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Petar Chaulev

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Voivode
Petar Chaulev
Петър Чаулев
Petar Chaulev in uniform.
Bornc. 1882
Ohrid, Manastir Vilayet, Ottoman Empire (now Republic of North Macedonia)
DiedDecember 23, 1924 (aged 41–42)
Milan, Kingdom of Italy
Cause of death
Assassination
CitizenshipOttoman/Bulgarian
Military career
Allegiance
Branch
Conflicts

Petar Chaulev (Bulgarian: Петър Чаулев; Macedonian: Петар Чаулев, romanized: Petar Čaulev;[1] Albanian: Petar Çaulev; 1882 – December 23, 1924) was a Bulgarian[2][3][4] revolutionary in Ottoman Macedonia.[5][6][7] He was a local leader of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO).

Biography

[edit]

He was born into an Orthodox Albanian family in Ohrid. His father was a Tosk Albanian fisherman from southern Albania. Chaulev was fluent in Albanian, and spent several years living in Albania where he was nicknamed 'Petrush'.[8][9] He studied three-grade school in Ohrid,[10] and graduated from the Bulgarian High School in Bitola.[11] Chaulev was an organizer of the revolutionary committees in the Ohrid, Prespa and Lerin regions in the 1890s.[12] His baptism by fire was in 1897 by torching the house of the Ottoman bey in Debarca region.[13] Shortly after, Chaulev was appointed as a secretary in the cheta of Deyan Dimitrov [mk; bg].[13] He worked as a teacher in Ohrid during 1901–1902 and the village of Popolzhani in the Lerin (Florina) region until the winter of 1902/1903.[14][11] After the end of the 1902/1903 school year, Chaulev returned to Ohrid for his revolutionary activity.[15] In the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising, he was a voivode and head of the Ohrid revolutionary committee.[12] Chaulev participated in a battle near Kuratica, where his cheta was forced to retreat due to lack of ammunition and weapons.[16] After the failure of the uprising, Chaulev and some of his revolutionaries voluntarily surrendered to the Austrian consul in Bitola.[17]

After the uprising, he was the district commander and a member of the Bitola District Committee.[11] Chaulev continued working as a close associate of Hristo Uzunov, who gave him orders to liquidate people suspected to have betrayed the organization. After Uzunov's death in 1905, Chaulev and Deyan Dimitrov took over the leadership of the organization in Ohrid region.[18] According to Serbian sources, in August 1905, he executed two pro-Serbian activists from Ohrid region.[19] In January 1906 he moved to Kičevo to combat Serbianization in the region, but returned to Ohrid shortly after. In August 1906 he tried to launch an attack on the group of Ismail Čauš but was intercepted by the Ottoman army and forced to retreat.[19] He participated as a delegate in IMRO's Kyustendil Congress in 1908. He declared himself against the disarmament of IMRO after the Young Turk Revolution in 1908. Chaulev was elected as a member of IMRO's Central Committee in 1911.[11] Disappointed with the involvement of the Bulgarian government in IMRO's affairs, Chaulev sent a letter to Aleksandar Protogerov where he stated: "We must free ourselves from all Bulgarian parties, work only for Macedonia and with Macedonians, otherwise everyone will condemn us and we will only be grist to their party mills, and Macedonia will cry."[20][21]

Chaulev participated in the Balkan Wars, Tikveš uprising and Ohrid–Debar uprising in 1913.[12] In October 1912, on the emergency congress of IMRO in Thessaloniki, it was decided that "...everyone should return to the mountains and their regions", and that the IMRO should support the Serbian and Bulgarian armies in the First Balkan War.[22] Chaulev returned to Debarca, and after the war started, as a commander of a volunteer detachment in the Ohrid–Struga region, he supported the offensive of the allied Serbian troops in Vardar Macedonia.[11][19] Chaulev participated in the battles near Pribilci and Brežani on November 4 and 5. On November 6, he participated in a 15-hour battle near Bukovo, where his detachment managed to capture 290 Ottoman soldiers.[23] However, after the war ended, the Serbian authorities issued orders to collect the weapons from the locals, and started arrests of Macedonian revolutionaries, including Chaulev. He was convicted of "forcing and blackmailing Ottoman families to collect their gold". Chaulev and his inmates managed to escape the prison, and fled to the Bulgarian units in eastern Macedonia.[24] During the period between the First and Second Balkan War, Chaulev's cheta had light clashes with the Serbian forces in Kruševo region, and later in Ohrid.[25]

During the Ohrid–Debar Uprising, his detachment managed to capture Ohrid, after which he was appointed as the main commander of the rebels.[26] Chaulev then headed towards Kičevo to cut the road of the Serbian forces heading towards Ohrid, and took part in a heavy battle near the village Ivančišta, where he was forced to retreat. On September 17, after the Serbian forces recaptured Ohrid and Struga, he entered Kičevo. On the next day he ordered to disband the chetas and retreat towards Debar, and from there towards the mountains. From there, Chaulev retreated in Albania.[27]

During the Bulgarian occupation of Serbia in World War I, he was the district chief of Ohrid.[12] Chaulev was included in the administrative section of the 11th Macedonian Infantry Division.[11] After the war, he participated with Todor Aleksandrov and Aleksandar Protogerov in the re-creation of IMRO.[12] He became part of IMRO's new central committee in 1919.[28] As a member of the Central Committee, he was responsible for organizing armed actions from Italy and Albania, but was unable to cope with this task.[11]

Chaulev was married and had four children. His daughters were named Avgustina, Dobrа, and Zdravka, while his son was named Kiril.[12][10] Chaulev published the book Skipia (Albania) in 1924 in Istanbul.[29] He established contacts with representatives of the Soviet embassy in Rome and with Communist International figures.[11] In 1924, IMRO forged connections with the Comintern. As a result, Chaulev signed the so-called "May Manifesto" in Vienna along with Protogerov and Aleksandrov concerning the formation of a Balkan Communist Federation and cooperation with the Soviet Union.[30] Under pressure by the Bulgarian government, Aleksandrov and Protogerov denied that they had ever signed any agreement, claiming that the May Manifesto was a communist forgery.[28] Shortly after, Aleksandrov was assassinated by IMRO voivodes. IMRO sentenced Chaulev to death.[31] Chaulev, who did not abandon the Manifesto and was suspected as involved in Aleksandrov's murder, was assassinated in Milan on December 23, 1924, by IMRO revolutionary Dimitar Stefanov [bg],[12][31][32] on the orders of Ivan Mihaylov.[11]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ Stoyan Pribichevich (1982). Macedonia, Its People and History. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 140. ISBN 9780271003153.
  2. ↑ With new leadership embodied in General Alexander Protogerov, Todor Alexandrov and Petar Chaulev, IMRO decided, despite the Bulgarian defeat, to continue the struggle for the unification of Macedonia and Bulgaria. For more see: Dmitar Tasić (2020) Paramilitarism in the Balkans. Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Albania, 1917-1924. OUP Oxford, ISBN 9780191899218, p. 29.
  3. ↑ Николов, Борис Й. ВМОРО: Псевдоними и шифри 1893-1934. София, Издателство „Звезди“, 1999. ISBN 954951417X. с. 41, 51, 62, 97, 98, 108.
  4. ↑ "Българи сме, ще ни интересува как се управлява тая страна, но нашия интерес трябва да има граници. Три години скитам по чужди страни, много по-хубави, много по-културни и много по-свободни, но България обичам повече от всички, защото съм българин." Македонский вопрос в документах Коминтерна. Часть I: 1923-1925, Часть II: 1923-1925. Сост. Ленина Жила, Владо Поповски, Скопиjе, 1999, с. 627-634. «Открытое письмо Петра Чаулева Кириллу Пырличеву» 13 Октября, 1924 г.
  5. ↑ Освободителнитѣ борби на Македония, том II, Хр.Силянов, стр. 404-405.
  6. ↑ Георгиев, Величко, Стайко Трифонов, История на българите 1878 - 1944 в документи, том 1 1878 - 1912, част втора, стр. 475-481. „Българските революционни чети в Македония според доклад на А. Тошев до министъра на външните работи и изповеданията Д. Станчов“.
  7. ↑ Илюстрация Илинден, бр. 132, стр.11.
  8. ↑ SKENDER, ASANI (2014). "PETAR ÇAULEV DHE VEPRA E TIJ "SHQIPËRIA"". Studime Albanologjike (in Albanian). ITSH: 25-28.
  9. ↑ Dimitar Bechev (2019). Historical Dictionary of North Macedonia, Historical Dictionaries of Europe. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 67. ISBN 1538119625.
  10. 1 2 Todoroska 2015, p. 49.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Петър Чаулев (1882 - 1924)". Macedonian Scientific Institute (in Bulgarian). December 23, 2019.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Blaže Ristovski, ed. (2009). Makedonska enciklopedija [Macedonian Encyclopedia] (in Macedonian). MANU. p. 1616.
  13. 1 2 Todoroska 2015, p. 51.
  14. ↑ Todoroska 2015, p. 52.
  15. ↑ Todoroska 2015, p. 55.
  16. ↑ Todoroska 2015, pp. 59–60.
  17. ↑ Todoroska 2015, p. 62.
  18. ↑ Todoroska 2015, p. 67.
  19. 1 2 3 Todoroska 2015, p. 68.
  20. ↑ Todoroska 2015, p. 86.
  21. ↑ Todorovski, Zoran (1997). Внатрешната македонска револуционерна организација: 1924-1934. Original letter at the Central State Archive in Sofia: ЦДА, Фонд 1909, оп. 2, а. е. 319. л. 87. p. 99. ISBN 9989-795-01-0.
  22. ↑ Todoroska 2015, p. 88.
  23. ↑ Todoroska 2015, pp. 88, 90.
  24. ↑ Todoroska 2015, p. 91.
  25. ↑ Todoroska 2015, pp. 93–94.
  26. ↑ Todoroska 2015, pp. 108.
  27. ↑ Todoroska 2015, pp. 110–111.
  28. 1 2 Andrew Rossos (2013). Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History. Hoover Press. pp. 149, 159. ISBN 9780817948832.
  29. ↑ SKENDER, ASANI (2014). "PETAR ÇAULEV DHE VEPRA E TIJ "SHQIPËRIA"". Studime Albanologjike. ITSH: 25-28.
  30. ↑ Rothschild, Joseph (1959). The Communist Party of Bulgaria; Origins and Development, 1883-1936. Columbia University Press. p. 171.
  31. 1 2 Dmitar Tasić (2019). "The Macedonian Youth Secret Organisation (MYSRO) 1922-1927: A New Moment in Macedonian Struggle". Geschichte und Regionen / Storia e regione: 34.
  32. ↑ Георги Марков (2003). Покушения, насилие и политика в България 1878 – 1947 (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Военно издателство. pp. 204–207. ISBN 954-509-239-4.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Todoroska, Katerina (2015). Петар Чаулев: Живот и Дело [Petar Čaulev: Life and Work] (in Macedonian). Skopje: Faculty of Philosophy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University. ISBN 978-608-238-069-8.
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