculum placed greater emphasis on active participation by students, including project-based learning, practical applications, discovery through experimentation and investigation, and an increase in their independent reading. History, geography, and civics were merged as social studies, and the material was coordinated thematically. Art was to be integrated into the work done for other subjects.[77][69][70][79]

Teachers were given greater freedom in choosing the materials covered and the manner of their presentation. There was also greater flexibility in the time spent per topic, with an emphasis placed on English and social studies.[F] Written tests and examinations were de-emphasized, with locally produced evaluations used in place of external, standardized papers.[77][69][70][79]

New Brunswick

[edit]

In 1937, 1939, and 1941, Watson gave a series of lectures to teachers in the Province of New Brunswick on the philosophy and principles of the new curriculum. These lectures were part of the summer professional programs of the New Brunswick Department of Education.[80][81][82] The Province introduced its version of the new curriculum in September 1939.[74]

Canadian textbooks

[edit]

Watson became active by 1950 in a long-term process of replacing foreign textbooks in Ontario classrooms with Canadian publications. The intention was to remove foreign bias, viewpoints, and vocabulary from all aspects of the curriculum. Watson spoke publicly on the textbook policy at meetings of parents, educational organizations, and legislators, as well as with the media. On 1 November 1956, he became Ontario's first Superintendent of Curriculum and Textbooks.[7][53][83]

Tributes to Watson as an educator

[edit]

Watson's view of children was praised in a report published in 1939 in a number of New Brunswick newspapers:

" Mr. Watson has a very appealing way of talking about children as real persons, as human beings, not automatons, as individuals and not as an insignificant unit of a mass-production scheme. It is part and parcel of the new order of things, the treating of a child as an individual in the new curriculum." [80]

A tribute to Stanley Watson was included in the Report of the Minister of Education for 1960:

" Mr. Watson's achievements have been characterized by a breadth of scholarship, an understanding of students, and a sense of humour, which have earned him the esteem of countless teachers, superintendents, and scholars across Canada and abroad. As Superintendent of Curriculum and Text-books for Ontario, visiting lecturer at the University of British Columbia, curriculum consultant in New Brunswick, chairman of the Committee of Directors of Curriculum for the Canadian Education Association, adviser to authors and publishers, he has made lasting contributions to Canadian education. Perhaps foremost of these contributions is the growing prestige of Canadian text-books now appearing in Ontario classrooms." [7]

In 1964, the Ontario Association for Curriculum Development established the Colonel Watson Award in memory of Stanley Watson. The citation described Watson as "responsible for implementing many curriculum changes that encouraged flexibility in classroom practices". The award was presented annually to "a prominent educator who has made a significant contribution to education and curriculum development in Ontario" with a notable impact on the teaching-learning process at the provincial or regional level.[84]

Publications

[edit]

Watson served as an editor for a number of school textbooks and manuals. At times, this work was done anonymously, both within the Department of Education and with private publishers.[85] A catalogue of Canadian books for 1921–1949 listed only English for New-comers, Riding With the Sun, and Over Land and Sea as published works by Stanley Watson. The Teacher's Guides and Student Workbooks were not listed.[86]

Curricula

[edit]

Books

[edit]
  • Basil M. McLean and Stanley A. Watson, English for New-comers: A handbook for new-comers and their teachers. Toronto: Thomas Nelson and Sons, Ltd., 1931.[48][87]

Highroads to Reading series

[edit]

Articles

[edit]
  • "Find the Highest Common Factor", reproduced from The School in "Is Our Education Sufficiently Practical?", Port Perry Star, 29 Jan 1925, p. 1.
  • "Is the Rôle of the Teacher Changing?", Understanding the Child, The National Committee for Mental Hygiene (USA), New York, Apr 1937, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 20–23.
  • "The Classroom Magazine", The School, Elementary Edition, Ontario College of Education, University of Toronto (The School, E. Ed.), Apr 1938, Vol. 26, No. 8, pp. 667–670.
  • "Social Studies" [in Ontario's new elementary-school curriculum], The Canadian Bookman, Apr-May 1939, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 27–31.
  • "New Inspector Finds the School", The School, E. Ed., Jan 1945, Vol. 33, No. 5, pp. 378–379.

Reviewing literature on the mental health of students

[edit]
  • "With Books and Magazines" (1940–1941), Understanding the Child, The National Committee for Mental Hygiene (USA), New York, Jun 1940, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 29–31; Oct 1940, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp.29–31; Jan 1941, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 33–35; Apr 1941, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 28–30; Jun 1941, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 30–32.

Arithmetic (1935–1937)

[edit]
  • "Arithmetic, Junior Third to Senior Fourth (Grades V-VIII)", The School, E. Ed., Sep 1935–Apr 1936, Jun 1936, Vol. 24, No. 1–8, 10, pp. 27–33, 117–121, 202–209, 299–303, 393–397, 486–489, 577–583, 669–672, and 851–856. (50 pages across 9 issues)
  • "Revising the Course in Arithmetic", The School, E. Ed., May 1936, Vol. 24, No. 9, pp. 757–766.
  • "Arithmetic for Grades V-VIII", The School, E. Ed., Nov 1936, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 209–212; Dec 1936, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 301–306.
  • "The Selection of Problem Material in Arithmetic for Grades V-VIII", The School, E. Ed., Jan 1937, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 397–399.
  • "Arithmetic, Grades V-VIII", The School, E. Ed., Feb 1937, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 489–493.
  • "The Invention of the Decimal Fraction", The School, E. Ed., Mar 1937, Vol. 25, No. 7, pp. 577–579.

Explanatory notes

[edit]
  1. ↑ Military District No. 2 (Central Ontario), Cadet Corps No. 55 (Toronto Public Schools Cadet Regiment).
  2. ↑ Also known as the Earl Roberts Flag.[57]
  3. ↑ The title Lord Roberts Flag was also used for a large Union Jack inscribed Loyal Canada and donated by the Imperial Colonial Club of London (UK). This flag was first presented in March 1909 (for 1908) to the high school attended by the captain of Canada's team in the British Empire competition (established 1908) for the annual Lord Roberts Trophy for cadet rifle-shooting. The trophy itself had been presented for a UK competition prior to 1908. [59]
  4. ↑ G.H. Armstrong was the Toronto School Board Inspector for its western district.[63]
  5. ↑ Saskatchewan (1931), Nova Scotia (1934), Alberta (1936), British Columbia and Yukon (1936).[73] (Manitoba and New Brunswick followed in 1939.) [74]
  6. ↑ The suggested breakdown of the time spent on subjects was as follows: English 30%, social studies 20%, health 10%, natural sciences 10%, arithmetic/mathematics 10%, music 10%, and art 10%.[72]

Reference notes

[edit]

Abbreviations used: LAC – Library and Archives Canada. MOMFC – Ministry of the Overseas Military Forces of Canada fonds.

  1. ↑ - Birth of Stanley Alvin Watson, 1 June 1893. Archives of Ontario, Registrations of Births and Stillbirths, 1869-1913, Reel No. 118, Record Group RG 80–2, Folio 328, online image 14, Registration No. 030429. (Ontario, Canada Births, 1832-1918 at www.Ancestry.com via The Wikipedia Library. Accessed 10 May 2026.)
    - Marriage of Stanley Alvin Watson and Teressa Oborne Mullett, 6 Feb 1919. Archives of Ontario, Registrations of Marriages, 1869-1928, Reel No. 505, online image 1362, Registration No. 023585 preceded on the reel by marriage licence. (Ontario, Canada, Marriages, 1826-1943 at www.Ancestry.com via The Wikipedia Library. Accessed 10 May 2026.)
  2. ↑ LAC, Census of Canada, 1931. Details of Stanley Alvin Watson and family, Item No. 8192540, Image No. e011685188, Line 23, Family 81. (Accessed 10 May 2026.)
  3. ↑ - Birth of Mary Watson, 23 Nov 1919. The Globe (Toronto), 28 Nov 1919, p. 8.
    - Birth of Clifford Gordon Watson, 5 Jan 1922. Archives of Ontario, Registrations of Deaths 1949, Series RG 2810, Registration Certificate No. 029032, 25 Aug 1949. (Ontario, Canada Deaths, 1869-1934 at www.Ancestry.com via The Wikipedia Library.)
    - "Three Young Children Survive Mother's Death", The Toronto Star, 7 May 1923, p. 3.
    (Accessed 11 May 2026.)
  4. 1 2 3 Patrick Watson (Kenneth Patrick Watson). This Hour Has Seven Decades. Toronto, Ontario: McArthur and Company, 2004, pp. 1–14, 28, 51, 58. (ISBN 1-55278-440-1) (Accessed 10 May 2026.)
  5. ↑ - Marriage of Stanley Alvin Watson and Lucy Lovell Bate, 2 June 1927. Archives of Ontario, Registrations of Marriages, 1869-1928, Reel No. 797, online image 6026, Registration No. 003756 preceded on the reel by marriage licence. (Ontario, Canada, Marriages, 1826–1943 at www.Ancestry.com via The Wikipedia Library.)
    - Birth of Kenneth Patrick Watson, 23 Dec 1929. The Globe (Toronto), 25 Dec 1929, p. 14.
    - Birth of Roger Knox Watson, 28 Mar 1936. The Globe (Toronto), 30 Mar 1936, p. 12.
    (Accessed 10 May 2026.)
  6. 1 2 Ontario, Report of the Minister of Education, 1962, "In Memoriam", p. 24. (Stanley A. Watson dies 6 May 1962.) (Accessed 1 May 2026.)
  7. 1 2 3 Ontario, Report of the Minister of Education, 1960, Biographical sketch of Stanley A. Watson, p. 22. (Accessed 30 Apr 2026.)
  8. ↑ "656 New Teachers Leave Normal School", The Globe (Toronto), 12 Jul 1912, p. 8. (Accessed 13 May 2026.)
  9. 1 2 "Splendid Work Is Done by the Soldier-Teachers", The Globe (Toronto), 23 Aug 1919, p. 9. (Accessed 13 May 2026.)
  10. ↑ "Adopts Higher Scale of Pay", The Globe (Toronto), 10 Sep 1919, p. 9. (Accessed 13 May 2026.)
  11. ↑ University of Toronto Academic Divisions Calendar, 1920-1921, Appendix, "Faculty of Education, Register of Students 1919–1920", pp. 52–54. (Accessed 13 May 2026.)
  12. 1 2 Torontonensis, 1920, pp. 260–261. (Accessed 13 May 2026.)
  13. ↑ University of Toronto Academic Divisions Calendar, 1920-1921, Appendix, University of Toronto Associations and Societies, "Faculty of Education", p. 140. (Accessed 11 Aug 2026.)
  14. ↑ University of Toronto, Appendix to Annual Calendars, "Register of Students" for 1921–1922, pp. 28 & 30; 1922–1923, p. 27; 1923–1924, p. 26; 1924–1925, pp. 26 & 28; 1925–1926, p. 56; 1926–1927, pp. 49 & 57. (Accessed 21 May 2026.)
  15. ↑ General Sir Ian Hamilton, Report of the Military Institutions of Canada, "Liability for Service", p. 9; "Present State of Canadian Law", p. 31. (Accessed 22 Jun 2026.)
  16. 1 2 3 Canada, "Militia Act", Revised Statutes, 1906, Chap. 41, sec. 2, 69, 71, 72, 74, 144, etc. (Accessed 19 Jun 2026.)
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Watson, Stanley Alvin, Regimental No. 643986. LAC, First World War Personnel Records, RG 150, Accession 1992–93/166, Box 10146–12, online Item No. 302071. (Accessed 26 Apr 2026.)
  18. 1 2 - United Kingdom, "Army Act 1881", Public General Acts, 1881, 44 & 45 Victoria, Chap. 58 (and subsequent annual amendments).
    - "Overseas Aid for the Motherland", The Toronto Star, 1 Oct 1914, p. 5.
    - "Arrested Soldier for Small Debt and Got Away With It", Telegraph-Journal (Saint John, New Brunswick), 9 Feb 1915, p. 10.
    - "Public Notice", Daily Standard (Kingston, Ontario), 27 May 1915, p. 5.
    - "Notice re Giving Credit to Soldiers", Brantford Daily Expositor (Brantford, Ontario), 4 Nov 1915, p. 3.
    (Accessed 19 Jun 2026.)
  19. ↑ McLean, Donald, Regimental No. 643928. LAC, First World War Personnel Records. RG 150, Accession 1992–93/166, Box 7036–26, online Item No. 166988. (Accessed 5 Aug 2026.)
  20. 1 2 War diaries – 116th Canadian Infantry Battalion. LAC, MOMFC. Canadian War Records Office. RG9–III–D–3, Vol. 4945, File 458, on Microfilm T–10753.
    • Diary for July 1917, Appendix 2: Narrative of the Raid on the Night of 22–23 July: Actions of Watson and No. 1 Platoon of "A" Company during the attack. (online images 76–77).
    • Diary for August 1917, entry for 9 August (online image 101), Appendix 10: Results of Inter-battalion Competitions at Ferfay on 9 August 1917 (images 105–107).
    (Accessed 29 Jul 2026.)
  21. 1 2 "Simcoe Soldiers Won Lasting Glory", The Mail and Empire (Toronto), 5 Oct 1917, p. 2.
  22. ↑ - Government of Canada. 1918 Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF) organization chart.
    - G. W. L. Nicholson. Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1914–1919: Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War (37.2 MB). Ottawa: Roger Duhamel, Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, 1962, Appendix "B": Canadian Units in France and Belgium, Nov 1918, pp. 544–545 (online 599–600).
    (Accessed 15 Aug 2026.)
  23. 1 2 War diaries – 116th Canadian Infantry Battalion. LAC, MOMFC. Canadian War Records Office. RG9–III–D–3, Vol. 4945, File 458, on Microfilm T–10753.
    • Diary for July 1917, entry for 22 July (online image 66), Appendix 2: Narrative of the Raid on the Night of 22–23 July (images 70–81).
    • Diary for Sept. 1917, entries for 18–30 Sept. (images 118–119), Appendix 3: List of Decorations Awarded for the Raid of 22–23 July (image 123), Appendix 4: Supplement to Narrative of the Raid (images 124–126).
    (Accessed 29 Jul 2026.)
  24. 1 2 "Retake Letters of a Canadian", The Globe (Toronto), 3 Sep 1917, p. 2. (Accessed 29 Apr 2026.)
  25. ↑ Routine Orders, 3rd Canadian Division. LAC, MOMFC. RG9–III–B–3, Vol. 3790, Routine Order 2212 of 28 August 1917, Major-General L. J. Lipsett, Commander, 3rd Canadian Division.
  26. ↑ The Adjutant (E. P. S. Allen). The 116th Battalion in France. Toronto: Press of the Hunter-Rose Co., Ltd., 1921, pp. 46–48. (Accessed 29 Jul 2026.)
  27. ↑ The London Gazette, Supplement of 22 Oct 1917 to Gazette of 19 Oct 1917, Suppl. 30346, pp. 10869 & 10862. (Accessed 29 Jul 2026.)
  28. ↑ The London Gazette, Supplement of 26 Jan 1918 to Gazette of 25 Jan 1918, Suppl. 30495, pp. 1342–1344, 1285 & 1287. (Page 1285 references the previous notice of 22 October 1917) (Accessed 29 Jul 2026.)
  29. ↑ 116th Canadian Battalion, Daily Orders. LAC, MOMFC. RG150–1, Vol. 95, File part: 4, Daily Orders 17 of 1 Mar 1918, Item 1 – Honours & Awards. (Note: Contrary to standard practice, Watson's Bar was not reported in The London Gazette.)
  30. ↑ Ontario Minister of Education. The Roll of Honour of the Ontario Teachers who Served in the Great War, 1914-1918. Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1922, pp. 10 and 63. (Accessed 7 Aug 2026.)
  31. 1 2 "New Personnel Officer Here", Winnipeg Tribune, 16 Apr 1942, p. 13. (Accessed 21 May 2026.)
  32. 1 2 Canadian Training School, Bexhill – Part II Orders – Officers, LAC, MOMFC, RG150–7, Vol. 410.
    • Daily Orders 104 of 6 May 1918, Item No. 2 - "Attachments";
    • Daily Orders 229 of 30 Sep 1918, Item No. 3 - "Appointments";
    • Daily Orders 251 of 25 Oct 1918, Item No. 1 - "Seconding".
    8th Reserve Battalion – Part II Orders – Officers, LAC, MOMFC, RG150, Vol. 381, File part 1.2.
    • Daily Orders 130 of 10 May 1918, Item No. 1 - "Strength (Decrease)".
    2nd Central Ontario Regimental Depot – Part II Orders – Officers, LAC, MOMFC, RG150–7, Vol. 390.
    • Daily Orders 110 of 9 May 1918.
  33. 1 2 Watson's appointment as "temporary-lieutenant" (sic, should be lieutenant). Notice of 28 Apr 1918 in The London Gazette, Supplement of 15 May 1918 to Gazette of 14 May 1918, Suppl. 30684, p. 5821, Col. 2. (Accessed 26 Apr 2026.)
  34. ↑ 2nd Central Ontario Regimental Depot, Daily Orders. LAC, MOMFC, RG150–1, Vol. 132, online Item No. 832923, File part: 7.
    • Daily Orders 104 of 2 May 1918, Item No. 6 - "Strength Decrease", fourth paragraph - "22 Other Ranks" (citing MOMFC letter of 25 Apr 1918); (online image 149) and
    • Appendix "A" of names at end of file (online image 205).
    (Accessed 2 Sep 2026.)
  35. ↑ - "Say German Agent Almost Succeeded Sinking Cunarder", Portland Evening Express and Daily Advertiser (Maine), 12 Mar 1918, p. 6.
    - "Canadian Soldiers Arrive in Portland on S.S. Pannonia", Lewiston Evening Journal (Maine), 14 Dec 1918, p. 7.
    - Advertisement for Cunard, Anchor, and Anchor-Donaldson lines (whose managements had merged 1 Jan 1918), Victoria Daily Times (British Columbia), 21 Dec 1918, p. 18.
    - "Three Steamship Lines Are Merged", The Globe (Toronto), 31 Jan 1918, p. 2.
    - Advertisement for "Cunard, Anchor-Donaldson, Anchor Lines", The Toronto Star, 21 Mar 1922, p. 9. (Accessed 8 May 2026.)
  36. ↑ - "First Cunard Victory Sailing from Avonmouth", Bristol Times and Mirror, 2 Dec 1918. p. 5.
    - "Over 100 Overseas Canadians Arrive Here on Pannoia", Portland Evening Express and Daily Advertiser, 14 Dec 1918. p. 10.
    - "Returned Officers Tell of Brutal Huns", The Toronto Star, 16 Dec 1918, p. 5.
    (Accessed 6 May 2026.)
  37. ↑ "Another Increase in the Number of Generals Likely", The Toronto Star, 18 Dec 1915, p. 5. (Accessed 21 Jun 2026.)
  38. ↑ - "Appointments, Promotions and Retirements: ... Memoranda", The Canada Gazette, 12 Jul 1919, Vol. 53, No. 2, pp. 113–114 (online 21–22).
    - "Appointments, Promotions and Retirements: ... Memoranda", The Canada Gazette, 8 May 1920, Vol. 53, No. 45, p. 3821 (online 17).
    Note: "Stanley Alwin Watson" in July issue corrected to "Stanley Alvin Watson".
    (Accessed 21 Jun 2026.)
  39. ↑ - "All Unattached Officers Called", Free Press Prairie Farmer (Winnipeg), 4 Apr 1917, p. 4.
    - "Status of Men of Permanent Force Who Goes Overseas", Montreal Star, 25 Sep 1918, p. 3. (Note: "Permanent Force" was the Permanent Militia.)
    - "Regulations as to Officers' Ranks", Montreal Star, 11 Jul 1918, p. 7.
    - "C.E.F. Officers Revert to Rank in Militia", The Toronto Star, 17 Jan 1919, p. 2.
    - "Officers Will Retain Rank", Daily Standard (Kingston, Ontario), 1 Feb 1919, p. 5.
    (Accessed 10 Jul 2026.)
  40. ↑ "Notice to Teachers", The Globe (Toronto), 13 Aug 1921, p. 10. (Accessed 11 Aug 2026.)
  41. ↑ The Canada Gazette, 3 Jan 1942, Vol. 75, No. 27, p. 2403 (online 7), "Depots", Col. 2, "To be Lts.: ... Lt. S.A. Watson, D.C.M., 6th Oct., 1941"; and Col. 1, "To be acting Majs.: ... Lts. S.A. Watson, D.C.M., ... 14th Nov., 1941". (Accessed 26 Apr 2026.)
  42. 1 2 The Canada Gazette, 29 Aug 1942, Vol. 76, No. 9, p. 1022 (online 10), "Commands and Staffs N.D.H.Q.", Col. 1. (Accessed 26 Apr 2026.)
  43. ↑ - LAC, MG 26 J 4, W. L. Mackenzie King : Memoranda and Notes, Microfilm H1484, Folio C174563, online image 114, Department of National Defence, Summary Report for week ended 15 Nov 1941, p. 8, Item 13d.
    - Kim Beattie, "Army Seeks to Utilize Special Talents of All Recruits, Windsor Star, 28 Oct 1941, p. 14.
    - "Psychiatrists in Army", Hamilton Spectator, 12 Nov 1941. p. 11.
    - "On Active Service: ... Major S.A. Watson Selected Chief Army Examiner for Zone 1", Toronto Telegram, 3 Dec 1941, p. 12.
    - "Personnel Officer for M.D. 3 is Announced", Standard-Freeholder (Cornwall, Ontario), 6 Dec 1941, p. 3. (Accessed 26 Apr 2026.)
  44. ↑ - The Canada Gazette, 15 Aug 1942, Vol. 76, No. 7, p. 835 (online 59), "Memoranda".
    - The Canada Gazette, 21 Nov 1942, Vol. 76, No. 21, p. 2577 (online image 23), "Commands and Staff N.D.H.Q."; and p. 2581 (online 27), "Depots".
    - "Lions Hear Fine Talk by Lt.-Col. S.A. Watson", Bradford Witness and South Simcoe News, 6 Oct 1943, p. 1. (Accessed 26 Apr 2026.)
  45. 1 2 The Canada Gazette, 28 Nov 1942, Vol. 76, No. 22, p. 2695 (online image 29), "Depots"; and p. 2709 (online 43), "Cadet Services of Canada". (Accessed 29 May 2026.)
  46. ↑ - Ontario, Public and Separate Schools and Teachers in the Province of Ontario, for the year ended June 1913, p. 221; for the year ended June 1914, p. 237; Nov 1915, p. 247.
    - Ontario, Syllabus of Courses and Regulations for The Model Schools at ..., 1910, p. 3.
    - Ontario, Syllabus of Regulations and Courses for the Autumn Model Schools at ..., 1915, p. 5.
    - "Dufferin and District Dots", Orangeville Banner, 2 Sep 1915, p. 1.
    (Accessed 19 May 2026.)
  47. ↑ - "42 New P.S. Teachers", Toronto Telegram, 28 Apr 1920, p. 18.
    - "Last Year's Classes in the Training Schools", The School: A magazine devoted to elementary and secondary education, Oct 1920, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 139–140. (University of Toronto Press)
    - "School Staffs Changed, Many Teachers Quit", Toronto Telegram, 10 Dec 1930, p. 11.
    - "A Trio of Principals Send in Resignations", The Toronto Star, 27 May 1931, p. 5.
    - "Will Heat Schools with Coal from U.S.: ... Won't Be Shifted", The Toronto Star, 24 Jun 1932, p. 4.
    - "Would Appoint Five Principals Shifting More", Toronto Telegram, 11 Jun 1937, p. 20.
    - Ontario. Schools and Teachers in the Province of Ontario. Nov 1929, p. 44. Nov 1930, p. 46. Nov 1931, p. 40. Nov 1932, p. 47. Nov 1936, p. 58. Nov 1937, p. 55
    (Accessed 18 May 2026.)
  48. 1 2 3 "Make Better Speed in Learning English", The Toronto Star, 26 Sep 1931, p. 27. (Accessed 21 Jul 2026.)
  49. ↑ - "Seeks to Remove Married Women", The Globe (Toronto), 28 Sep 1922, p. 18.
    - "Cowley is Opposed to Stressing Music: ... Night Schools Named ..., The Toronto Star, 29 Sep 1926, p. 35.
    - "Schools and Staff for Night Classes", Toronto Telegram, 29 Sep 1927. p. 28.
    - "Night Schools Open Oct. 1 – Select Staff", The Toronto Star, 10 Jul 1930, p. 17.
    - "Night Schools Open Thursday, October 1", The Toronto Star, 9 Sep 1931, p. 3.
    (Accessed 21 Jul 2026.)
  50. ↑ - "Melting Pot Operating in City Schools", Toronto Telegram, 17 Dec 1926, p. 11.
    - "Aliens Anxious to Learn", Toronto Telegram, 5 Oct 1927, p. 24.
    (Accessed 21 Jul 2026.)
  51. ↑ - Stanley A. Watson, "Find the Highest Common Factor", reproduced from The School (Ontario College of Education) in "Is Our Education Sufficiently Practical?", Port Perry Star, 29 Jan 1925, p. 1.
    - "Make Desert Rejoice and Blossom as Rose: Keele St. School Pupils to Convert Tin Can Refuge into Beauty Spot", The Toronto Star, 12 May 1933, p. 2.
    - "To Transform Dump into Beauty Bower: Keele St. Pupils are Attempting a Novel Achievement", The Toronto Star, 14 Oct 1933, p. 32.
    - "Principal Outlines Modern Education", Toronto Telegram, 7 Nov 1935, p. 25.
    - Stanley A. Watson quoted in "Scarboro N.W.A.", The Toronto Star, 11 Nov 1935, p. 25.
    - "Need Motive to Aid Mind: Creative Activity for Children ...", Toronto Telegram, 6 Feb 1936, p. 24.
    - Stanley A. Watson, "Is the Rôle of the Teacher Changing?", Understanding the Child, Apr 1937, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 20–23.
    (Accessed 19 Jul 2026.)
  52. ↑ - Ontario, Public Accounts, year ended 31 Mar 1941, p. C29; 31 Mar 1942, p. C29; 31 Mar 1943, p. C26. (In 1943, $874.99 at $3400 per year = 3 months.)
    - Ontario, Report of the Minister of Education, 1941, p. 30; 1942, p. 30.
    - Ontario. Schools and Teachers in the Province of Ontario. Nov 1940, p. 51; p. 185. Nov 1941, p. 51; p. 179.
    (Accessed 18 May 2026.)
  53. 1 2 Ontario, Report of the Minister of Education, 1943, p. 27; 1944, p. 33; 1946, pp. 16 & 231; 1956, "Curriculum", pp. 7–8, and "Promotions", pp. 29–30. (Accessed 18 May 2026.)
  54. ↑ Canada. The Militia List of the Dominion of Canada (sometimes listed under its previous title of The Quarterly Militia List ...), Jan 1916, pp. 479, 605, & 608; Jan 1919, p. 606; 31 Dec 1922, pp. 602 (Watson) & 598 (Harwood); Jan 1924, part I, pp. 610 (Watson) & 606 (Harwood); Jan 1925, part I, pp. 189, col. 2 (Watson) & 188, col. 1 (Harwood). (Accessed 26 May 2026.)
  55. ↑ "Cadets Ready for Camp", Toronto Telegram, 30 Jun 1921, p. 9. (Accessed 17 May 2026.)
  56. 1 2 - "Second Brigade Standing", Toronto Telegram, 28 Jun 1922, p. 9.
    - "Inspection Is Made of Cadet Companies", The Globe (Toronto), 13 Jun 1924, p. 12. (Inspection of western cadets only.)
    (Accessed 28 Jun 2026.)
  57. ↑ "Champion Cadet Corps Officers", The Globe (Toronto), 14 Oct 1930, p. 12. (Accessed 24 Jun 2026.)
  58. ↑ - "Toronto Boys Send a Flag to Britain", The Toronto Star, 11 Oct 1907, p. 3.
    - "Lord Roberts and Canada", Daily Telegraph (London, UK), 19 Dec 1908, p. 13.
    - "Portrait of 'Bobs': Presentation at Dufferin's Closing Exercises", The Globe (Toronto), 19 Dec 1908, p. 22. (Accessed 11 Jun 2026.)
  59. ↑ - " 'Bobs' and the Boys at Bisley: Lord Roberts's Visit to the School Camp", The Daily Graphic (London, UK), 6 Aug 1906, p. 5.
    - "Lord Roberts's Trophy", Daily Telegraph (London, UK), 2 Jan 1908, p. 5.
    - "Union Jack: Dundas High School Honored by Colonial Club", The Citizen (Ottawa), 17 Feb 1909, p. 2.
    - "Lord Roberts' Flag", The Globe (Toronto), 1 Jan 1910, p. 24.
    - "Roberts Cadet Trophy: Flag Presented to the Dundas School Cadets", The Gazette (Montreal), 5 Mar 1909, p. 1.
    (Accessed 14 Jun 2026.)
  60. ↑ "To Encourage School Athletics", Toronto Telegram, 28 Jun 1923, p. 12. (Note: The cup for cadets is on the left side of the photo.) (Accessed 11 Jun 2026.)
  61. ↑ - "Public School Cadet Trophy Won by Keele Street Boys", The Globe (Toronto), 6 Dec 1927, p. 15.
    - Desmond Morton, "OTTER, Sir WILLIAM DILLON" (re: Anna Otter, née de la Hooke, mother of William Otter), in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Vol. 15, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–. (Accessed 10 Jun 2026.)
  62. ↑ "School Cadets Form Picturesque Parade", The Globe (Toronto), 12 Sep 1927, p. 15. (Accessed 3 Jul 2026.)
  63. ↑ "Non Resident Fees Further Set Forth", The Globe (Toronto), 5 Sep 1923, p. 15. (Accessed 14 Jun 2026.)
  64. ↑ 1922–1924:
    - "First Brigade Results", Toronto Telegram, 27 Jul 1922, p. 9.
    - "Lord Roberts Flag Goes to Keele Boys", The Globe (Toronto), 23 Jun 1923, p. 17.
    - "Receive Cup and Flags", Toronto Telegram, 16 Oct 1923, p. 28.
    - "School Cadet Awards", Toronto Telegram, 10 Sep 1924, p. 12.
    (Accessed 29 Jun 2026.)
  65. ↑ 1925–1927: - "Keele School Wins", The Toronto Star, 21 Jul 1925, p. 3.
    - "Two Cups Go To Carlton", Toronto Telegram, 8 Jul 1926, p. 20.
    - "Keele Street Corps Wins Cadet Honors", The Globe (Toronto), 19 Jun 1926, p. 15.
    - "Public-School Cadet Corps Signally Honored", The Globe (Toronto), 10 Dec 1927, p. 15.
    - "Otter Lauds Cadets on Notable Record", The Toronto Star, 10 Dec 1927, p. 10.
    (Accessed 29 Jun 2026.)
  66. ↑ "Keele Street Cadets Win Otter Cup", Toronto Telegram, 10 Sep 1928, p. 3. (Accessed 14 Jun 2016.)
  67. ↑ Canada, Department of National Defence. Defence Forces List, Canada (Naval, Military and Air Forces), Nov 1939, Part I, p. 531.
  68. ↑ - "Stanley Watson Wins Laolomi Lodge Title", The Globe (Toronto), 2 Aug 1927, p. 10.
    - "Young Geo. Youngs Go Through Paces at Sundridge Camp", Toronto Star Weekly, 6 Aug 1927, p. 6.
    - "Layolomi Camp", The Voyageur (Pickering College), May 1928, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 11.
    - "Layolomi Lodge", The Voyageur (Pickering College), May 1929, Vol. 2, No. 1, p. 9.
    - The Twig, Yearbook of University of Toronto Schools, 1930, p. 2.
    - Foster Hewitt, Radio Editor, "Poughkeepsie Regatta on WBEN (N.B.C.) ...", The Toronto Star, 15 Jun 1931, p. 22.
    - "Camp Layolomi Reunion", The Toronto Star, 2 Apr 1932, p. 26.
    - Classified advertisement for Camp Layolomi, Buffalo Courier-Express, 18 Jun 1932, p. 19.
    - "Close Competition at Layolomi Camp", The Globe (Toronto), 5 Aug 1932, p. 7.
    - "Camp Layolomi Trophies Presented at Reunion", The Globe and Mail (Toronto), 5 May 1937, p. 11.
    (Accessed 15 Aug 2026.)
  69. 1 2 3 4 - "Educate Pupils for Life Rather than University", The Toronto Star, 26 Nov 1936, p. 1.
    - Ontario, Report of the Minister of Education, 1936, "The New Courses of Study", p. 14.
    - "New Program of Studies for Primary School Classes", Toronto Telegram, 5 Aug 1937, p. 20.
    - "New School Course to Discourage Exams ...", The Toronto Star, 14 Sep 1937, p. 1, and page 2.
    - "Pupils Not Raw Material for Fashioning as Robots", The Toronto Star, 12 Nov 1937, p. 35.
    - Ontario, Public Accounts, year ended 31 Mar 1938, p. C16; 31 Mar 1939, p. C15; 31 Mar 1940, p. C15.
    (Accessed 11 Jul 2026.)
  70. 1 2 3 4 - Ontario, Report of the Minister of Education, 1937, "New Programme of Studies, Grades I to VI", pp. 9–10.
    - Ontario, Report of the Minister of Education, 1938, "Conclusion", p. 14; "Changes in Staffs", p. 22. (Accessed 1 May 2026.)
  71. ↑ Thornton Mustard, quoted in "Educationists Meet Tutors Here on Proposed New Curriculum", North Bay Nugget, 4 Jun 1937, p. 2. (Accessed 13 Jul 2026.)
  72. 1 2 3 R. A. Farquarson, "Revolution in Canada's Schools", The Financial Post (National Post, Toronto), 10 Sep 1938, p. 9. (Accessed 4 Jul 2026.)
  73. ↑ - "The New Curriculum", Saskatoon Star-Phoenix, 22 Apr 1931, p. 11.
    - "Public School Study Course Being Printed", Leader-Post (Regina, Sask.), 31 Jul 1931, p. 2.
    - Canada. Annual Survey of Education in Canada, 1936. "Nova Scotia", pp. xxix–xxx (online 31–32). "Alberta", pp. xxxiii–xxxiv (online 35–36). "British Columbia", pp. xxxiv–xxxv (online 36–37). "Yukon" (used British Columbia curriculum), p. xxxv (online 37).
    - "School Book Ban Demand Studied", The Gazette (Montréal), 7 Nov 1934, p. 7. (Nova Scotia curriculum)
    (Accessed 5 Jul 2026.)
  74. 1 2 - "Boreless Utopia is School Aim", Winnipeg Tribune 21 Aug 1939, p. 1.
    - "N.B. Board of Education to Decree New Curriculum", Moncton Daily Times (Times-Transcript), 29 May 1939, p. 5.
    - "New Curriculum is Working Well", Evening Times-Globe (Saint John, NB), 10 Oct 1939, p. 9.
    (Accessed 5 Jul 2026.)
  75. ↑ Ontario Department of Education.
    - Programme of Studies for Grades I to VI in the Public and Separate Schools, 1937. pp. 3, 5–8.
    - Programme of Studies for Grades VII and VIII in the Public and Separate Schools, 1938. pp. 5–12.
    (Accessed 24 Jul 2026.)
  76. ↑ William Henry Hadow, et al. Report of the Consultative Committee on:
    - The Education of the Adolescent, Board of Education for England and Wales, Dec 1926. (issued 1927)
    - The Primary School, Board of Education for England and Wales, 1931. (1947 reprint)
    (Accessed 24 Jul 2026.)
  77. 1 2 3 4 Rod Young, "Revolution in the Classroom", Star Weekly (Toronto), 3 Sep 1938, p. 32. (Accessed 1 May 2026.)
  78. ↑ Ontario, Public Accounts, year ended 31 Mar 1941, p. C13; 31 Mar 1942, p. C15. (Accessed 15 Aug 2026.)
  79. 1 2 3 Ontario, Report of the Minister of Ontario, 1938, "Example of Project Methods under New Course of Study", p. 216. (Accessed 2 May 2026.)
  80. 1 2 "Children's Activities Would Be Conducted on Co-operative Basis: Ontario Educationist Explains Program of New Curriculum", Evening Times-Globe (Saint John, NB), 2 Aug 1939, p. 6. (Accessed 6 Jul 2026.)
  81. ↑ "New School Curriculum Designed for Assisting Individuals in Classes: Co-writer of the Ontario Scheme Addresses Summer School Here", Times-Globe (Saint John, NB), 1 Aug 1939, p. 6. (Accessed 8 Jul 2026.)
  82. ↑ - "Summer School at Saint John", Daily Gleaner (Fredericton, NB), 31 Jul 1937, p. 4.
    - "N.B. Teachers' School Opens Next Monday", Times-Globe (Saint John, NB), 7 Jul 1939, p. 7.
    - "300 Expected at Summer School", Telegraph-Journal (Saint John, NB), 9 Jun 1941, p. 3.
    (Accessed 7 Jul 2026.)
  83. ↑ - "Education to Fit the Community Suggested at O.E.A. Conference", St. Catharines Standard, 27 Nov 1950, p.22.
    - Al Roach, "Spurs Canadian Textbook Use for Education of Our Students", Windsor Star 1 Mar 1954, p. 4.
    - "Accuracy is Sought: Educationists in Ontario Strive to Produce Unbiased Text Books", Hamilton Spectator, 19 May 1955, p. 38.
    - "Ironmonger Not in Vocabulary? Canadian Text Books Preferred", The Toronto Star, 7 Mar 1956, p. 2.
    - Robert Adams, "Education: Educationist Sees Poetry, Fairy Tales Regaining Popularity", The Toronto Star, 18 Oct 1958, p. 4.
    - "Book Battle: Historians Differ on Events", The Globe and Mail (Toronto), 25 Feb 1960, p. 21.
    (Accessed 12 Aug 2026.)
  84. ↑ Ontario Association for Curriculum Development. Annual Conference Reports, 1964, 1974, 1983.
    - Education and Change, 5–7 Nov 1964, p. 71.
    - Curriculum Development: Priorities, Process, Product and Problems, 7–9 Nov 1974, p. 102.
    - New Magic in Learning, 10–12 Nov 1983, pp. 88–89.
    (Note: The quotes are from the 1983 Report, "Colonel Watson Award", p. 88.)
  85. ↑ - "Competition for Business Declared Bar to Collusion: Publisher Says It's Common Practice to Select Civil Servants as Text Book Editors", Toronto Telegram, 17 Dec 1946, p. 2.
    - "Civil Servant Curb Favored in Book Selling", The Globe and Mail (Toronto), 19 Dec 1946, p. 13.
    - "Church Briefs", The Globe and Mail (Toronto), 25 Jan 1947, p. 11.
    - Ontario, Public Accounts (Department of Education, Text-Books Branch), year ended 31 Mar 1936, p. C28; 31 Mar 1939, p. C27; 31 Mar 1940, p. C27.
    (Accessed 24 Jul 2026.)
  86. ↑ The Canadian Catalogue of Books published in Canada, about Canada, as well as those written by Canadians, with Imprint 1921-1949. Toronto Public Library, 1967, pp. 195, 720, 826.
  87. ↑ - "English for New-comers", The School, Ontario College of Education, University of Toronto, Nov 1931, Vol. 20, No. 3, p. iv.
    - English for New-comers: A handbook for new-comers and their teachers. Aurora: Library Catalogue of Library and Archives Canada.
    (Accessed 26 Jul 2026.)
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