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A Superiori knowledge is an epistemological concept developed by Polish researcher and artist Franciszek Kutrzeba[1]. It proposes a distinction between traditional forms of knowledge described as a priori (independent of experience) and a posteriori (derived from experience[2]).[3]
The concept describes knowledge creation as a process of synthesizing experience, cognition, reflection, and ideation, all affected by the knowledge agent's DNA and the Talentum, the knowledge market where the agent operates; particularly by enculturation and conformism. According to Kutrzeba, knowledge cannot be reduced entirely to either the original experience or the knowledge possessed beforehand. Biologically speaking, the genetic code provides organisms with instructions on how to physically evolve. However, the genome maintains the organism throughout an individual's life, both by affecting how organisms perceive, acquire, use, and update their knowledge base. Both the DNA and the environment develop each neurological system into a unique entity with individual flaws and strengths. Kutrzeba refers here to epigenetics, discussing how biological predispositions, experience, cognition, and social environments contribute to the emergence of individual characteristics. From the sociological perspective on the other hand, knowledge about reality derives not only from the individual experience, but also from how others perceive and create reality. Furthermore, the reflection of the passed experienced is always biased due to cognitive deficiencies and oftentimes due to logical fallacies, the afore-mentioned enculturation, and the distinctiveness of the knowledge agent's DNA.
A superiori constitutes a distinct form of knowledge creation, also referred to as epistemological and ontological superposition. One of the claims for this notion is the appearance of imperfect, irrational and unreal ideas, that have no equivalent within the physical reality..[3]
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The theory of dim and vivid knowledge from Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz’s Meditationes de cognitione, veritate et ideis (1684)[4] can be seen in this context as a priori (dim) vs a posteriori (vivid), while the idea of a superiori is the equivalent to the Ens perfectissimum - the most perfect being - serving as the supreme standard for logical consistency, positive reality, and ultimately the feeling of flow.
The concept of a superiori is an attempt to reconsider and solve the longstanding philosophical dichotomies, particularly the divide between rationalism and empiricism and, more broadly, between idealism and materialism.[5]
Rather than assigning the primary source of knowledge exclusively to reason or to sensory experience, a superiori knowledge creation emphasizes their interaction and transformation into something epistemically new. Similar to the dialectical contradictions proposed by Nonaka, Takeuchi, Toyama et alia [6][7][8]. In this sense, the concept presupposes both the space and time to be necessary conditions for the transfer to occur, treating knowledge as an emergent process involving both the cognitive subject, the knowledge market, and the experienced world by the self and the self of other knowledge agents. The knowledge market for Kutrzeba (2022) comprises the inter-subjective and in the case of objective truths as mathematical axioms, the objective perception.
The concept of both apriorism, a posteriorism and a superiorism is discussed in relation to epistemology, cognition, knowledge management, learning, creativity, and artificial intelligence, particularly in considering how new knowledge emerges from the interaction between observation, and cognitive processes, between what is felt and perceived, and what is real on the other. With the concept of a superiori knowledge creation, Kutrzeba rejects the Cartesian dualism[9] but contrary to Leibniz[10] among others, accepts the existence of a material world as a real tangible (physical and sensory) additive to the world of ideas.
The idea of a superiori reasoning can be also discussed in reference to the common-coding approach proposed by Wolfgang Prinz[11], because of the simultaneous and infinite evolutionary processes of genetics, biology, psychology, and the sociological aspects of the human life. Finally, Kutrzeba's concept of Talentum, the knowledge market, evolves and is the result of action-perception interaction within the social arena. The exception and addition to inter alia Prinz's theory on the creation of the consciousness, and perception of the self[12], is that Kutrzeba claims that every individual genome and its cognitive body have a unique mechanism of reflecting upon the knowledge exchange on the market. A claim for the support of the individual contribution to the knowledge community.
References
[edit]- ↑ "Dr Franciszek Kutrzeba". Gdańsk University of Technology. Retrieved 2026-09-06.
- ↑ Russell, Bruce (2024). Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.). A Priori Justification and Knowledge (Summer 2024 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 2026-09-06.
- 1 2 Kutrzeba, Franciszek (2022). Skills mismatch in the context of technological change (1 ed.). Gdańsk: Gdańsk University of Technology Publishing House. ISBN 978-83-7348-863-2.
- ↑ Adams, Robert Merrihew (1999). "The Ens Perfectissimum". Leibniz: Determinist, Theist, Idealist. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2026-09-20.
- ↑ Vanzo, Alberto (2016). "Empiricism and Rationalism in Nineteenth-Century Histories of Philosophy". Journal of the History of Ideas. 77 (2): 253–282. doi:10.1353/jhi.2016.0017. Retrieved 2026-09-06.
- ↑ Nonaka, Ikujiro (1994). "A Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation". Organization Science. 5 (1). INFORMS: 14–37. ISSN 1047-7039. Retrieved 2026-09-06.
- ↑ Nonaka, Ikujiro; Ryoko Toyama; Noboru Konno (2000). "SECI, Ba and Leadership: A Unified Model of Dynamic Knowledge Creation". Long Range Planning. 33 (1): 5–34. doi:10.1016/S0024-6301(99)00115-6. Retrieved 2026-09-06.
- ↑ Nonaka, Ikujiro, and Hirotaka Takeuchi, 'Creating Knowledge in Practice', The Knowledge-Creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation (New York, NY, 1995; online edn, Oxford Academic, 31 Oct. 2023), https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195092691.003.0004, accessed 20 Sept. 2026.
- ↑ Smelser, Neil J.; Baltes, Paul B., eds. (2001). International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. Pergamon/Elsevier.
- ↑ Warmke, Craig (2021). "Leibnizian idealism". Leibniz: Determinist, Theist, Idealist (1 ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 167–178. doi:10.4324/9781003202851-14. ISBN 978-1-003-20285-1.
- ↑ Prinz, Wolfgang (1992). "Why don't we perceive our brain states?". European Journal of Cognitive Psychology. 4 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1080/09541449208406240.
- ↑ Prinz, Wolfgang (2019). "Import theory: The social making of consciousness". Journal of Consciousness Studies. 26 (3–4): 112–130.