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Schendylops

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Schendylops
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Myriapoda
Class: Chilopoda
Order: Geophilomorpha
Family: Schendylidae
Genus: Schendylops
Cook, 1899
Type species
Schendyla grandidieri
(Saussure and Zehntner, 1897)
Synonyms
  • Koepckeiella Kraus, 1954
  • Nesondyla Chamberlin, 1950
  • Schendylota Chamberlin, 1950
  • Schendylurus Silvestri, 1907
  • Schendylurus (Ploutoschendylurus) Brölemann & Ribaut, 1912

Schendylops is the largest genus of centipedes in the family Schendylidae, containing more than 60 species.[1][2] Most species in this genus are found in the Neotropical realm, but some species are found in Africa.[3] This distribution indicates that this genus evolved before the Atlantic Ocean formed in the Mesozoic Era.[4]

Distribution and habitats

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Centipedes in this genus are found in most of the Neotropical region, including the West Indies, and most of Africa, including Madagascar.[4] Seven species are found on the African mainland, and five species are found on the island of Madagascar, but all the other species are Neotropical. The Neotropical species are found not only on the mainland of South America, including Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina, but also on the Galápagos Islands and on Caribbean islands, including Puerto Rico, the British Virgin Islands, and Guadeloupe and Martinique in the French Antilles. Species of Schendylops live in diverse habitats, ranging from sea level (e.g., in the Caribbean region) to high elevations, e.g., at 4,500 m (14,800 ft) in the Andes mountains.[3]

Taxonomy

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This genus was first proposed by the American biologist Orator F. Cook in 1899 for the type species originally named Schendyla grandidieri in 1897.[5] In the decades that followed, however, authorities largely ignored or neglected this genus, instead using other genera to contain new species.[4] For example, in 1907, the Italian zoologist Filippo Silvestri ignored Schendylops and instead introduced Schendylurus as a new genus to contain the newly discovered species S. australis, which he described and designated as the type species.[6] In 1912, the French zoologists Henri W. Brölemann and Henri Ribaut not only accepted Schendylurus as a genus but also described Ploutoschendylurus as a new subgenus in that genus.[7] Furthermore, in 1950, the American biologist Ralph V. Chamberlin introduced Nesondyla as a new genus to contain the newly discovered species N. neolota, which he described and designated as the type species.[8] In 1997, however, the zoologists Richard L. Hoffman and Luis A. Pereira deemed not only Schendylurus but also Ploutoschendylurus and Nesondyla be junior synonyms for Schendylops. Accordingly, two other genus names, Koepckeiella and Schendylota, which had previously been deemed to be junior synonyms for Schendylurus, also became junior synonyms for Schendylops.[4]

Description

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Centipedes in this genus feature second maxillae that each end in a claw fringed by two rows of filaments,[2] one on the dorsal edge and the other on the ventral edge.[4][3] The pleurites of the second maxillae are not fused to the adjacent coxosternite. The sternites feature fields of pores on at least some leg-bearing segments.[4][3] The basal element of each of the ultimate legs (coxopleuron) features two pores.[2][9] These pores connect to coxal organs with a simple structure (with each pore connecting to a single gland through a single duct that does not branch) rather than a composite structure (with multiple ducts from distinct glands converging to connect to each pore).[4][3][7] Each of the ultimate legs features seven segments and a distal end with no claw, which is either absent or replaced by a small spine or a hairy tubercle.[2][4][3]

Species in this genus range from 1 to 7 cm (0.39 to 2.76 in) in length and have from 27 to 87 pairs of legs.[2] Females of the African species S. caledonicus have from 81 to as many as 87 pairs,[10] the maximum recorded in this genus.[2] This species is also notable for its large size, reaching 65 mm (2.6 in) in length.[11] Other species in this genus noted for their large size include the Brazilian species S. demelloi and S. gounellei, which can each reach 70 mm (2.8 in) in length.[12]

This genus includes the two species that feature the fewest legs (27 pairs) in the order Geophilomorpha. Both of these species are found in Brazil: males in the species S. ramirezi have only 27 pairs of legs, while females have 29, and males in the species S. oligopus have 27 or 29 (usually 29), while females have 31.[3] Furthermore, S. ramirezi is one of only two species in this order in which females have only 29 leg pairs (the other species, Dinogeophilus oligopodus, has 29 in each sex).[3] Both S. ramirezi and S. oligopus are also notable for their small sizes, reaching only 7 mm and 10 mm in length, respectively.[3]

Phylogeny

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A phylogenetic analysis of the order Geophilomorpha using both molecular data and morphology places a representative of the genus Schendylops (S. pampeanus) in a clade with a representative of Pectiniunguis, another genus in the family Schendylidae. This phylogenetic tree suggiests that the genera Schendylops and Pectiniunguis are more closely related to one another than any other genera included in this analysis. These two close relatives form a sister group for another genus in the same family, Nannophilus, which emerges as the next closest relative included in this analysis.[13]

The closely related genera Schendylops and Pectiniunguis share an extensive set of traits. For example, both of these genera feature claws on the second maxillae with rows of filaments on the dorsal and ventral edges, second maxillae with pleurites not fused to the posterior border of the coxosternite, and sternites with pore fields on at least some segments. Furthermore, both genera feature ultimate legs with two pores on each coxopleuron but no claw, which is either absent or replaced by a small spine or hairy tubercle. These two genera can be distinguished, however, based on the coxal organs of the coxopleuron, which have a simple structure in Schendylops but a composite structure in Pectiniunguis.[3][14][15][2]

Species

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This genus includes the following species:[1][16]

References

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  1. 1 2 "ITIS - Report: Schendylops". www.itis.gov. Retrieved 2024-06-05.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bonato, Lucio; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Zapparoli, Marzio (2011). "Chilopoda – Taxonomic overview". In Minelli, Alessandro (ed.). The Myriapoda. Volume 1. Leiden: Brill. pp. 363–443. ISBN 978-90-04-18826-6. OCLC 812207443.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Pereira, Luis Alberto (2013-01-01). "Discovery of a second geophilomorph species (Myriapoda: Chilopoda) having twenty-seven leg-bearing segments, the lowest number recorded up to the present in the centipede order Geophilomorpha". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. 53 (13): 163–185. doi:10.1590/S0031-10492013001300001. hdl:11336/3449. ISSN 1807-0205.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hoffman, Richard L.; Pereira, Luis Alberto (1997). "The identity and taxonomic status of the generic names Schendylops Cook, 1899, and Schendylurus Silvestri, 1907, and the proposal of Orygmadyla, a new related genus from Perú (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Schendylidae)". Myriapodologica. 5 (2): 9–32. ISSN 0163-5395.
  5. ↑ Cook, O. F. (1899). "The Geophiloidea of Florida Keys". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 4: 303–312 [305] – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  6. ↑ Silvestri, F. (1907). "Neue und wenig bekannte Myriopoden des Naturhistorischen Museums in Hamburg (1. Teil)". Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg. 24: 229-257 [245-247] – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  7. 1 2 Brölemann, H.W.; Ribaut, H. (1912). "Essai d'une monographie des Schendylina (Myriapodes Geophilomorphes)". Nouvelles Archives du Muséum d'Historie Naturelle, Paris (in French). 5 (4): 53–183 [88–89, 97, 114-115] – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  8. ↑ Chamberlin, Ralph V. (1950-08-01). "Neotropical Chilopods and Diplopods in the collections of the Department of Tropical Research, New York Zoological Society". Zoologica : scientific contributions of the New York Zoological Society. 35 (10): 133–144 [135]. doi:10.5962/p.184615. ISSN 0044-507X – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  9. ↑ Bonato, Lucio; Edgecombe, Gregory; Lewis, John; Minelli, Alessandro; Pereira, Luis; Shelley, Rowland; Zapparoli, Marzio (2010-11-18). "A common terminology for the external anatomy of centipedes (Chilopoda)". ZooKeys (69): 17–51. Bibcode:2010ZooK...69...17B. doi:10.3897/zookeys.69.737. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 3088443. PMID 21594038.
  10. ↑ Pereira, Luis Alberto; Minelli, Alessandro (2001). "A re-description of the South African centipede Schendylops caledonicus (Chilopoda Geophilomorpha Schendylidae)". Bolletino della Società Entomologica Italiana. 133 (1): 13–25 [20, 22].
  11. ↑ Attems, Carl (1929). Attems, Karl (ed.). Lfg. 52 Myriapoda, 1: Geophilomorpha (in German). De Gruyter. p. 92. doi:10.1515/9783111430638. ISBN 978-3-11-143063-8. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  12. ↑ Pereira, L. A.; Minelli, A. (1996). "The species of the genus Schendylurus Silvestri, 1907 of Argentina Brazil and Paraguay". Tropical Zoology. 9 (2): 225-295 [246, 259–260, 292-293]. doi:10.1080/03946975.1996.10539312. ISSN 0394-6975.
  13. ↑ Bonato, Lucio; Drago, Leandro; Murienne, Jérôme (2014). "Phylogeny of Geophilomorpha (Chilopoda) inferred from new morphological and molecular evidence". Cladistics. 30 (5): 485–507 [498]. Bibcode:2014Cladi..30..485B. doi:10.1111/cla.12060. ISSN 0748-3007. PMID 34794246.
  14. ↑ Pereira, Luis Alberto (2018-01-18). "A new high-altitude species of centipede from the Andes of Ecuador (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha, Schendylidae)". Zootaxa. 4374 (3): 409–426. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4374.3.5. ISSN 1175-5334.
  15. ↑ Pereira, Luis Alberto (2011). "A further contribution to the knowledge of Pectiniunguis minutus (Demange, 1968), a little known dwarf schendylid centipede from western equatorial Africa (Chilopoda: geophilomorpha)". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. 51 (20): 307–323. doi:10.1590/S0031-10492011002000001. hdl:11336/97787. ISSN 0031-1049.
  16. ↑ Bonato, L.; Chagas Junior, A.; Edgecombe, G.D.; Lewis, J.G.E.; Minelli, A.; Pereira, L.A.; Shelley, R.M.; Stoev, P.; Zapparoli, M. (2016). "Schendylops Cook, 1899". ChiloBase 2.0 - A World Catalogue of Centipedes (Chilopoda). Retrieved 2025-12-18.
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