Edge Rewrite
restyle Source code View original
// HTMLRewriter · presentation

This page was redesigned at the edge.

Cloudflare fetched the original article and streamed it through HTMLRewriter to apply an entirely new visual system without rebuilding the source page.

Jump to content

Liushu Formation

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Liushu Formation
Stratigraphic range: Late Miocene (Tortonian to Messinian)
~11.0–6.4 Ma
An artist's illustration of the paleobiota and environment of the upper part of the Liushu Formation
TypeGeological formation
Lithology
PrimaryRed claystone, Siltstone
OtherMudstone
Location
Coordinates35°30′N 103°36′E / 35.5°N 103.6°E / 35.5; 103.6
RegionGansu Province
CountryChina
ExtentLinxia Basin
Approximate paleocoordinates35°00′N 101°24′E / 35.0°N 101.4°E / 35.0; 101.4
Liushu Formation is located in China
Liushu Formation
Liushu Formation (China)
Liushu Formation is located in Gansu
Liushu Formation
Liushu Formation (Gansu)

The Liushu Formation is a geological formation in Gansu province, China that spans up to 100 m thick and is widely distributed within the Linxia Basin, with a paleomagnetic age between 11 and 6.4 mya (Upper/Late Miocene).

Geology

[edit]

The formation is divided into three parts representing three different ages, generally referred to as the "upper part" (youngest, at 6-7 mya), the "middle part" (intermediate, at 9 to 7.6 mya, also known as the Dashengou Fauna), and the "lower part" (oldest).[1][2]

Paleobiota

[edit]

Birds

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Eopavo[3] E. hezhengensis A partial skeleton A stem relative of peafowl
Falco F. hezhengensis ?"Hipparion fauna", Gansu Province A nearly complete, articulated skeleton An extinct falcon, classified as a stem kestrel
Gracilisgallus[4] G. linxia Shi-li-dun, Gansu Province Upper part; borders the lower Hewangjia Formation A nearly complete, articulated skeleton An extinct phasianid
Gansugyps[5] G. linxiaensis Yangwapuzijifang, Guanghe County Upper part Two articulated skeletons An extinct aegypiine Old World vulture
Linxiavis[6] L. inaquosus[6] Baiwang, Gansu Province Middle part–Upper part[6] Articulated and associated elements of the wings, shoulder girdle, vertebrae, and hind limb An extinct sandgrouse
Miosurnia[7] M. diurna Linxia Basin of Gansu Province Upper part A nearly complete, articulated skeleton, lacking the right forelimb and left manual digits A diurnal surniin bird in the true owl family
Mioneophron[8] M. longirostris Baihua Village, Zhuangheji Town, Guanghe County Upper part A nearly complete, articulated skeleton An extinct gypaetine Old World vulture
Panraogallus[9] P. hezhengensis Zhuangkeji Township, Gansu Province Upper part A nearly complete, articulated skeleton An extinct phasianid
Sinoergilornis[10] S. guangheensis Langwagou Village, Zhuangkeji Town, Guanghe County Upper part A three-dimensionally preserved distal left tarsometatarsus and a nearly complete set of pedal phalanges An eogruid
Struthio[11] S. linxiaensis Yangwapuzijifang, Guanghe County Upper part An incomplete pelvis and synsacrum An extinct ostrich, also placed in the genus Orientornis[12]

Mammals

[edit]

Artiodactyla

[edit]
Genus Species County Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Chleuastochoerus[13] C. linxiaensis Yangwapuzi, Guanghe County Upper part The cranium of a male individual and a juvenile female A Hyotheriinae suidae.
C. stehlini Middle to Upper part Cranium skull and mandible
Dicrocerus D. sp.[14] Houshan locality, Guanghe County[14] Middle to Upper part An ancient deer
Dorcadoryx D. sp. Baihuacun and Langwagou localities Middle to Upper part. An early caprini relative
Eostyloceros[15] E. hezhengensis Gaojiashan, Hezheng County Upper part An adult skull with its cranial appendages, lacking the muzzle, the left dentition, and the basioccipital part A large muntjak
Euprox[16] E. furcatus Upper part An adult skull and pair of near-complete antlers. The largest known Eupox species ever discovered
Gazella[17] G. dorcadoides Houshan and Baihuacun locality, Guanghe County Upper part. Early relatives of gazelles.
G. gaudryi Middle to Upper part
G. paotehensis Multiple skulls
Hezhengia H. bohlini Houshan, Bajia, Shuanggongbei, and Zhongmajia locality, Guanghe County Middle part Known from hundreds of skulls[18] A Urmiatheriini bovid[19]
Honanotherium H. schlosseri Houshan locality, Guanghe County Middle part An ancient giraffid
Miotragocerus M. gregarius Houshan locality, Guanghe County Middle part An extinct antelope
Paleotragus P. microdon[14] Houshan locality, Guanghe County[14] Upper part An ancient giraffid
Protoryx P. sp.[14] Houshan locality, Guanghe County[14] Upper part An ancient bovid
Samotherium S. boissieri Houshan locality, Guanghe County Middle part A cranium skull. An ancient giraffid
Schansitherium S. tafeli Dashengou and Yangjiashan, Gansu County Upper part A cranium skull. A four-horned giraffid
Shaanxispira S. linxiaensis.[20] Panyang and Songjianao locality. Lower to Middle part A cranium skull. An ancient bovid
Sinotragus S. wimani[14] Songshugou locality, Guanghe County[14] Upper part An ancient bovid
Tsaidamotherium [21] T. brevirostrum Yancaiping locality, Hezheng County. Lower part. A cranium skull. An ovibovinid caprinae .
Urmiatherium[22] U. intermedium Huaigou village, Gansu province Upper part A male adult skull An early caprinae.

Carnivora

[edit]
Caniformia
[edit]
Genus Species County Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Agriotheriini indet.[18] Indeterminate Houshan locality, Guanghe County[18] Middle part Two currently unnamed species[18]
Martes[18] M. sp Houshan locality, Guanghe County[18] Middle Part A marten
Melodon M. majori Middle part A musteloid
Parataxidea[14] P. sinensis[14] Houshan locality, Guanghe County[14] Upper part[14] A fossil skull with maxillary teeth. a badger-like mustelid
Pekania [18] P. sp. Houshan locality, Guanghe County[18] Middle Part A fisher
Promeles [18] P. sp. Houshan locality, Guanghe County[18] Middle Part
Promephitis P. hootoni[18] Houshan locality, Guanghe County[18] Middle part A musteloid
P. sp.
P. parvus [18] Houshan locality, Guanghe County[18]
Sinictis S. sp. Middle part A musteloid
Ursavus[14][23] U. tedfordi[14] Huaigou village, Guanghe County[14] Upper part[14] A cranium skull in association with the mandible An early bear
Feliformia
[edit]
Genus Species County Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Adcrocuta [18] A. eximia[18] Houshan locality, Guanghe County[18] Middle Part A hyaenid
Albanosmilus[18] A. sp.[23] Houshan locality, Guanghe County[18] Middle part A barbourofeline
Amphimachairodus[14] A. giganteus[14] Houshan, Guanghe County[14] Upper part[14] to Middle part A homotheriine machairodontine felid
A. hezhengensis[18] Middle part.[18] A nearly complete cranium skull
Dinocrocuta D. gigantea Houshan locality, Guanghe County Middle part A complete cranium skull. A gigantic hyena, the most common carnivoran in the Dashengou Fauna[18]
Felis[14] F. sp.[14] Guanghe County[14] Upper part[14] to Middle part A felid
Hyaenictitherium[14] H. hyaenoides[14] Houshan locality, Guanghe County[14] Upper part to Middle part[14] A hyaenid
H. wongii[14]
H. sp.[18] Houshan locality, Guanghe County[18] Middle Part Smaller then H. wongi[18]
Ictitherium[14] I. sp.[14] Guanghe County[14] Upper part[14] to Middle part A hyaenid
I. cf. viverrinum[18] Houshan locality, Guanghe County[18] Middle Part
Machairodus M. aphanistus[24] Shanzhuang locality[24] A homotheriine machairodontine felid, and the first evidence of this species in East Asia.[24]
Metailurus[14] M. major[14] Guanghe County[14] Upper part[14] A metalurin felid

Perissodactyla

[edit]

The Liushu formation displays a lineage of Elasmotheriine rhinoceros throughout its stratigraphy. Iranotherium is restricted to the middle part of the formation but remains absent in the overlying layers, the only Elasmotheriine that can be found in the upper layers is Sinotherium.

Chalicotheres
[edit]
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Ancylotherium[25] A. sp.[14] Duikang locality, Guanghe County.[14] Lower part A juvenile cranium skull. A shizotheriine chalicothere
Nestoritherium N. linxiaense Houshan locality, Guanghe County Lower and Middle parts A skull without the occipital surface, right zygomatic arch, premaxilla, and anterior nasal bone A chalicothere
Equids
[edit]
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Hipparion H. chiai[14] Guanghe County[14] Middle part An ancient horse
H. coelophyes Upper part
H. dongxiangense[20] Lower part
H. weihoensis Middle part
Rhinocerotids
[edit]
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Acerorhinus A. hezhengensis Middle part Skulls based on sexual dimorphism A hornless rhino

Chilotherium

C. wimani

 Zhongmajia, Guanghe County[14] Middle part Several skull specimens.

A tusked rhino
Chilotherium
Chilotherium

Iranotherium

I. morgani[2]

 Guanghe County[2] Middle part Two skulls based on sexual dimorphism and an isolated mandible

An elasmotheriine with a unique sexual dimorphism, ancestral to Sinotherium
Ningxiatherium[26] N. euryrhinus. Guonigou in Nalesi Township, Dongxiang County

Lower part

 A completely adult skull with both cheek tooth rows
Parelasmotherium P. linxiaense[20] Dongxiang County[20] Lower part A near complete skull A grazing elasmotheriine
P. simplum[20] Lower part

Sinotherium

S. lagrelii[14]

 Guanghe County[14] Upper part

A partial skull

An elasmotheriine, ancestral to Elasmotherium. It displays the important transition from nose-horned to forehead-horned rhinos.

Rodents

[edit]
Genus Species County Member Material Notes Images
Huerzelerimys[27] H. asiaticus Niuzhawan, Sanhe Village, Hezheng County Upper part. A complete skull and mandible with cervical 5 An early murine rodent
Hystrix[28] H. brevirostra Maijiaji Village, Hezheng County Upper part. A nearly complete skull An early porcupine
Pararhizomys P. hipparionum Middle part A rodent
P. parvulus[29] Xiayangwan, Guanghe County Middle part An anterior part of a skull with associated teeth

Proboscidea

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Member Material Notes Images
Konobelodon[30] K. robustus Zhongmajia and Guonigou, Guanghe County Middle and Upper parts Multiple specimens comprising a skull, pelvis bone, and incomplete mandibles An amebelodont
Tetralophodon T. exoletus Houshan locality, Guanghe County Middle part A gomphothere

Reptiles

[edit]
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Eryx E. linxiaensis Shangwangjia Village, Guanghe County Upper part A series of partially preserved cranial and post-cranial elements A sand boa

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ "Vertebrata PalAsiatica, Vol. 42, 2004----Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences". english.ivpp.cas.cn. Retrieved 2020-12-21.
  2. 1 2 3 Deng, Tao (2005-06-27). "New discovery of Iranotherium morgani (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) from the late Miocene of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China, and its sexual dimorphism". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (2): 442–450. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0442:NDOIMP]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 85820005.
  3. ↑ Yu, T.; Li, Z.; Stidham, T.; Zhou, Z. (2026). "A small Miocene peafowl (Galliformes, Phasianidae) from the high-elevation Linxia Basin of China illuminates the evolution of the clade and its paleobiology". Journal of Paleontology: 1–13. doi:10.1017/jpa.2026.10229.
  4. ↑ Yu, Ting-Yu; Li, Zhi-Heng (2025). "A new fossil of Galliformes with close relationship to extant turkey and grouse from Linxia Basin". Vertebrata PalAsiatica (in press). doi:10.19615/j.cnki.2096-9899.250731.
  5. ↑ Zhang, Zihui & Xiaoting, Zheng & Zheng, Guangmei & Hou, Lianhai. (2010). A new Old World vulture (Falconiformes: Accipitridae) from the Miocene of Gansu Province, northwest China. Journal of Ornithology. 151. 401-408. 10.1007/s10336-009-0468-1.
  6. 1 2 3 Li, Zhiheng; Stidham, Thomas A.; Deng, Tao; Zhou, Zhonghe (2020-03-31). "Evidence of Late Miocene Peri-Tibetan Aridification From the Oldest Asian Species of Sandgrouse (Aves: Pteroclidae)". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 8 59. Bibcode:2020FrEEv...8...59L. doi:10.3389/fevo.2020.00059. ISSN 2296-701X.
  7. ↑ Li, Z., Stidham, T.A., Zheng, X., Wang, Y., Zhao, T., Deng, T., & Zhou, Z. (2022). Early evolution of diurnal habits in owls (Aves, Strigiformes) documented by a new and exquisitely preserved Miocene owl fossil from China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119.
  8. ↑ li, Zhiheng & Clarke, Julia & Zhou, Zhonghe & Deng, Tao. (2016). A new Old World vulture from the late Miocene of China sheds light on Neogene shifts in the past diversity and distribution of the Gypaetinae. The Auk. 133. 615-625. 10.1642/AUK-15-240.1.
  9. ↑ Li, Zhiheng; Clarke, Julia A.; Eliason, Chad M.; Stidham, Thomas A.; Deng, Tao; Zhou, Zhonghe (2018). "Vocal specialization through tracheal elongation in an extinct Miocene pheasant from China". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 8099. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.8099L. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-26178-x. PMC 5970207. PMID 29802379.
  10. ↑ Musser, Grace; Li, Zhiheng; Clarke, Julia Allison (2 January 2020). "A new species of Eogruidae (Aves: Gruiformes) from the Miocene of the Linxia Basin, Gansu, China: Evolutionary and climatic implications". The Auk. 137 (1) ukz067. doi:10.1093/auk/ukz067. ISSN 0004-8038.
  11. ↑ Hou, L., Zhou, Z., Zhang, F. et al. A Miocene ostrich fossil from Gansu Province, northwest China. Chin.Sci.Bull. 50, 1808–1810 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1360/982005-575
  12. ↑ Wang, S (2008). "Rediscussion in the taxonomic assignment of Struthio linxiaensis Hou, et al. 2005". Acta Paleotologica Sinica. 47: 362–368.
  13. ↑ Hou, S; Deng, T (Oct 2014). "A new species of Chleuastochoerus (Artiodactyla: Suidae) from the Linxia Basin, Gansu Province, China". Zootaxa. 3872 (5): 401–39. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3872.5.1. PMID 25544095.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Deng, Tao; Wang, ShiQi; Hou, SuKuan (2013-05-01). "A bizarre tandem-horned elasmothere rhino from the Late Miocene of northwestern China and origin of the true elasmothere". Chinese Science Bulletin. 58 (15): 1811–1817. Bibcode:2013ChSBu..58.1811D. doi:10.1007/s11434-012-5574-4. ISSN 1861-9541.
  15. ↑ Deng, Tao, Wang, Shi-Qi, Shi, Qin-Qin, Li, Yi-Kun & Li, Yu, 2014, A new species of Eostyloceros (Cervidae, Artiodactyla) from the Late Miocene of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China, Zootaxa 3893 (3), pp. 363-381
  16. ↑ Hou, Sukuan. (2014). A new species of Euprox (Cervidae, Artiodactyla) from the upper Miocene of the Linxia Basin, Gansu Province, China, with interpretation of its paleoenvironment. Zootaxa. 3911. 43-62. 10.11646/zootaxa.3911.1.2.
  17. ↑ Shi, Qinqin. (2023). Fossil bovids from the Linxia Basin of Gansu Province, China, and their implications for regional biostratigraphy, palaeogeography and palaeoecology. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 619. 111543. 10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111543.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Jiangzuo, Q; Werdelin, L; Sanisidro, O; Yang, R; Fu, J; Li, S; Wang, S; Deng, T (Apr 2023). "Origin of adaptations to open environments and social behaviour in sabretoothed cats from the northeastern border of the Tibetan Plateau". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 290 (1997) 20230019. doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.0019. PMC 10113030. PMID 37072045.
  19. ↑ Shi, Qinqin; Deng, Tao (2021-02-10). "Redescription of the skull of Hezhengia bohlini (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) and a reassessment of the systematics of the Chinese late Miocene 'ovibovines'". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 18 (24): 2059–2074. doi:10.1080/14772019.2021.1883756. ISSN 1477-2019.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 Deng, Tao (2007-06-12). "Skull of Parelasmotherium (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) from the upper miocene in the Linxia Basin (Gansu, China)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 (2): 467–475. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[467:SOPPRF]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 130213090.
  21. ↑ QinQin, Shi (2014). "New species of Tsaidamotherium (Bovidae, Artiodactyla) from China sheds new light on the skull morphology and systematics of the genus". SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences. 57 (2): 258–266. Bibcode:2014ScChD..57..258S. doi:10.1007/s11430-013-4722-2.
  22. ↑ Shi, Qinqin & Wang, Shiqi & Chen, Shaokun & Li, Yi-kun & Palasiatica, Vertebrata. (2016). The first discovery of Urmiatherium (Bovidae, Artiodactyla) from Liushu Formation, Linxia Basin. Vertebrata Palasiatica.
  23. 1 2 QiuZ, X., Deng, T., & WangB, Y. (2014). A Late Miocene Ursavus skull from Guanghe, Gansu, China.
  24. 1 2 3 Li, Yu; Xiong, Wuyang; Wang, Lihua; He, Wen; Sun, Boyang (2022-05-04). "First record of Machairodus aphanistus KAUP, 1833 (Carnivora, Felidae, Machairodontinae) in East Asia from a late Miocene deposit of the Linxia Basin, Gansu Province, China". Historical Biology. 34 (5): 930–939. Bibcode:2022HBio...34..930L. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.1952574. ISSN 0891-2963.
  25. ↑ Chen, Shaokun & Deng, Tao & Pang, Li-Bo & He, Wen & Chen, Shan-Qin. (2012). A juvenile skull of Ancylotherium (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Chalicotheriidae) from the Pliocene of China. Geobios. 45. 527-534. 10.1016/j.geobios.2012.06.002.
  26. ↑ Deng, Tao. (2008). A new elasmothere (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) from the Late Miocene of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China. Geobios. 41. 719-728. 10.1016/j.geobios.2008.01.006.
  27. ↑ Wang, B Y; Qiu, Z X; Li, L Z (2020). "A Late Miocene Huerzelerimys (Rodentia: Muridae) skull from Hezheng, Gansu, China". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 58 (2): 120–133.
  28. ↑ Wang, B Y; Qiu, Z X (2020). "New Hystrix (Hystricidae, Rodentia) from the Neogene of Linxia Basin, Gansu, China". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 58 (3): 204–220.
  29. ↑ Wang, B Y (2022). "A new species of Pararhizomys (Tachyoryctoidinae, Muroidea)from Linxia Basin of Gansu Province". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 60 (4): 271–277.
  30. ↑ Wang, Shiqi & Shi, Qinqin & He, Wen & Chen, ShanQin & Yang, XiangWen. (2016). A new species of the tetralophodont amebelodontine Konobelodon Lambert, 1990 (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of China. Geodiversitas. 38. 65-97. 10.5252/g2016n1a4.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liushu_Formation&oldid=1367088958"