Muak language
 | This article includes a list of general references but lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (July 2021) |
| Muak Sa-aak | |
|---|---|
| Region | Burma, China |
Native speakers | 4,500 (2007)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | ukk |
| Glottolog | tail1246 |
Muak Sa-aak (autonym: mùak sɤ́ʔàak, meaning 'mountain slope') is an Angkuic language spoken in the Burma-China border region by over 4,000 people.
Demographics
[edit]There are some 4,460 Muak Sa-aak in Burma and China. Muak Sa-aak speakers are located primarily in Mong Yawng Township, Shan State, Burma (Hall 2010:4). There are at least 2 villages in China, with speakers possibly located in Thailand as well, though it would be nearly extinct there (Hall 2010).
Hall (2010) analyzes phonological data from the Muak Sa-aak village of Wan Fai, eastern Shan State, Burma, which has 620 people and is located very close to the Chinese border.
Phonology
[edit]The following content is from Hall (2010)'s MA Thesis, consisting of her field work documentation and materials gathered from Muak Sa-aak speakers at Wan Fan village, Eastern Shan State.
Word structure
[edit]There are eight presyllables /p t k ʔ pʰ kʰ s m/, typically accompanied by a short vowel (either [ă] or [ɤ̆]) nucleus when realized, eg. /smɤɲ³/ [sɤ̆ˈmɤɲ³] 'star'.[2] The phonological word in Muak Sa-aak is C1.ˈCi(Cm)V(Cf)T.[2]
Suprasegmentals (tones)
[edit]The Wan Fan variety of Muak Sa-aak has three tones: low, checked, and falling.[3]
| Tone | Note | Example |
|---|---|---|
| V̀ | With long vowel, diphthongs, + short nuclei with sonorant codas | kjeː¹ 'root' |
| V́ | High tone on vowel and a high falling tone on long vowel | kak² 'to bite' |
| V̂ | High falling tone, only on live syllables | kʰraːŋ³ 'eagle' |
Consonants
[edit]Hall (2010) describes the following onset clusters /pr pw pʰr pʰw (tr) kr kw kʰr kʰw/ in Muak Sa-aak. /tr/ is limited in Tai Lue borrowed words.[3]
Onsets
[edit]| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | plain | p | t | c | k | ʔ |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | cʰ | kʰ | ||
| voiced | b | d | g | |||
| Fricative | f | s | h | |||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Approximant | w | l r | j | |||
Codas
[edit]| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p | t | c | k | ʔ |
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |
| Approximant | w | l | j |
Vowels
[edit]| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |
| Mid | e eː | ɤ ɤː | o oː |
| Open | ɛ | a | ɔ |
| Diphthongs | [iə] | [uə] | |
References
[edit]- ↑ Hopple, Paulette. 2007. Notes re: the visit of Plang from Mong Yawng. Unpublished ms (quoted in Hall 2010).
- 1 2 Sidwell 2015, p. 53.
- 1 2 Sidwell 2015, p. 52.
- 1 2 Hall 2014b, p. 25.
Further reading
[edit]- Hall, Elizabeth (2010). A Phonology of Muak Sa-aak. Unpublished MA thesis. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Payap University.
- Sidwell, Paul (2015). The Palaungic Languages: Classification, Reconstruction and Comparative Lexicon. München: Lincom Europa.
- Journal articles
- Hall, Elizabeth (2014a). "Impact of Tai Lue on Muak Sa-aak phonology" (PDF). Mon-Khmer Studies. 43 (1): 24–30.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - Hall, Elizabeth (2014b). "An Analysis of Muak Sa-aak Tone". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 7: 1–10.
- Hall, Elizabeth (2013). "A phonological description of Muak Sa-aak". Mon-Khmer Studies. 42: 26–39.
- Hall, Elizabeth (2019). "Muak Sa-aak: Challenges of an Extensive Phoneme Inventory for a Contained Latin-Based Orthography". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 12 (2): i–viii.