Kamakã language
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| Kamakã | |
|---|---|
| Ezeshio | |
| Native to | Brazil |
| Region | Bahia |
| Ethnicity | Kamakã people |
| Extinct | by 1950s |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | vkm |
| Glottolog | kama1372 |
| Linguasphere | 89-GAA-aa |
The Kamakã language (Kamakan), or Ezeshio, is an extinct language of a small family, belonging to the Macro-Jê languages of Brazil.[1] Kotoxó and Mongoyó/Mangaló are sometimes included as dialects.
Classification
[edit]Kamakã is a Macro-Jê language. It was spoken by several groups of indigenous peoples who lived in Bahia, including the Kamakã, Mongoyó, Menién, Kotoxó and Masakará.[2]
History
[edit]The Kamakã people are now completely integrated into the Pataxó-hã-hã-hãe people.[3]
Phonology
[edit]Grahl (2009) proposes the following phonology for Kamakã. Nikulin (2020) believes that he "does not exercise due caution", thereby "incurring evident errors".[1]
| Oral | Nasal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Central | Back | Front | Central | Back | |
| High | i | ɨ | u | ĩ | (ɨ̃) | (ũ) |
| Mid | e | ə | o | (ẽ) | (õ) | |
| Low | ɛ | a | ɔ | ã | ||
- /ə/ can also be realized as [ʌ].
- Nasal vowels in parentheses are taken from the Krenak vowel system for symmetry.
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | p | t | tʃ | k | |
| Fricative | f | s | ʃ | x | h |
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||
| Flap | ɾ | ||||
| Glide | j | w |
- /ɾ/ can be in free variation with a fricative [ʒ] and a lateral [l].
- /n/ is heard as [ŋ] when preceding /k/.[4]
References
[edit]- 1 2 Nikulin, Andrey. 2020. Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo. Doctoral dissertation, University of Brasília.
- ↑ Ribeiro, Eduardo Rivail (October 2010). "Nimuendajú was right: The inclusion of the jabutí language family in the Macro-Jê stock". International Journal of American Linguistics. 76 (4): 547. doi:10.1086/658056. ISSN 0020-7071.
- ↑ Nelson, Jessica F. (2018). Pataxó Hãhãhãe: Race, Indigeneity and Language Revitalization in the Brazilian Northeast (PDF). University of Arizona.
- ↑ Grahl, João A. P. (2009). Kamakã em Prolog: Possibilidades de análise de uma língua de tradição oral morta (PDF) (Master's thesis). Universidade Federal do Paraná.
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