Draft:Ultracold atomic mixtures
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Comment: I see no major improvement from the verdion that was draftified. Ldm1954 (talk) 23:57, 4 July 2026 (UTC)
- Comment: See comments on talk page that were added prior to draftification of this article. Ldm1954 (talk) 11:17, 22 July 2025 (UTC)
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Ultracold atomic mixtures are dilute gases of different atomic species or isotopes cooled to temperatures near to absolute zero.[1]
Most experimental realizations trap two atomic components, and the quantum statistics of these species is denoted by the adjectives "Fermi-Fermi", "Bose-Fermi", or as "Bose-Bose" mixtures. While Bose-Bose mixtures can be directly cooled through evaporative cooling, mixtures containing fermions usually adopt methods such as sympathetic cooling.
Applications of these systems include studying the BCS-BEC crossover of Fermi-Fermi mixtures with tunable attractive interactions between the different species. In this phenomenon, the gas crosses over from a BCS regime of weakly bound atomic pairs to a Bose-Einstein condensate of tightly bound dimers.
History
[edit]The field of ultracold atoms rapidly developed after the observation of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases in 1995.[2][3] These experiments trapped and cooled specific hyperfine states of alkali-metal atoms.
A few years later, experiments by various experimental groups could confine systems composed by two different hyperfine atomic states,[4] or two different atomic species.[5] When these atomic mixtures are cooled down to the regimes of quantum degeneracy, their quantum statistical properties become important, and it is therefore possible to realize two-component mixtures of either Bose gases (Bose-Bose mixtures), Fermi gases (Fermi-Fermi mixtures) or Bose-Fermi mixtures.[1]
The diagram of equilibrium phases of these mixtures has been explored by tuning the gas interactions via Feshbach resonances,[6]. In particular, it is possible to control the strength of interactions between the different components, denoted as "interspecies" interactions. Moreover, in Bose-Bose and Bose-Fermi mixtures, also the self-interactions of the components can be controled, denoted as "intraspecies" interactions.
In Fermi-Fermi mixtures, tuning interspecies interactions from repulsive to attractive allowed to study the phase diagram of the gas along the crossover from a regime of weakly bound atomic pairs to a Bose-Einstein condensate of dimers.[7] In Bose-Bose mixtures, the diagram comprises either stable or collapsed phases according to the mean-field theory. However, in 2015, D. S. Petrov predicted the possibility of observing self-bound droplets in the unstable mean-field regime, thanks to the stabilization mechanism provided by the condensates' quantum fluctuations.[8] These droplet states were successively observed in Bose-Bose potassium-39 mixtures.[9]
Multicomponent mixtures of ultracold atoms have been also proposed to simulate many-body phenomena through SU(N) symmetric Hubbard model[10]
References
[edit]- 1 2 Baroni, C., Lamporesi, G., & Zaccanti, M. (2024). Quantum mixtures of ultracold gases of neutral atoms. Nature Reviews Physics, published 6 November 2024. doi:10.1038/s42254-024-00699-4
- ↑ Anderson, M. H., Ensher, J. R., Matthews, M. R., Wieman, C. E., & Cornell, E. A. (1995). Observation of Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Atomic Vapor. Science, 269(5221), 198–201. doi:10.1126/science.269.5221.198
- ↑ Davis, K. B., Mewes, M.-O., Andrews, M. R., van Druten, N. J., Durfee, D. S., Kurn, D. M., & Ketterle, W. (1995). Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Gas of Sodium Atoms. Physical Review Letters, 75(22), 3969. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.3969
- ↑ Myatt, C. J., Burt, E. A., Ghrist, R. W., Cornell, E. A., & Wieman, C. E. (1997). Production of Two Overlapping Bose-Einstein Condensates by Sympathetic Cooling. Physical Review Letters, 78(4), 586–589. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.586
- ↑ Modugno, G., Ferrari, G., Roati, G., Brecha, R. J., Simoni, A., & Inguscio, M. (2001). Bose-Einstein Condensation of Potassium Atoms by Sympathetic Cooling. Science, 294(5545), 1320–1322. doi:10.1126/science.1066687
- ↑ Chin, C., et al. (2010). Feshbach resonances in ultracold gases. Rev. Mod. Phys., 82(2), 1225.
- ↑ Bloch, I., Dalibard, J., & Zwerger, W. (2008). Many-body physics with ultracold gases. Rev. Mod. Phys., 80(3), 885.
- ↑ Petrov, D. S. (2015). Quantum mechanical stabilization of a collapsing Bose–Bose mixture. Physical Review Letters, 115(15), 155302. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.155302
- ↑ Cabrera, C. R., Tanzi, L., Sanz, J., Naylor, B., Thomas, P., Cheiney, P., & Tarruell, L. (2018). Quantum liquid droplets in a mixture of Bose–Einstein condensates. Science, 359(6373), 301–304. doi:10.1126/science.aao5686
- ↑ Gorshkov, A. V.; Hermele, M.; Gurarie, V.; Xu, C.; Julienne, P. S.; Ye, J.; Zoller, P.; Demler, E.; Lukin, M. D.; Rey, A. M. (April 2010). "Two-orbital SU(N) magnetism with ultracold alkaline-earth atoms". Nature Physics. 6 (4): 289–295. arXiv:0905.2610. doi:10.1038/nphys1535.