List of mental disorders in the DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR

This is a list of mental disorders as defined in the DSM-IV, the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Published by the American Psychiatry Association (APA), it was released in May 1994, superseding the DSM-III-R (1987). This list also includes updates featured in the text revision of the DSM-IV, the DSM-IV-TR, released in July 2000.

Similar to the DSM-III-R, the DSM-IV-TR was created to bridge the gap between the DSM-IV and the next major release, then named DSM-V (eventually titled DSM-5). The DSM-IV-TR contains expanded descriptions of disorders. Wordings were clarified and errors were corrected. The categorizations and the diagnostic criteria were largely unchanged. No new disorders or conditions were introduced, although a small number of subtypes were added and removed. ICD-9-CM codes that were changed since the release of IV were updated. The DSM-IV and the DSM-IV-TR both contain a total of 297 mental disorders.

For an alphabetical list, see List of mental disorders in the DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR (alphabetical).

Disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence

Mental retardation

• 317 Mild mental retardation
• 318.0 Moderate mental retardation
• 318.1 Severe mental retardation
• 318.2 Profound mental retardation
• 319 Mental retardation, severity unspecified

Learning disorders

• 315.00 Reading disorder
• 315.1 Mathematics disorder
• 315.2 Disorder of written expression
• 315.9 Learning disorder NOS

Motor skills disorders

• 315.4 Developmental coordination disorder

Communication disorders

• 315.31 Expressive language disorder
• 315.32 Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder (coded 315.31 in the DSM-IV)
• 315.39 Phonological disorder
• 307.0 Stuttering
• 307.9 Communication disorder NOS

Pervasive developmental disorders

• 299.00 Autistic disorder
• 299.80 Rett's disorder
• 299.10 Childhood disintegrative disorder
• 299.80 Asperger syndrome
• 299.80 PDD-NOS

Attention-deficit and disruptive behavior disorders

• 314.xx Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
  • .01 Combined subtype
  • .01 Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive subtype
  • .00 Predominantly inattentive subtype
  • .9 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder NOS
• 312.xx Conduct disorder (coded 312.8 in the DSM-IV)
  • .81 Childhood-onset type (code included only in the DSM-IV-TR)
  • .82 Adolescent-onset type (code included only in the DSM-IV-TR)
  • .89 Unspecified onset (code included only in the DSM-IV-TR)
• 313.81 Oppositional defiant disorder
• 312.9 Disruptive Behavior Disorder NOS

Feeding and eating disorders of infancy or early childhood

• 307.52 Pica
• 307.53 Rumination disorder
• 307.59 Feeding disorder of infancy or early childhood

Tic disorders

• 307.23 Tourette's disorder
• 307.22 Chronic motor or vocal tic disorder
• 307.21 Transient tic disorder
• 307.20 Tic disorder NOS

Elimination disorders

• 307.6 Enuresis (not due to a general medical condition)
• 307.7 Encopresis, without constipation and overflow incontinence
• 787.6 Encopresis, with constipation and overflow incontinence

Other disorders of infancy, childhood, or adolescence

• 309.21 Separation anxiety disorder
• 313.23 Selective mutism
• 313.89 Reactive attachment disorder of infancy or early childhood
• 307.3 Stereotypic movement disorder
• 313.9 Disorder of infancy, childhood, or adolescence NOS

Delirium, dementia, and amnestic and other cognitive disorders

Delirium

• 293.0 Delirium due to... [indicate the general medical condition]
• 780.09 Delirium NOS

Dementia

• 294.xx Dementia of the Alzheimer's type, with early onset (coded 290.xx in the DSM-IV)
  • .10 Without behavioral disturbance (DSM-IV-TR only)
  • .11 With behavioral disturbance (DSM-IV-TR only)
  • .10 Uncomplicated (DSM-IV only)
  • .11 With delirium (DSM-IV only)
  • .12 With delusions (DSM-IV only)
  • .13 With depressed mood (DSM-IV only)
• 294.xx Dementia of the Alzheimer's type, with late onset (coded 290.xx in the DSM-IV)
  • .10 Without behavioral disturbance (DSM-IV-TR only)
  • .11 With behavioral disturbance (DSM-IV-TR only)
  • .0 Uncomplicated (DSM-IV only)
  • .3 With delirium (DSM-IV only)
  • .20 With delusions (DSM-IV only)
  • .21 With depressed mood (DSM-IV only)
• 290.xx Vascular dementia
  • .40 Uncomplicated
  • .41 With delirium
  • .42 With delusions
  • .43 With depressed mood
• 294.1x Dementia due to HIV disease (coded 294.9 in the DSM-IV)
• 294.1x Dementia due to head trauma (coded 294.1 in the DSM-IV)
• 294.1x Dementia due to Parkinson's disease (coded 294.9 in the DSM-IV)
• 294.1x Dementia due to Huntington's disease (coded 294.1 in the DSM-IV)
• 294.1x Dementia due to Pick's disease (coded 290.10 in the DSM-IV)
• 294.1x Dementia due to Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (coded 290.10 in the DSM-IV)
• 294.1x Dementia due to ... [Indicate the general medical condition not listed above] (coded 294.1 in the DSM-IV)
• 294.8 Dementia NOS

Amnestic disorders

• 294.0 Amnestic disorder due to... [indicate the general medical condition]
• 294.8 Amnestic disorder NOS

Other cognitive disorders

• 294.9 Cognitive disorder NOS

Mental disorders due to a general medical condition not elsewhere classified

• 293.89 Catatonic disorder due to... [indicate the general medical condition]
• 310.1 Personality change due to... [indicate the general medical condition]
  • (Subtypes: Labile, Disinhibited, Aggressive, Apathetic, Paranoid, Other, Combined, Unspecified)
• 293.9 Mental disorder NOS due to... [indicate the general medical condition]

Substance-related disorders

Alcohol-related disorders

Alcohol use disorders

• 303.90 Alcohol dependence
• 305.00 Alcohol abuse

Alcohol-induced disorders

• 303.00 Alcohol intoxication
• 291.81 Alcohol withdrawal (coded 291.8 in the DSM-IV)
• 291.0 Alcohol intoxication delirium
• 291.0 Alcohol withdrawal delirium
• 291.2 Alcohol-induced persisting dementia
• 291.1 Alcohol-induced persisting amnestic disorder
• 291.x Alcohol-induced psychotic disorder
  • .5 With delusions
  • .3 With hallucinations
• 291.89 Alcohol-induced mood disorder (coded 291.8 in the DSM-IV)
• 291.89 Alcohol-induced anxiety disorder (coded 291.8 in the DSM-IV)
• 291.89 Alcohol-induced sexual dysfunction (coded 291.8 in the DSM-IV)
• 291.89 Alcohol-induced sleep disorder (coded 291.8 in the DSM-IV)
• 291.9 Alcohol-related disorder NOS

Amphetamine (or amphetamine-like)-related disorders

Amphetamine use disorders

• 304.40 Amphetamine dependence
• 305.70 Amphetamine abuse

Amphetamine-induced disorders

• 292.89 Amphetamine intoxication
• 292.0 Amphetamine withdrawal
• 292.81 Amphetamine intoxication delirium
• 292.xx Amphetamine-induced psychotic disorder
  • .11 With delusions
  • .12 With hallucinations
• 292.84 Amphetamine-induced mood disorder
• 292.89 Amphetamine-induced anxiety disorder
• 292.89 Amphetamine-induced sexual dysfunction
• 292.89 Amphetamine-induced sleep disorder
• 292.9 Amphetamine-related disorder NOS

Caffeine-related disorders

Caffeine-induced disorders

• 305.90 Caffeine intoxication
• 292.89 Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder
• 292.89 Caffeine-induced sleep disorder
• 292.9 Caffeine-related disorder NOS

Cannabis-related disorders

Cannabis use disorders

• 304.30 Cannabis dependence
• 305.20 Cannabis abuse

Cannabis-induced disorders

• 292.89 Cannabis intoxication
• 292.81 Cannabis intoxication delirium
• 292.xx Cannabis-induced psychotic disorder
  • .11 With delusions
  • .12 With hallucinations
• 292.89 Cannabis-induced anxiety disorder
• 292.9 Cannabis-related disorder NOS

Cocaine-related disorders

Cocaine use disorders

• 304.20 Cocaine dependence
• 305.60 Cocaine abuse

Cocaine-induced disorders

• 292.89 Cocaine intoxication
• 292.0 Cocaine withdrawal
• 292.81 Cocaine intoxication delirium
• 292.xx Cocaine-induced psychotic disorder
  • .11 With delusions
  • .12 With hallucinations
• 292.84 Cocaine-induced mood disorder
• 292.89 Cocaine-induced anxiety disorder
• 292.89 Cocaine-induced sexual dysfunction
• 292.89 Cocaine-induced sleep disorder
• 292.9 Cocaine-related disorder NOS

Hallucinogen-related disorders

Hallucinogen use disorders

• 304.50 Hallucinogen dependence
• 305.30 Hallucinogen abuse

Hallucinogen-induced disorders

• 292.89 Hallucinogen intoxication
• 292.89 Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (Flashbacks)
• 292.81 Hallucinogen intoxication delirium
• 292.xx Hallucinogen-induced psychotic disorder
  • .11 With delusions
  • .12 With hallucinations
• 292.84 Hallucinogen-induced mood disorder
• 292.89 Hallucinogen-induced anxiety disorder
• 292.9 Hallucinogen-related disorder NOS

Inhalant-related disorders

Inhalant use disorders

• 304.60 Inhalant dependence
• 305.90 Inhalant abuse

Inhalant-induced disorders

• 292.89 Inhalant intoxication
• 292.81 Inhalant intoxication delirium
• 292.82 Inhalant-induced persisting dementia
• 292.xx Inhalant-induced psychotic disorder
  • .11 With delusions
  • .12 With hallucinations
• 292.84 Inhalant-induced mood disorder
• 292.89 Inhalant-induced anxiety disorder
• 292.9 Inhalant-related disorder NOS

Nicotine-related disorders

Nicotine use disorder

• 305.1 Nicotine dependence (coded 305.10 in the DSM-IV)

Nicotine-induced disorder

• 292.0 Nicotine withdrawal
• 292.9 Nicotine-related disorder NOS

Opioid-related disorders

Opioid use disorders

• 304.00 Opioid dependence
• 305.50 Opioid abuse

Opioid-induced disorders

• 292.89 Opioid intoxication
• 292.0 Opioid withdrawal
• 292.81 Opioid intoxication delirium
• 292.xx Opioid-induced psychotic disorder
  • .11 With delusions
  • .12 With hallucinations
• 292.84 Opioid-induced mood disorder
• 292.89 Opioid-induced sexual dysfunction
• 292.89 Opioid-induced sleep disorder
• 292.9 Opioid-related disorder NOS

Phencyclidine (or phencyclidine-like) related disorders

Phencyclidine use disorders

• 304.60 Phencyclidine dependence (coded 304.90 in the DSM-IV)
• 305.90 Phencyclidine abuse

Phencyclidine-induced disorders

• 292.89 Phencyclidine intoxication
• 292.81 Phencyclidine intoxication delirium
• 292.xx Phencyclidine-induced psychotic disorder
  • .11 With delusions
  • .12 With hallucinations
• 292.84 Phencyclidine-induced mood disorder
• 292.89 Phencyclidine-induced anxiety disorder
• 292.9 Phencyclidine-related disorder NOS

Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-related disorders

Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic use disorders

• 304.10 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic dependence
• 305.40 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic abuse

Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced disorders

• 292.89 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic intoxication
• 292.0 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic withdrawal
• 292.81 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic intoxication delirium
• 292.81 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic withdrawal delirium
• 292.82 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced persisting dementia
• 292.83 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced persisting amnestic disorder
• 292.xx Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced psychotic disorder
  • .11 With delusions
  • .12 With hallucinations
• 292.84 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced mood disorder
• 292.89 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced anxiety disorder
• 292.89 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced sexual dysfunction
• 292.89 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced sleep disorder
• 292.9 Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-related disorder NOS

Polysubstance-related disorder

• 304.80 Polysubstance dependence

Other (or unknown) substance-related disorders

Other (or unknown) substance use disorders

• 304.90 Other (or unknown) substance dependence
• 305.90 Other (or unknown) substance abuse

Other (or unknown) substance-induced disorders

• 292.89 Other (or unknown) substance intoxication
• 292.0 Other (or unknown) substance withdrawal
• 292.81 Other (or unknown) substance-induced delirium
• 292.82 Other (or unknown) substance-induced persisting dementia
• 292.83 Other (or unknown) substance-induced persisting amnestic disorder
• 292.xx Other (or unknown) substance-induced psychotic disorder
  • .11 With delusions
  • .12 With hallucinations
• 292.84 Other (or unknown) substance-induced mood disorder
• 292.89 Other (or unknown) substance-induced anxiety disorder
• 292.89 Other (or unknown) substance-induced sexual dysfunction
• 292.89 Other (or unknown) substance-induced sleep disorder
• 292.9 Other (or unknown) substance-related disorder NOS

Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders

• 295.xx Schizophrenia
  • 295.20 Catatonic type
  • 295.10 Disorganized type
  • 295.30 Paranoid type
  • 295.60 Residual type
  • 295.90 Undifferentiated type
• 295.40 Schizophreniform disorder
• 295.70 Schizoaffective disorder
• 297.1 Delusional disorder
  • Erotomanic subtype
  • Grandiose subtype
  • Jealous subtype
  • Persecutory subtype
  • Somatic subtype
  • Mixed type
• 298.8 Brief psychotic disorder
• 297.3 Shared psychotic disorder
• Psychotic disorder due to ... [indicate the general medical condition]
  • 293.81 With delusions
  • 293.82 With hallucinations
• 298.9 Psychotic disorder NOS

Mood disorders

• 293.83 Mood disorder due to ... [indicate the general medical condition]
• 296.90 Mood disorder NOS

Depressive disorders

• 296.xx Major depressive disorder
  • .2x Major depressive disorder, single episode
    • .26 In full remission
    • .25 In partial remission
    • .21 Mild
    • .22 Moderate
    • .23 Severe without psychotic features
    • .24 Severe with psychotic features
    • .20 Unspecified
  • .3x Major depressive disorder, recurrent
    • .36 In full remission
    • .35 In partial remission
    • .31 Mild
    • .32 Moderate
    • .33 Severe without psychotic features
    • .34 Severe with psychotic features
    • .30 Unspecified
• 300.4 Dysthymic disorder
• 311 Depressive disorder NOS

Bipolar disorders

• 296.xx Bipolar I disorder
  • .5x Bipolar I disorder, most recent episode depressed
    • .56 In full remission
    • .55 In partial remission
    • .51 Mild
    • .52 Moderate
    • .53 Severe without psychotic features
    • .54 Severe with psychotic features
    • .50 Unspecified
  • .40 Bipolar I disorder, most recent episode hypomanic
  • .4x Bipolar I disorder, most recent episode manic
    • .46 In full remission
    • .45 In partial remission
    • .41 Mild
    • .42 Moderate
    • .43 Severe without psychotic features
    • .44 Severe with psychotic features
    • .40 Unspecified
  • .6x Bipolar I disorder, most recent episode mixed
    • .66 In full remission
    • .65 In partial remission
    • .61 Mild
    • .62 Moderate
    • .63 Severe without psychotic features
    • .64 Severe with psychotic features
    • .60 Unspecified
  • .7 Bipolar I disorder, most recent episode unspecified
  • .0x Bipolar I disorder, single manic episode
    • .06 In full remission
    • .05 In partial remission
    • .01 Mild
    • .02 Moderate
    • .03 Severe without psychotic features
    • .04 Severe with psychotic features
    • .00 Unspecified
  • 296.89 Bipolar II disorder
• 301.13 Cyclothymic disorder
• 296.80 Bipolar disorder NOS

Anxiety disorders

• 300.01 Panic disorder without agoraphobia
• 300.21 Panic disorder with agoraphobia
• 300.22 Agoraphobia without history of panic disorder
• 300.29 Specific phobia
• 300.23 Social phobia
• 300.3 Obsessive–compulsive disorder
• 309.81 Posttraumatic stress disorder
• 308.3 Acute stress disorder
• 300.02 Generalized anxiety disorder
• 293.84 Anxiety disorder due to ... [indicate the general medical condition] (coded 293.89 in the DSM-IV)
• 300.00 Anxiety disorder NOS

Somatoform disorders

• 300.81 Somatization disorder
• 300.82 Undifferentiated somatoform disorder (coded 300.81 in the DSM-IV)
• 300.11 Conversion disorder
• 307.xx Pain disorder
  • 307.80 Associated with psychological factors
  • 307.89 Associated with both psychological factors and a general medical condition
• 300.7 Hypochondriasis
• 300.7 Body dysmorphic disorder
• 300.82 Somatoform disorder NOS (coded 300.81 in the DSM-IV)

Factitious disorders

• 300.xx Factitious disorder
  • .19 With combined psychological and physical signs and symptoms
  • .19 With predominantly physical signs and symptoms
  • .16 With predominantly psychological signs and symptoms
• 300.19 Factitious disorder NOS

Dissociative disorders

• 300.12 Dissociative amnesia
• 300.13 Dissociative fugue
• 300.14 Dissociative identity disorder
• 300.6 Depersonalization disorder
• 300.15 Dissociative disorder NOS

Sexual and gender identity disorders

Sexual dysfunctions

Sexual desire disorders

• 302.71 Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
• 302.79 Sexual aversion disorder

Sexual arousal disorders

• 302.72 Female sexual arousal disorder
• 302.72 Male erectile disorder

Orgasmic disorders

• 302.73 Female orgasmic disorder
• 302.74 Male orgasmic disorder
• 302.75 Premature ejaculation

Sexual pain disorders

• 302.76 Dyspareunia (not due to a general medical condition)
• 306.51 Vaginismus (not due to a general medical condition)

Sexual dysfunction due to a general medical condition

• 625.8 Female hypoactive sexual desire disorder due to ... [indicate the general medical condition]
• 608.89 Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder due to ... [indicate the general medical condition]
• 607.84 Male erectile disorder due to ... [indicate the general medical condition]
• 625.0 Female dyspareunia due to ... [indicate the general medical condition]
• 608.89 Male dyspareunia due to ... [indicate the general medical condition]
• 625.8 Other female sexual dysfunction due to ... [indicate the general medical condition]
• 608.89 Other male sexual dysfunction due to ... [indicate the general medical condition]
• 302.70 Sexual dysfunction NOS

Paraphilias

See also: List of paraphilias

• 302.4 Exhibitionism
• 302.81 Fetishism
• 302.89 Frotteurism
• 302.2 Pedophilia
• 302.83 Sexual masochism
• 302.84 Sexual sadism
• 302.3 Transvestic fetishism
• 302.82 Voyeurism
• 302.9 Paraphilia NOS

Gender identity disorders

• 302.xx Gender identity disorder
  • .6 in children
  • .85 in adolescents or adults
• 302.6 Gender identity disorder NOS
• 302.9 Sexual disorder NOS

Eating disorders

• 307.1 Anorexia nervosa
• 307.51 Bulimia nervosa
• 307.50 Eating disorder NOS

Sleep disorders

Primary sleep disorders

Dyssomnias

• 307.44 Primary hypersomnia
• 307.42 Primary insomnia
• 347 Narcolepsy
• 780.59 Breathing-related sleep disorder
• 307.45 Circadian rhythm sleep disorder
• 307.47 Dyssomnia NOS

Parasomnias

• 307.47 Nightmare disorder
• 307.46 Sleep terror disorder
• 307.46 Sleepwalking disorder
• 307.47 Parasomnia NOS

Sleep disorders related to another mental disorder

• 307.42 Insomnia Related to ... [indicate the Axis I or Axis II disorder]
• 307.44 Hypersomnia Related to ... [indicate the Axis I or Axis II disorder]

Other sleep disorders

• 780.xx Sleep disorder due to... [indicate the general medical condition]
  • .54 Hypersomnia type
  • .52 Insomnia type
  • .59 Mixed type
  • .59 Parasomnia type

Impulse-control disorders not elsewhere classified

• 312.34 Intermittent explosive disorder
• 312.32 Kleptomania
• 312.31 Pathological gambling
• 312.33 Pyromania
• 312.39 Trichotillomania
• 312.30 Impulse-control disorder NOS

Adjustment disorders

• 309.xx Adjustment disorders
  • .9 Unspecified
  • .24 With anxiety
  • .0 With depressed mood
  • .3 With disturbance of conduct
  • .28 With mixed anxiety and depressed mood
  • .4 With mixed disturbance of emotions and conduct

Personality disorders (Axis II)

Cluster A (odd or eccentric):

• 301.0 Paranoid personality disorder
• 301.20 Schizoid personality disorder
• 301.22 Schizotypal personality disorder

Cluster B (dramatic, emotional, or erratic):

• 301.7 Antisocial personality disorder
• 301.83 Borderline personality disorder
• 301.50 Histrionic personality disorder
• 301.81 Narcissistic personality disorder

Cluster C (anxious or fearful):

• 301.82 Avoidant personality disorder
• 301.6 Dependent personality disorder
• 301.4 Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder

NOS:

• 301.9 Personality disorder not otherwise specified

Other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention

Psychological factors affecting medical condition

• 316 ... [Specified psychological factor] affecting ... [indicate the general medical condition]

Medication-induced movement disorders

• 332.1 Neuroleptic-induced Parkinsonism
• 333.92 Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
• 333.7 Neuroleptic-induced acute dystonia
• 333.99 Neuroleptic-induced acute akathisia
• 333.82 Neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia
• 333.1 Medication-induced postural tremor
• 333.90 Medication-induced movement disorder NOS

Other medication-induced disorder

• 995.2 Adverse effects of medication NOS

Relational problems

• V61.9 Relational problem related to a mental disorder or general medical condition
• V61.20 Parent-child relational problem
• V61.10 Partner relational problem (coded V61.1 in the DSM-IV)
• V61.8 Sibling relational problem
• V62.81 Relational problem NOS

Problems related to abuse or neglect

• V61.21 Physical abuse of Child
• V61.21 Sexual abuse of child
• V61.21 Neglect of child
• ___.__ Physical abuse of adult (coded V61.1 in the DSM-IV)
  • V61.12 if by partner (included only in the DSM-IV-TR)
  • V62.83 if by person other than partner (included only in the DSM-IV-TR)
• ___.__ Sexual abuse of adult (coded V61.1 in the DSM-IV)
  • V61.12 if by partner (included only in the DSM-IV-TR)
  • V62.83 if by person other than partner (included only in the DSM-IV-TR)

Additional conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention

• V15.81 Noncompliance with treatment
• V65.2 Malingering
• V71.01 Adult antisocial behavior
• V71.02 Child or adolescent antisocial behavior
• V62.89 Borderline intellectual functioning
• 780.9 Age-related cognitive decline
• V62.82 Bereavement
• V62.3 Academic problem
• V62.2 Occupational problem
• 313.82 Identity problem
• V62.89 Religious or spiritual problem
• V62.4 Acculturation problem
• V62.89 Phase of life problem

Additional codes

• 300.9 Unspecified mental disorder (nonpsychotic)
• V71.09 No diagnosis or condition on Axis I
• 799.9 Diagnosis or condition deferred on Axis I
• V71.09 No diagnosis on Axis II
• 799.9 Diagnosis deferred on Axis II

See also

• Classification of mental disorders
• Clinical coder
• DSM-5#Changes from DSM-IV
• List of ICD-9 codes 290–319: mental disorders

External links

• Official website of the DSM-IV-TR, published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA, via archive.org)