Revia (Hebrew cantillation mark)
| Revia | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||
| cantillation | |||||||
| Sof passuk | ׃ | Paseq | ׀ | ||||
| Etnakhta/atnakh | ֑ | Segol | ֒ | ||||
| Shalshelet | ֓ | Zakef katan | ֔ | ||||
| Zakef gadol | ֕ | Tifcha/tarkha | ֖ | ||||
| Rivia | ֗ | Zarka | ֘ | ||||
| Pashta | ֙ | Yetiv | ֚ | ||||
| Tevir | ֛ | Geresh | ֜ | ||||
| Geresh muqdam | ֝ | Gershayim | ֞ | ||||
| Karne parah | ֟ | Telisha gedola/talsha | ֠ | ||||
| Pazer | ֡ | Atnah hafukh | ֢ | ||||
| Munakh/shofar holekh | ֣ | Mahpach | ֤ | ||||
| Merkha/ma’arikh | ֥ | Mercha kefula | ֦ | ||||
| Darga | ֧ | Qadma | ֨ | ||||
| Telisha qetana/tarsa | ֩ | Yerah ben yomo | ֪ | ||||
| Ole | ֫ | Illuy | ֬ | ||||
| Dehi | ֭ | Tsinnorit | ֮ | ||||
Revia (Hebrew: רְבִיעַ, [rəviaʕ]) is a cantillation mark commonly found in the Torah, Haftarah, and other biblical texts.
It is commonly explained as being the Aramaic equivalent of Hebrew רְבִיעִי Revi'i, meaning 'fourth' or 'quarter'.,[1] and for that reason is sometimes called Revi'i. However, this is probably a folk etymology: the more likely meaning in Aramaic is "crouching" or "lying", referring to its position vertically above the word.[2]
Revia is considered to have medium strength. It is stronger than a Pashta or Tevir, but weaker than a Zakef or Tifcha.[3] The Revia replaces the Pashta when a stronger stop is needed, especially when there are too many[4] pashta in a row. However, the last stop before the Zakef always remain a Pashta.
Revia's disjunctives are Munach Legarmeh and Geresh (replaced by Gershayim when it is not preceded by a Kadma and oxytonic).
Its conjunctives are Munach and Darga. The closest conjunctive is always a Munach, the second one, a Darga, the third one a Munach etc.[5]
Based on its translation as fourth, in printed texts it is represented by a diamond-shaped mark. However in manuscripts it is just a dot.[6]
Total occurrences
[edit]| Book | Number of appearances |
|---|---|
| Torah | 2430[7] |
| Genesis | 610[7] |
| Exodus | 504[7] |
| Leviticus | 312[7] |
| Numbers | 497[7] |
| Deuteronomy | 507[7] |
| Nevi'im | 2239[8] |
| Ketuvim | 1672[8] |
Melody
[edit]The Rivia is read in a slow, downward tone, with a pause in the middle breaking upward.
References
[edit]- ↑ Buhl, Dr. Frants (2021). Wilhelm Gesenius' Hebräisches und aramäisches Handwörterbuch [Hebrew and Aram concise dictionary by Wilhelm Gesenius] (in German) (17 ed.). Berlin / Heidelberg: Springer. p. 742. ISBN 978-3-642-94264-8.
- ↑ Lier, Gudrun, "The Revia in the Context of Decoding Masoretic Accents", Journal of Semitics, 2011, Vol 21/1, pp. 28-51.
- ↑ Chanting the Hebrew Bible By Joshua R. Jacobson, page 102
- ↑ More than two
- ↑ However, the longest series we can found is אֲשֶׁ֣ר יְֽשָׁרְת֧וּ עָלָ֣יו בָּהֶ֗ם Numbers 4:14
- ↑ The Art of Cantillation, Volume 2: A Step-By-Step Guide to Chanting Haftarot ... By Marshall Portnoy, Josée Wolff, page 43
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Concordance of the Hebrew accents in the Hebrew Bible: Concordance ..., Volume 1 By James D. Price, page 6
- 1 2 Concordance of the Hebrew accents in the Hebrew Bible: Concordance ..., Volume 1 By James D. Price, page 5
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