Gambo (cryptid)

Gambo

Colourised illustration of Gambo based on descriptions by Owen Burnham.
Creature information
Other name(s)	Kunthum belein, Gambian sea serpent, the beaked beast of Bungalow Beach, the sea monster of west Africa, Gambonessa burnhami
Grouping	Sea monster
Sub grouping	Living dinosaur
Similar entities	U-28 creature
Origin
First attested	12 June 1983
Country	The Gambia
Region	Bungalow Beach, Kotu, Gambia

Gambo is the name assigned to a carcass discovered on the shore of Bungalow Beach, Kotu, The Gambia on the 12 June 1983, by fifteen year old amateur wildlife enthusiast Owen Burnham. Its existence was first widely publicised by well-known British zoologist, author, and cryptozoologist Dr. Karl Shuker, who wrote about Gambo in a September/October 1986 article published in The Unknown, a now defunct British magazine discussing anomalous occurrences, where the globster was referred to as the Gambian sea serpent. It has also since been referred to the beaked beast of Bungalow Beach, in reference to its beak-like snout.

Etymology

The name "Gambo" was first applied to the cryptid in a February/March 1993 Fortean Times article - "Gambo, the Beaked Beast of Bungalow Beach", an article written by the publication but credited to Shuker as it condensed much of the information in his 1986 article. "Gambo" seems to be an entirely arbitrary name with no particular significance to the specimen's identity aside from a vague phonetic similarity to its original locality. Shuker specifies that while the name is often attributed to his writings, he had no part in its creation and it was instead created by the Fortean Times employee who penned the article. The fantastical moniker, "the beaked beast of Bungalow Beach" was also coined in this article, and has since been used in additional material discussing the cryptid. During the initial discovery of the carcass, Burnham, a fluent speaker of Mandinka, asked nearby locals to identify the creature, to which they responded by calling it "kunthum belein", apparently translating to "cutting teeth".

Gambo has been classified as a "sea serpent" in much of the discussion surrounding its identity, a term which cryptozoologist Bernard Heuvelmans clarified is not a uniform classification for serpentine marine cryptids, but instead an umbrella term for the discussion of extinct marine reptiles, modified pinnipeds, giant turtles, giant eels, and archaeocete whales through a cryptozoological lens, in his 1969 book; In the wake of sea-serpents.

Discovery and description

On 12 June 1983, Owen Burnham discovered the Gambo carcass on Bungalow Beach, Gambia, whilst on holiday from Senegal with his family. Burnham described the carcass as being about 15 ft (4.6 m) long with a tail length of about 5 ft (1.5 m), dark in colouration with a white underbelly (countershaded), having a long beak, four claw-less paddle-like flippers, and a fluke-less tail. It possessed 80 conical teeth characteristic of homodont dentition, as well as small eyes, a domed forehead, and nostrils placed close to the end of its beak with no visible blowhole. The body appeared to exhibit bloating normally associated with dead cetaceans, but was otherwise in good condition despite actively undergoing decomposition (as evidenced by a foul smell reported by Burnham). The only sign of damage on the body was its right and left hind flippers, which were torn at the terminal and almost completely torn off respectively. Upon discovery, the carcass was being readily dismembered and mutilated by two fishermen who intended to sell its head to a tourist. The decapitation reportedly took about twenty minutes due to the thickness of the animal's vertebra. The fishermen recognised the animal as a dolphin.

In 1986, BBC Wildlife published an interview with Owen Burnham -which eventually inspired Shuker's first writings of the carcass in The Unknown, as part of the fifth issue of their fourth volume discussing Gambo, where he publically appealed for identification of the creature based on his descriptions. In his own independent search of the carcass' identity, Burnham asked local fishermen to draw the animal known to them regionally as the "kunthum belein" to which each time a dolphin was drawn. Shuker attributes this to the Mandinka language's lack of distinction between species and the tendency to apply the same name to superficially similar species, positing that the fishermen were in fact familiar with Gambo's species, but were drawing the more common animals that they used the same name for. Conversely, no fishermen recognised Gambo based on Burnham's description of the carcass, making the lack of linguistic distinction between superficially similar animals seemingly inconsequential to the carcass' potential identity as an unknown species as they did were not familiar with its physical description to begin with.

Discrepancies and anachronisms

There exists multiple discrepancies in subsequent retellings of Burnham's account, namely the chronology of events and description of Gambo, where small morphological details tend to vary. While Burnham's initial account explains that the animal was already being dismembered and decapitated upon his arrival, The Pine Barrens Institute, an online cryptozoological reference site, has since recounted that Burnham found the carcass undisturbed, examined and measured it, went back to his room at the Bungalow Beach hotel, and returned the next day to find it had reportedly been mutilated and was now buried deep beneath the sand by locals. The detail about the head having been decapitated and sold to a tourist remains congruent with Burnham's own account. The temporal anachronisms are likely a result of the romanticisation of the story and the glorification of the potential for a new discovery.

Additional morphological discrepancies have also risen in prevalence in the years proceeding the discovery, where the carcass has been described as having conflicting traits between accounts. Shuker directly contradicts his own descriptions of the animal's colouration, claiming it to be "brown above" in his The Unknown and Fortean Times articles, while later claiming it to have "black upperparts" in his Strange Magazine article on sea serpents in 1995. Additionally, while Burnham explains the carcass was not seriously damaged, some contemporary secondary recounts present the idea that the left hind flipper was so thoroughly torn from the body that viscera including an intestinal tract were visible from the open wound.

Explanations and identity of the carcass

Potential identity

The domed forehead, beak, and 80 homodont teeth of the carcass have caused it to be compared to cetaceans, namely the Shepherd's beaked whale (Tasmacetus shepherdi) which is superficially similar to the descriptions of Gambo, though possesses a blowhole, a fluked tail, and only two pectoral fins, and is known only from the southern hemisphere. It is for these reasons that Shuker rules it out as being Gambo, and iterates that the carcass "could not have been any form of modern-day cetacean" in his Strange Magazine article. The Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris) has also been similarly proposed, though the species' unique dentition and short beak would make it easily distinguishable. The carcass has also been likened to pinnipeds due to its apparent nostrils, developed hind legs and tetrapodal morphology, as well as sirenians, though both were rejected by Shuker as both are not entirely congruent with the appearance of the carcass.

Much of the carcass' description can be losely explained by cetacean taphonomy and the nature of decomposition in large marine megafauna. Gambo's characteristic lack of a dorsal fin and lizard-like fluke-less tail are indicative of fairly active decomposition, as cartilagenous structures are the first to slough off of cetaceans during maceration in marine environments as they are not supported by the animal's skeleton and are also frequently lost to scavenging. Alterations to the morphology of marine megafauna have resulted in similar misidentifications, such as in the case of the Zuiyo Maru carcass of 1977, which was misidentified as a plesiosaur carcass while it had actually been the badly decomposed carcass of a basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus). Burnham did note a foul-smell from the carcass in his initial account, a fact corroborated in Shuker's writings that point to decomposition. Additionally, the carcass' bloated appearance is another trait of cetacean decomposition, where fermentation of gut bacteria or methanogenesis occur, bloating the corpse and allowing it to float on the water's surface until becoming beached, or being decomposed by marine scavengers.

A prevailing idea in cryptozoological discussion is that a sizeable demographic of earth's life - including large conspicuous organisms, has yet to be formally described, and the coelacanth, a lazarus taxon rediscovered "64 million years" after its presumed "Cretaceous" extinction is cited by Shuker as indulging this hypothesis. One explanation thus posits that Gambo is an example of an entirely unknown species of extant and undescribed marine reptile.

Living fossil explanation

Main article: Human-dinosaur coexistence § Cryptozoology

A common cryptozoological trope is the tendency to claim that a given cryptid (typically a reptile or reptile-adjacent creature) is the descendent of or a sole representative of a long extinct order of perceivably 'primitive' life, usually non-avian dinosaurs, which is typically used as an umbrella term that includes pterosaurs and various extinct marine reptiles in this context. In the first volume of Cryptozoologicon, a cryptozoological examination of the tropes and scientific justifications of cryptids authored by palaeontologist Darren Naish and co-authored by artist C.M. Kösemen and paleoartist John Conway, this trope is coined the "Prehistoric Survivor Paradigm" (PSP), and is directly used to challenge the notion that Gambo is a living member of Polycotyloid plesiosaurs, Pliosauroidea, or Metriorhynchid crocodylomorphs.

In Heuvelmans' In the wake of sea-serpents, he propagates the PSP throughout his descriptions of various sea-serpents, connoting a large percent of the cryptids discussed as being "prehistoric" or "archaic" and more reminiscent of extinct life than extant life. Gambo has similarly been connoted by Shuker and some contemporary authors as being potentially an example of an extant representative of either Pliosauroides, Thalattosuchia, or Mosasauria. Shuker even goes as far as to claim these are the only two reasonable explanations for the carcass' morphology in his Strange Magazine article, claiming that Burnham's intimate familiarity with west African fauna means he likely did not misidentify the carcass as a known animal. Gambo is likened to extinct marine reptiles in his writings because of superficial similarities described by Burnham, such as its short neck, prominent toothed beak, four flippers and long tail roughly congruent with all groups (though Gambo was said to be claw-less, a feature inconsistent with clawed Thalattosuchia). Shuker notes that; "the Gambian sea serpent would seem to offer some of the most provocative evidence currently available in support of the scientifically undiscovered, modern-day existence of one group of prehistoric reptiles!" due almost entirely to its morphological similarities to the specified groups.

Speculative zoology

Cryptozoologicon analyses and reimagines cryptids as viable species through means of speculative evolution, scrutinising original accounts of monsters and creatures of cryptozoological folklore and revising them to be scientifically plausible reconstructions of their original mythos in a creative exercise. Naish reimagines Gambo as the fictional Gambonessa burnhami, a fully-aquatic marine monotreme of the platypus lineage derived from Cretaceous era Zealandia that has evolved polyphyodont teeth enclosed in a bill, and has lost its claws due to being viviporous and no longer needing to dig into shores and sandbanks to lay eggs as a result. G. burnhami is illustrated in this fictitious scenario as having been able to grow much larger than other monotremes due to its viviparity, being hairless and smooth skinned with blubber, and using its bill to electrolocate prey on the sea-floor, as well as having colonised the Atlantic and Indian Oceans from its evolutionary origin in the southwest Pacific. Naish explains the Gambo carcass as having lost its leathery bill sheath with decomposition, where its teeth and dentition were easily mistaken as being reptilian in this speculative scenario.

Scepticism

A vocal critic of Gambo being an example of late-surviving marine reptiles, Darren Naish, has posited that it would not be unreasonable for Gambo to have been an example of a mangled dolphin carcass, mainly citing that Burnham's family reportedly believed the carcass to be that of a cetacean and that the fishermen and local communities believed the carcass to be a dolphin and associated descriptions of the carcass with a dolphin respectively. Naish also cites that four-finned dolphins have been recorded since the sighting, namely one instance in October of 2006 where a mutant four-finned bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops sp.) was captured off the coast of Taiji, Japan, which could serve as the identity for the carcass assuming the fluke had been removed via decompositon or scavenging. The hind flippers of the mutant dolphin were about the size of human hands and were fully developed. Naish also states that the large marine species that Gambo represents would not be able to avoid appearing in the fossil record, and thus would already have been discovered and described if it were a unique species.

2006 CFZ expedition

In 2006, twenty-three years after the initial discovery of the carcass, an expedition was organised by the Centre for Fortean Zoology (CFZ) to Gambia in order to pursue a different cryptid, the dragon-like Ninki Nanka, as well as look for the Armitage's cylindrical skink (Chalcides armitagei), a species which had been rediscovered just seventeen years earlier in 1989 after being described in 1922. Among their goals was to examine the original stranding site of Gambo on Bungalow Beach and excavate the burial site of the carcass in order to attain physical evidence of its existence. The site was found to have been too thoroughly altered by both artificial and natural means, including perhaps most significantly, the construction of a nightclub overtop of the alleged burial itself. After multiple failed attempts to locate and excavate the remains, most of the expedition crew had concluded that the bones had likely been long-lost to natural decomposition processes, citing that the ready collapse of excavations under sediment and the quick flooding of any deep dig-sites with ocean water likley meant that the bones had long rotted with erosion. Many crew members also concluded that Gambo likely represented the carcass of a known species of rare dolphin or young beaked whale.