Paragogic nun
In Hebrew morphology, the paragogic nun (from paragoge 'addition at the end of a word'[1]) is a nun letter (נ) added at the end of certain verb forms, without changing the general meaning of the conjugation. Its function is debated and may involve a modal change to the meaning of the verb.[2]
Occurrences
[edit]It occurs most commonly in the plural 2nd and 3rd persons of imperfect forms. Examples include: 'you shall live' as תִּחְיוּן instead of תִּחְיוּ, 'you shall inherit' as תִּירָשׁוּן instead of תִּירָשׁוּ (Deuteronomy 5:33).
It is a common phenomenon, appearing 106 times in the Pentateuch, but has unequal distribution: 58 occurrences in Deuteronomy, none in Leviticus.[3]
Explanation
[edit]The general meaning of the verb form is not altered by the added nun, and grammarians have proposed various explanations for the phenomenon:[2] an archaism preserved as a matter of style, a syntactic or phonological rule that is not consistently applied because of hypercorrection, etc.[2][4]
Recent inquiries[5] suggest that the paragogic nun conveys the dependent quality of a subordinate statement, whether the subordinate has a modal function (purposive, obligation/permission,[2] temporal), as in the following sentence where the nun conjugation does not appear in the first verb, and does appear in the next verbs conjugated in the same tense and persons:
« בְּכָל הַדֶּרֶךְ ... תֵּלֵכוּ ... לְמַעַן תִּחְיוּן ... בָּאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר תִּירָשׁוּן » (Deut 5:33) « In this way ... you shall walk main clause: regular conjugation 'go' without nun תֵּלֵכוּ, so that you may live subordinate clause: 'live' and 'possess' with nun תִּחְיוּן, תִּירָשׁוּן ... in the land which you shall possess »
or:
« וְלֹ֥א תִגְּע֖וּ בּ֑וֹ פֶּן־תְּמֻתֽוּן » (Gen 3:3) « nor shall you touchregular conjugation it, lest you dieconjugation with final nun »
or, in a simple temporal clause, as in the following sentence where the same verb in the same tense and person receives the nun inside the clause, and does not outside the clause:
« וְהָיָה כִּי תֵלֵכוּן לֹא תֵלְכוּ רֵיקָם » (Ex 3:21) « and when you go subordinate clause: 'go' with nun תֵלֵכוּן, you shall not go empty main clause: regular conjugation 'go' without nun תֵלְכוּ »
However, some instances are difficult to explain, which is why some researchers mention the randomness or stylistic quality of the phenomenon:[2][4] it does not appear in Ex. 4:8 וְהָיָה אִם לֹא יַאֲמִינוּ לָךְ וְלֹא יִשְׁמְעוּ but does appear in the next verse (יִשְׁמְעוּן), which has almost identical meaning and structure: Ex. 4:9 וְהָיָה אִם לֹא יַאֲמִינוּ גַּם לִשְׁנֵי הָאֹתוֹת הָאֵלֶּה וְלֹא יִשְׁמְעוּן.
Other languages
[edit]In Phoenician,[6] Arabic and Aramaic,[7] contrary to Hebrew, the imperfect forms in plural 2nd and 3rd persons always display the final nun. Removing this final nun creates the jussive modal forms, in Phoenician[8] and in Aramaic.[9] In Classical Arabic the forms without "nun" are used also for the subjunctive. In this way, a similar modal shift between the forms with and without final nun may explain the phenomenon in Hebrew.
References
[edit]- ↑ "Definition of PARAGOGE". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2021-01-05.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Robar, Elizabeth (2013-08-01). "Nunation". In Khan, Geoffrey (ed.). Encyclopedia of Hebrew Language and Linguistics. Vol. 2. Leiden: Brill. p. 909. ISBN 978-90-04-17642-3. Archived from the original on 2023-04-12.
- ↑ see Leningrand Codex with Morphology, where the paragogic nun is represented by "/Sn". Genesis: 12 occurrences, Exodus: 28, Leviticus: 0, Numbers: 8, Deuteronomy: 58.
- 1 2 Kaufman, Stephen A. 194X- (1995). "Paragogic nun in Biblical Hebrew: Hypercorrection as a Clue to a Lost Scribal Practice". Solving Riddles and Untying Knots: 95.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)- "Kaufman, Stephen A, "Paragogic nun in Biblical Hebrew: Hypercorrection as a clue to a Lost Scribal Practice,"..." Balshanut: Resources for the study of the Bible and Linguistics (Review). January 9, 200.
- ↑ W. Randall Carr (2006). Steven Ellis Fassberg, Avi Hurvitz (ed.). The Paragogic nun in Rhetorical Perspective, in Biblical Hebrew in Its Northwest Semitic Setting: Typological and Historical Perspectives. Eisenbrauns. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-57506-116-0.
- ↑ Krahmalkov, Charles R. (2000-11-28). A Phoenician-Punic Grammar. BRILL. p. 183. ISBN 978-90-04-29420-2.
- ↑ Greenspahn, Frederick E. (2003). An Introduction to Aramaic. Society of Biblical Lit. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-58983-059-2.
- ↑ Harris, Zellig Sabbettai (1990). A Grammar of the Phoenician Language. American Oriental Society. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-940490-08-6.
- ↑ Greenspahn, Frederick E. (2003). An Introduction to Aramaic. Society of Biblical Lit. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-58983-059-2.