Ficus tsjakela
| Ficus tsjakela | |
|---|---|
 | |
| In Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, India | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Moraceae |
| Genus: | Ficus |
| Species: | F. tsjakela |
| Binomial name | |
| Ficus tsjakela | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
| |
Ficus tsjakela is a fig tree from the family Moraceae which is found in peninsular India, Sri Lanka,[3] southern Pakistan (Sindh),[4] It is commonly known as the kaaral in Malayalam, kal-aal in Tamil and boviyamara in Kannada.[3], Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Vietnam.[2]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]In India, Ficus tsjakela occurs in coastal regions of Maharashtra and Karnataka, all districts of Kerala and in many districts of Tamil Nadu. In Maharashtra, the tree is found in Ahmednagar, Ratnagiri, Satara and Sindhudurg districts. In Karnataka, F. tsjahela occurs in Chikmagalur, Hassan, Mysore, Shimoga, North and South Kanara districts. In Tamil Nadu, the tree ranges in Coimbatore, Dharmapuri, Kanyakumari, Nilgiri, Salem, Tirunelveli, Tiruvannamalai, Vellore and Viluppuram.[3] In Kerala, the tree is reported from Neeliyar Kottam, a sacred grove in Kannur District.[5] It grows in tropical moist evergreen and deciduous forests from sea level up to 1,100 metres elevation. Its fruits are a food source for birds and mammals including hornbills.[1]
Field description
[edit]Habit
[edit]Deciduous trees up to 25 m tall.[1]
Trunk and bark
[edit]Bark dark brown; blaze red.
Branches and branchlets
[edit]Branchlets terete, glabrous. Exudates
Latex white, profuse.
Leaves
[edit]Leaves simple, alternate, spiral; stipules foliaceous, 0.7 cm long, caducous and leaving annular scar; petiole ca. 6 cm long, canaliculate, glabrous; lamina to 20 x 8 cm, oblong, elliptic-oblong, apex acuminate, base rounded, coriaceous, margin entire, glabrous and glossy; basally 3-nerved; midrib raised above; secondary nerves 6-10 pairs, prominent and parallel, looped near the margin; tertiary nerves reticulate.
Inflorescence / flower
[edit]Inflorescence syconia, sessile, depressed-globose, in clusters of 2-6, on very short crowded tubercles in the axils of the leaves or most frequently at the scars of fallen leaves; flowers unisexual.
Fruit and seeds
[edit]Syconium, sessile, ca. 0.5 cm across, greenish; achenes smooth.[3]
References
[edit]- 1 2 3 Amitha Bachan, K.H.; Devika, M.A. (2025). "Ficus tsjakela". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T210022233A210022359. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T210022233A210022359.en. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
- 1 2 "Ficus tsjakela Burm.f." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Ficus tsjahela Burm.f". Indiabiodiversity.org. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
- ↑ "Ficus tsjahela". Flora of Pakistan. Retrieved 25 August 2026 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ↑ "Shodhganga@INFLIBNET: Studies on the sacred groves of Kannur district". Hdl.handle.net. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
- Ficus tsjahela Burm. f., Fl. Ind. 227. 1768; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 514. 1888, "tjakela"; Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 1362(953). 1928; Manilal & Sivar., Fl. Calicut 277. 1982; Mohanan, Fl. Quilon Dist. 380. 1984; Ansari, Fl. Kasaragod Div. 358. 1985; Manilal, Fl. Silent Valley 260. 1988; Ramach. & V.J. Nair, Fl. Cannanore Dist. 434. 1988; Babu, Fl. Malappuram Dist. 756. 1990; Vajr., Fl. Palghat Dist. 450. 1990; M. Mohanan & Henry, Fl. Thiruvananthapuram 434. 1994; Subram., Fl. Thenmala Div. 353. 1995; Sasidh. et al., Bot. Stud. Med. Pl. Kerala 18,31. 1996; Sasidh. & Sivar., Fl. Pl. Thrissur For. 430. 1996; Sasidh., Fl. Shenduruny WLS 305. 1997; Sivar. & Mathew, Fl. Nilambur 671. 1997; Sasidh., Fl. Periyar Tiger Reserve 395. 1998; Sasidh., Fl. Chinnar WLS 299. 1999; Sasidh., Fl. Parambikulam WLS 314. 2002; Mohanan & Sivad., Fl. Agasthyamala 637. 2002; Anil Kumar et al., Fl. Pathanamthitta 466. 2005; Sunil & Sivadasan, Fl. Alappuzha Dist. 666. 2009; Ratheesh Narayanan, Fl. Stud. Wayanad Dist. 775. 2009.
- Flora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987; Matthew 1983