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Jat Muslim

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jat Muslim
Total population
~21 million (see below)
Regions with significant populations
 Pakistan~21 million (2009 estimation)[1]
 India~240,000 (1988 estimation)[2]
Languages
Punjabi • Sindhi • Jatki • Urdu • Khariboli • Haryanvi • Bagri • Hindi
Religion
Islam
Related ethnic groups
Jats, Jat Sikh

Jat Muslim, or Musalman Jats (Punjabi: مسلمان٘ جٹ; Sindhi: مسلمان جت), are an ethno-religious subgroup of the Jat people, who follow Islam and are native to the northwestern Indian subcontinent.[3] They are primarily found in the Pakistani provinces of Punjab, Sindh and Azad Kashmir.[4] A small minority is also present in Indian areas of Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh, where they are referred to as Muley Jats.[5]

Originally nomadic pastoralists in the lower Indus Valley, the Jats converted to the dominant religions of the region, namely Hinduism, Islam and Sikhism, only after adopting the settled agrarian lifestyle.[6] The Jats began embracing Islam during the medieval period, influenced in part by Sufi teachings.[7][8] The process of conversion was gradual.[9]

History

A gold dinar of by the Jat Emir Ubaydallah ibn al-Sari

The Jats were one of the first communities of the subcontinent to interact with the Muslims. Their name was Arabicised into Zuṭṭ (Arabic: الزُّطِّ) by the Arabic authors.[10][11][12] The Arabs scholars noted several agglomerations of Jats settled throughout the province of Sind and Makran,[13] although sometimes tribes living in their vicinity were also considered a part of them.[14] The Jats were originally from the Indus Valley, but had been settling in lower Iraq since the reign of Bahram V (r. 420–438).[15] They were active as mercenaries, traders, and farmers in Iraq, and several of them like al-Sari and Abu Hatim al-Zuṭṭi played an active political role. Jats rose in a rebellion in the early 9th century in lower Iraq against the Abbasid rule but it failed, after which most of them were deported to Anazarbus near the Byzantine frontier. They are mentioned only sporadically afterwards, although Ibn al-Balkhi and Wassaf name several Jat emirs ruling Siraf and the neighbouring areas in southern Fars in the 12th and 13th centuries.[16]

Between the 11th and 16th centuries, a number of Jats migrated northwards into Punjab.[17][18] Many Jat clans have traditions of converting to Islam during this period, influenced by Sufis like Baba Farid.[19] By the 16th century, a number of Punjabi tribes west of the Ravi River had become Muslim.[20]

In Punjab, Jats gradually abandoned nomadic pastoralism in favour of agriculture. During Mughal period, Jats came to own considerable land and exert local influence.[13][18] The Mughals never had direct control over many of these rural grandees.[18] Some of them did enter the Mughal bureaucracy, like the family of the grand vizier Sa'adullah Khan.[21][22]

Grand Vizier Sa'adullah Khan meeting with his officials

After the decline of the Mughal Empire, various groups vied to fill the resulting power vacuum.[18] Among them were several ambitious Muslim Jat chiefs and princes; in Punjab, the Gondal Jats[23] and the Chattha Jats carved out their petty states and fought against the expanding Sikh Misls.[24][25] More successful was the dynasty founded by Ali Mohammed Khan in Rohilkhand, the rule of whose descendants, the Nawabs of Rampur, lasted into British period.[26][27][28][29]

With the establishment of the British Raj, all formerly independent or autonomous polities were either annexed or integrated into the colonial empire as princely states. During British rule, a number of Punjabi Muslims, including Jats, would enlist in the British Indian Army.[30][31] Most were recruited from the Pothohar Plateau.[32]

Certain Jat Sikh families — such as the Mokals, Nakais, and Pahuwindias — had strong ties to the Lahore Durbar before their conversion to Islam, which granted them significant influence in the districts of Lahore, Kasur, Sahiwal, and Okara. These families maintained much of their social and political standing after the subsequent Partition of Punjab, like the family of former Chief Minister of Punjab, Arif Nakai.[33]

Demographics

Mahommedan Jat cultivators. Wife:—with izār, kurta, and orhni or chadar; husband:—with majba, chadar, and joridar pagri. “India,” Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), 1911.

Along the Indus, where most Muslim Jats live, 'Jat' identity was more fluid in the 19th century. In the colonial period West Punjab and NWFP, 'Jat' was more of a socioeconomic title associated with farmers, rather than a strict ethnic or caste identity. A powerful Punjabi Jat family could eventually become known as 'Rajput' instead.[34][35] Similarly, in Sindh and Makran, Jats were usually peasants or dromedary-men.[36][37]

Some Muslim Jats, especially those living in and around Majha Punjab, belong to clans which are also found among Sikh and Hindu Jats in India. For example, the Chatthas, Gondals, Sandhus, and Waraich.[38][39]

British Punjab

As per the 1921 census, 47.3% of the Jats followed Islam in British Punjab, as compared to 33% who were Sikhs and 19% who were Hindus.[40] In the 1931 census, the total Muslim Jat population was 2,941,395 (out of British Punjab's total population of 28,490,857).[41]

The former Punjab Province of British India extended beyond the borders of present-day Punjab in both Pakistan and India, encompassing regions that are now parts of the modern-day Indian states of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Chandigarh and Jammu and Kashmir, in addition to today's Punjab.

Pakistan and India

In modern times, Pakistani Jat maintain clan identity through the biradri system, and it plays an important role in politics in the country. This system is also influential among British Pakistani Jats.[42][43]

In 1988, Sukhbir Singh estimated the total Muslim Jat population to be around 13 million in Pakistan and 240,000 in India. He extrapolated these numbers from older British censuses, and factored in the natural population growth in both countries. In terms of percentages by religious affiliation, Sukhbir Singh also wrote that Jat Muslims form the largest subgroup, amounting to 42% of all Jats in the Indian subcontinent, followed by Hindus (33%) and Sikhs (25%).[2]

In 2009, the Pakistani Jat population was estimated to be roughly 21 million.[1] The Jats, together with Rajputs and Gujjars, are the dominant Punjabi Muslim communities settled across eastern Pakistan.[44]

Notable people

Naseer Ahmad Malhi
Portrait of Faizullah Khan, the founder of Rampur State

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Lodrick, Deryck O. (2009). "JATS". In Gallagher, Timothy L.; Hobby, Jeneen (eds.). Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life. Volume 3: Asia & Oceania (2nd ed.). Gale. pp. 418–419. ISBN 978-1414448916.
  2. 1 2 Singh, S. (1988). "Distributional pattern of the major agricultural communities (Ahirs, Gujars, Jats and Rajputs) in their traditional abode of the northwestern Indian subcontinent". Population Geography. 10 (1–2): 1–17. PMID 12179032.
  3. ↑ Jairath, Vinod K. (3 April 2013). Frontiers of Embedded Muslim Communities in India. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-136-19680-5.
  4. ↑ Jaffrelot, Christophe, ed. (2002). A History of Pakistan and Its Origins. Translated by Gillian Beaumont. London: Anthem Press. pp. 205–206. ISBN 978-1-84331-030-3. OCLC 61512448.
  5. ↑ Gupta, Dipankar (1997). Rivalry and Brotherhood: Politics in the Life of Farmers in Northern India. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997. pp. 2, 34, 44-47, 50, 57, 60, 63–65, 82–85, 87, 124, 160. ISBN 978-0-19-564101-1.
  6. ↑ Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). India Before Europe. Cambridge University Press. pp. 269–270. ISBN 978-0-521-80904-7.
  7. ↑ Cug̲h̲tāʼī, Muḥammad Ikrām (2006). Babaji: Life and Teachings of Farid-ud Din Ganj-i Shakar. Sang-e- Meel Publications. ISBN 978-969-35-1824-5.
  8. ↑ Shri, Satya. Demystifying Brahminism and Re-Inventing Hinduism: Volume 2 - Re-Inventing Hinduism. Notion Press. ISBN 978-1-946515-56-8.
  9. ↑ Wink, André (2002). Al-Hind: The Slavic Kings and the Islamic conquest, 11th-13th centuries. BRILL. ISBN 978-0-391-04174-5.
  10. ↑ Maclean, Derryl N. (1984). Religion and Society in Arab Sind. McGill University. ISBN 978-0-315-20821-6. Pg. 45.
  11. ↑ Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad (1994). "Early Arab Contact with South Asia". Journal of Islamic Studies. 5 (1): 52–69. ISSN 0955-2340. JSTOR 26196673. Pg. 57.
  12. ↑ ʿAthamina, Khalil (1998). "Non-Arab Regiments and Private Militias during the Umayyād Period"]. Arabica. 45 (3): 347–378. ISSN 0570-5398. Pg. 355. JSTOR 4057316
  13. 1 2 Mayaram, Shail (2003), Against history, against state: counterperspectives from the margins, Columbia University Press, p. 19, ISBN 978-0-231-12730-1
  14. ↑ Zakeri, Mohsen (1995). Sāsānid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of ʻAyyārān and Futuwwa. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-03652-8. Pg. 123, 195, 196.
  15. ↑ Wink, André (2002). Al-Hind, The Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th-13th Centuries. Vol. 2. Boston: Brill. p. 48, 157. ISBN 978-0-391-04174-5. OCLC 48837811.
  16. ↑ Fiorani Piacentini, Valeria; Redaelli, Riccardo, eds. (2016) [2003]. Baluchistan: Terra Incognita. Studies in the Archaeology and History of Baluchistan. Vol. I. Oxford, England: BAR Publishing. p. 126, n. 35. doi:10.30861/9781841715131. ISBN 978-1-84171-513-1.
  17. ↑ Grewal, J. S. (1998), The Sikhs of the Punjab, Cambridge University Press, p. 5, ISBN 978-0-521-63764-0, retrieved 12 November 2011 Quote: "... the most numerous of the agricultural tribes (in the Punjab) were the Jats. They had come from Sindh and Rajasthan along the river valleys, moving up, displacing the Gujjars and the Rajputs to occupy culturable lands. (page 5)"
  18. 1 2 3 4 Asher, Catherine Ella Blanshard; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). India before Europe. Cambridge University Press. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-521-80904-7.
  19. ↑ Wink, André (2002). Al-Hind, The Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th-13th Centuries. Vol. 2. Boston: Brill. pp. 241–242. ISBN 978-0-391-04174-5. OCLC 48837811.
  20. ↑ Gandhi, Rajmohan (2015). Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten. Rupa. ISBN 978-93-83064-08-3.
  21. 1 2 Journal of Central Asia. Centre for the Study of the Civilizations of Central Asia, Quaid-i-Azam University. 1992. p. 84. Retrieved 30 July 2022. Sadullah Khan was the son of Amir Bakhsh, a cultivator of Chiniot. He belonged to a Jat family. He was born on Thursday, the 10th Safar 1000 A.H./1591 A.C.
  22. 1 2 Beveridge H. (1952). The Maathir Ul Umara Vol-ii (1952). The Calcutta Oriental Press Ltd. p. 647.
  23. ↑ Mirzā, Shafqat Tanvīr (1992). Resistance Themes in Punjabi Literature. Sang-e-Meel Publications. ISBN 978-969-35-0101-8.
  24. ↑ Richard M. Eaton (1984). Metcalf, Barbara Daly (ed.). Moral Conduct and Authority: The Place of Adab in South Asian Islam. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04660-3.
  25. ↑ Mirzā, Shafqat Tanvir (1992). Resistance Themes in Punjabi Literature. Sang-e-Meel Publications - University of Michigan Library (digitized 9 May 2008) via Google Books website. pp. 56–62. ISBN 978-969-35-0101-8.
  26. 1 2 Irvine, W. (1971). Later Mughal. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 118. Retrieved 30 July 2022. Once Daud was sent against the village of Bankauli, in pargana Chaumahla, with which his employer was at feud. Along with the plunder taken on this occasion Daud obtained possession of a Jat boy seven or eight years of age, whom he caused to be circumcised and then adopted under the name of Ali Muhammad Khan.
  27. ↑ Ḥusain, M.; Pakistan Historical Society (1957). A History of the Freedom Movement: 1707-1831. A History of the Freedom Movement: Being the Story of Muslim Struggle for the Freedom of Hind-Pakistan, 1707-1947. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 304. Retrieved 30 July 2022. Amongst other prisoners he obtained a young Jat boy of eight years. Daud took a fancy to him and adopted him as his son and named him ' Ali Muhammad Khan.
  28. ↑ Gommans, Jos J. L. (1995). The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire: C. 1710-1780. BRILL. p. 120. ISBN 978-90-04-10109-8. Most of the contemporary sources, however, call him a Jat or an Ahir.
  29. 1 2 3 Gupta, Hari Ram (1999) [1980]. History of the Sikhs. Vol. III: Sikh Domination of the Mughal Empire (1764–1803) (2nd rev. ed.). Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 11. ISBN 978-81-215-0213-9. OCLC 165428303. "The real founder of the Rohilla power was Ali Muhammad, from whom sprang the present line of the Nawabs of Rampur. Originally a Hindu Jat, who was taken prisoner when a young boy by Daud in one of his plundering expeditions, at village Bankauli in the parganah of Chaumahla, and was converted to Islam and adopted by him."
  30. ↑ Omissi, David (8 April 2001). "Military Planning and Wartime Recruitment (India)". "The single most numerous "class" of Indian recruits in both world wars, however, was the Punjabi Muslims"
  31. ↑ Singh, R. S. N. (2008). The Military Factor in Pakistan. New Delhi; Frankfort, IL: Lancer Publishers. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-9815378-9-4
  32. ↑ Leigh, Maxwell Studdy (1922). The Punjab and the War. Superintendent, Government Printing, Punjab, 1922. ISBN 978-969-35-0846-8.
  33. ↑ Chopra, Gulshan Lall (1940). Chiefs and Families of Note in the Punjab. Government Printing.
  34. ↑ Bayly, Susan (2001). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. Cambridge University Press. p. 139. ISBN 9780521798426. For Ibbetson, then, both the Punjab and the northwest frontier regions were open societies where the difference between the 'Jat' and the 'Rajput' was not a matter of blood or ethnological fact... [but] a fluid representation of status as claimed by men of power.
  35. ↑ Mayaram, Shail (2003), Against History, Against State: Counterperspectives from the Margins, Columbia University Press, p. 33, ISBN 978-0-231-12730-1, Indeed "Jat" had been a generic term for a peasant in the Punjab.
  36. ↑ جَتُ (p. 649), ڄَٽُ (p. 683), in Nabī Bakhshu Khānu Balocu. Jāmiʻ Sindhī lughāta. Karācī: Ḥaidarābād Sindhu, Pākistān: Sindhī Adabī Borḍ, 1960–1988. Available online at the Digital South Asia Library.
  37. ↑ Wink, André (2002). Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries. BRILL. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-391-04173-8. At the time of (and before) the Arab conquest, Makrān or Kīj-Makrān held a substantial population of Zutt or 'Jat' dromedary-men.
  38. ↑ Hanks, Patrick; Coates, Richard; McClure, Peter (17 November 2016). The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland. Oxford University Press. p. 2331. ISBN 978-0-19-252747-9. Sandhu or Sindhu: The Sindhus are the second largest Jat tribe in the Panjab
  39. ↑ Jones, Philip E. (2003). The Pakistan People's Party: Rise to Power. Oxford University Press. p. 329. ISBN 978-0-19-579966-8. In the main, this area is dominated by strong, local Jat clans (...Chattha, Cheema, Tarar, Gondal and Waraich) that, in the past near-century, ...
  40. ↑ “Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 1, Report.” Census Reports - 1921, 1923., 1923. JSTOR. Accessed 7 November 2025. Page 345.
  41. ↑ “Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables.” Census Reports - 1931, 1933., 1933. JSTOR. Accessed 7 November 2024. Page 290.
  42. ↑ Gilmartin, David (1994). "Biraderi and Bureaucracy: The Politics of Muslim Kinship Solidarity in 20th Century Punjab," International Journal of Punjab Studies 1, no. 1.
  43. ↑ "How clan politics grew in Bradford". 27 February 2015 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  44. ↑ Christophe Jaffrelot, ed. (2004). A history of Pakistan and its origins. London: Anthem Press. ISBN 1-84331-149-6. OCLC 56646546.
  45. ↑ Schimmel, Annemarie (2004). The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture. Reaktion Books. p. 125. ISBN 978-81-250-1453-9.
  46. ↑ Mohan Singh Diwana. History of Punjabi Literature - Mohan Singh Diwana. p. 48.
  47. ↑ Wœrkens, Martine van (2002). The Strangled Traveler: Colonial Imaginings and the Thugs of India. University of Chicago Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-226-85085-6.
  48. ↑ Shafqat Tanveer Mirza (1991). Resistance Themes In Punjabi Literature.
  49. ↑ Yasmin, Robina (13 January 2022). Muslims under Sikh Rule in the Nineteenth Century: Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Religious Tolerance. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7556-4034-8.
  50. ↑ Tahir, M. Athar (1988). Qadir Yar: A Critical Introduction. Pakistan Punjabi Adabi Board. ISBN 978-969-411-107-0.
  51. ↑ Singh, Nagendra Kr (2001). Encyclopaedia of Muslim Biography: I-M. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-81-7648-233-2.
  52. ↑ Mohd.Rafi's son Shahid Rafi: "Kishore Kumar used to respect my father, they were very…", 24 December 2021, archived from the original on 19 July 2022, retrieved 19 July 2022, See 23:20 to 23:30
  53. ↑ Griffin, Lepel Henry (1865). The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Territories Under the Panjab Government. T.C. McCarthy.
  54. ↑ Matinuddin, Kamal (1999) The Taliban Phenomenon: Afghanistan 1994-1997, p 63. Oxford University Press US, ISBN 978-0-19-579274-4
  55. ↑ Carlotta Gall (3 March 2010). "Former Pakistani Officer Embodies a Policy Puzzle". The New York Times.
  56. ↑ Ahmed, Ashfaq (29 November 2016). "Pakistan: General Qamar Javed Bajwa takes charge at a critical time". Gulf News.
  57. 1 2 BANERJI, RANA (21 November 2023). "Shenanigans Surface In Pakistan Military". Rediff. Retrieved 22 February 2024. [Air Chief Zaheer Sidhu] hailed from Chakwal and was a 'Jutt' (Jat), the same biradari (clan) as General Bajwa
  58. ↑ Siddiqui, Naveed (17 March 2021). "Air Marshal Zaheer Ahmad Babar named new PAF chief". DAWN.COM.
  59. ↑ "Record number of newcomers enter NA". The Express Tribune. 15 February 2024. Archived from the original on 26 February 2024.
  60. ↑ Butt, Waseem Ashraf (7 February 2024). "PPP trying hard to secure NA-65 for Kaira". DAWN.COM. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024.
  61. ↑ Jones, Philip E. (2003). The Pakistan People's Party: rise to power. Karachi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-579966-8.
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