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Jindong Formation

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Jindong Formation
Stratigraphic range: Cenomanian-Turonian
~100–93 Ma
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofHayang Group
UnderliesYucheon Group (volcanics)
OverliesHaman Formation
Lithology
PrimaryMudstone, siltstone
OtherSandstone, shale
Location
Coordinates35°24′N 128°24′E / 35.4°N 128.4°E / 35.4; 128.4
Approximate paleocoordinates44°42′N 122°54′E / 44.7°N 122.9°E / 44.7; 122.9
RegionGyeongsangnam-do
CountrySouth Korea
ExtentGyeongsang Basin
Jindong Formation is located in South Korea
Jindong Formation
Jindong Formation (South Korea)

The Jindong Formation (Korean: 진동층; Hanja: 鎭東層; RR: Jindong-cheung) is a geological formation located in South Korea. It is dated to the Cenomanian-Turonian stages of the Late Cretaceous, between 99.9 ± 0.7 Ma and 93.1 ± 0.3 Ma.[1][2]

Geological background

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The Jindong Formation consists of thick, fine-grained, altered volcaniclastic sediments. Most of these sediments are ash-rich mudstone, siltstone, and very fine sandstone. There are also coarser sandstone, conglomerate, carbonates, and tuff. [3]

Paleontology

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The Jindong Formation has yielded numerous of dinosaurs and bird tracks.[4][5] Ichnofossils including unnamed tracks of sauropods[6] and pterosaurs,[7] the isolated sauropod skin impression not associated with trackways,[8] and the poorly preserved juvenile sauropod trackway with no ichnotaxon assignment[9] have been reported.

Ichnofossils of the Jindong Formation[10]
Ichnogenus Ichnospecies Region Member Material Notes Image
Brontopodus[5] B. isp. Sauropod tracks
Caririchnium[5] C. isp. Ornithopod tracks
Goseongornipes[5] G. markjonesi Bird tracks
Gyeongsangornipes[11] G. lockleyi Bird tracks
Hadrosauropodus H. kyoungsookimi[12] The first trackway of a quadrupedal ornithopod discovered in Korea, originally attributed to the ichnogenus Caririchnium.[13]
Jindongornipes[5] J. kimi Bird tracks
Koreanaornis[5] K. hamanensis Bird tracks
Ornithopodichnus[14] O. masanensis Currently regarded as dubious ichnotaxon made by ornithopod trackmakers.
cf. Ruopodosaurus[15] cf. R. isp. Ankylosaur trackway, possibly made by (sub)adult Ankylosaurid trackmaker
Undichna[16]
  • U. simplicatis
  • U. bina
  • U. britannica
 Fish swim traces

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ Lee, Tae-Ho; Park, Kye-Hun; Yi, Keewook (October 2018). "Nature and evolution of the Cretaceous basins in the eastern margin of Eurasia: A case study of the Gyeongsang Basin, SE Korea". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 166: 19–31. Bibcode:2018JAESc.166...19L. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2018.07.004. S2CID 135061525.
  2. ↑ Chae, Yong-Un; Choi, Taejin; Joo, Young Ji; Kim, Kyung Soo; Ha, Sujin; Lim, Hyoun Soo (2026). "Effective application of multidimensional scaling for detrital zircon geochronology in the southern Miryang Subbasin, Gyeongsang Basin, Korea". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 299 106954. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2026.106954.
  3. ↑ Houck, Karen J.; Lockley, Martin G. (February 2006). "Life in an active volcanic arc: Petrology and sedimentology of dinosaur track beds in the Jindong Formation (Cretaceous), Gyeongsang Basin, South Korea" (PDF). Cretaceous Research. 27 (1): 102–122. Bibcode:2006CrRes..27..102H. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2005.10.004.
  4. ↑ Huh, Min; Hwang, Koo Geun; Paik, In Sung; Chung, Chull Hwan; Kim, Bo Seong (June 2003). "Dinosaur tracks from the Cretaceous of South Korea: Distribution, occurrences and paleobiological significance". Island Arc. 12 (2): 132–144. Bibcode:2003IsArc..12..132H. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1738.2003.00386.x.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lockley, Martin G.; Houck, Karen; Yang, Seong-Young; Matsukawa, Masaki; Lim, Seong-Kyu (February 2006). "Dinosaur-dominated footprint assemblages from the Cretaceous Jindong Formation, Hallyo Haesang National Park area, Goseong County, South Korea: Evidence and implications" (PDF). Cretaceous Research. 27 (1): 70–101. Bibcode:2006CrRes..27...70L. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2005.10.010.
  6. ↑ Hwang, Koo-Geun; Huh, Min; Paik, In Sung (June 2004). "Sauropod trackways from the Cretaceous Jindong Formation at Docheon-ri, Changnyeon-gun, Geongsagnam-do, Korea". Journal of the Geological Society of Korea. 40 (2): 145-159.
  7. ↑ Ha, Sujin; Chae, Yong-Un; Lim, Jong Deock; Kim, Cheong-Bin; Lim, Hyoun Soo; Kim, Kyung Soo (30 October 2018). "Cretaceous Pterosaur Tracks in Daegok-ri, Ulju-gun, Ulsan: Spatio-temporal Distribution of Pterosaur in the Korean Peninsula". Journal of the Korean Earth Science Society. 39 (5): 458–472. doi:10.5467/JKESS.2018.39.5.458.
  8. ↑ Kim, Jeong Yul; Kim, Kyung Soo; Lockley, Martin G.; Seo, Seung Jo (July 2010). "Dinosaur skin impressions from the Cretaceous of Korea: New insights into modes of preservation". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 293 (1–2): 167–174. Bibcode:2010PPP...293..167K. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.05.012.
  9. ↑ Yoon, H. S.; Lee, Y.-N.; Park, E.; Lee, S. (2024). "A small sauropod trackway from the Upper Cretaceous Jindong Formation (Cenomanian), Goseong County, South Korea". Cretaceous Research. 166. 106022. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2024.106022.
  10. ↑ Xing, Lida; Díaz-Martínez, Ignacio; Lallensack, Jens N.; Kim, Kyung Soo; Buckley, Lisa G.; Romilio, Anthony; Piñuela, Laura; Wang, Donghao; Chen, Qiyan; Yang, Qing; Chou, Chunyong; Yin, Hang; Jin, Yufei (2025). "Cretaceous vertebrate tracks". Vertebrate Ichnology: 479–747. doi:10.1016/B978-0-443-13837-9.00002-0. ISBN 978-0-443-13837-9.
  11. ↑ Kim, Jeong Yul; Kim, Min Kyeong; Oh, Mun Seop; Lee, Chang Zin (3 April 2013). "A New Semi-Palmate Bird Track, Gyeongsangornipes lockleyi ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov., and Koreanaornis from the Early Cretaceous Jindong Formation of Goseong County, Southern Coast of Korea". Ichnos. 20 (2): 72–80. Bibcode:2013Ichno..20...72K. doi:10.1080/10420940.2013.787071.
  12. ↑ Yoon, Han Sang; Lee, Yuong-Nam; Jung, Seung-Ho; Kong, Dal-Yong; Kim, Su-Hwan; Son, Minyoung (2021). "A juvenile ornithopod-dominated tracksite from the Lower Cretaceous Haman Formation, South Korea". Cretaceous Research. 125 104877. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104877.
  13. ↑ Lim, Jong-Deock; Lockley, Martin G.; Kong, Dal-Yong (March 19, 2012). "The Trackway of a Quadrupedal Ornithopod from the Jindong Formation (Cretaceous) of Korea". Ichnos. 19 (1–2): 101–104. Bibcode:2012Ichno..19..101L. doi:10.1080/10420940.2012.664059. S2CID 129058417.
  14. ↑ Kim, Jeong Yul; Lockley, Martin G.; Kim, Haang Mook; Lim, Jong-Deock; Kim, Kyung Soo (December 2009). "New dinosaur tracks from Korea, Ornithopodichnus masanensis ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov. (Jindong Formation, Lower Cretaceous): implications for polarities in ornithopod foot morphology". Cretaceous Research. 30 (6): 1387–1397. Bibcode:2009CrRes..30.1387K. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.08.003.
  15. ↑ Yoon, Han Sang; Kim, Hyun Wook; Park, Jin-Young; Jung, Seung-Ho; Kong, Dal-Yong; Lee, Yuong-Nam (2025). "First reports of a probable ankylosaurian (Thyreophora) trackway from the Jindong Formation (Cenomanian) of Goseong County, South Korea". Cretaceous Research. 106240. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2025.106240.
  16. ↑ Kim, Kyung Soo; Lockley, Martin G.; Romilio, Anthony; Bae, Seul Mi; Lim, Jong Deock (1 March 2022). "Fish swim traces from the Jindong Formation (Cretaceous) Korea: Implications for lake basin ichnofacies and paleoecology". Cretaceous Research. 131 105070. Bibcode:2022CrRes.13105070K. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105070.
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