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Chiang Mai Metropolitan Area

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Chiang Mai Metropolitan Area
Greater Chiang Mai
เขตมหานครเชียงใหม่
Urban agglomeration
Aerial view of Chiang Mai
Area
 • Urban agglomeration
1,500.11 km2 (579.20 sq mi)
 • Metro
3,142.16 km2 (1,213.19 sq mi)
Population
 (2024 census)
 • Urban agglomeration
697,683
(Registered residents)
 • Density465.088/km2 (1,204.57/sq mi)
 • Metro
1,059,462
 • Metro density337.176/km2 (873.283/sq mi)
 • Metro Estimate (2026)
1,200,000
Map showing the urban build-up density and spatial distribution within the Greater Chiang Mai area, Northern Thailand.

The Chiang Mai Metropolitan Area (Thai: เขตมหานครเชียงใหม่) is the continuously built-up urban agglomeration centred on Chiang Mai city in northern Thailand. Extending beyond the administrative boundary of Mueang Chiang Mai district into neighbouring areas including Hang Dong, San Sai, Mae Rim, Saraphi, San Kamphaeng, and Doi Saket,[1][2] it has a combined population of more than one million, making it the third-largest urban agglomeration in Thailand after the Bangkok Metropolitan Region and the Eastern Seaboard conurbation.[3]

As the economic, educational, and cultural centre of northern Thailand, the metropolitan area is driven by tourism, commerce, higher education—anchored by Chiang Mai University—and a rapidly expanding digital and creative economy that has repeatedly ranked the city among the world's leading destinations for remote workers and digital entrepreneurs. Despite its economic and functional integration, the metropolitan area is not a single administrative entity. Instead, it is governed through a fragmented system of municipalities and subdistrict administrative organisations across multiple districts, leaving metropolitan-scale planning and infrastructure provision divided among local and central government agencies.[4]

This governance structure has led to recurring proposals for the creation of a unified metropolitan authority, most notably the Chiang Mai Mahanakhon (เชียงใหม่มหานคร) initiative, which would model a self-governing metropolitan administration on the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration.[5] However, Chiang Mai Mahanakhon remains a proposed administrative reform rather than a geographical entity. By contrast, the term Chiang Mai Metropolitan Area—commonly abbreviated CMMA in academic literature—refers to the continuous urban agglomeration itself,[1] while Greater Chiang Mai is used in planning and academic contexts to describe the broader Chiang Mai–Lamphun metropolitan region.[6][7]: e 

Geography

[edit]

Chiang Mai is located approximately 700 kilometres north of Bangkok, nestled among the highest mountain ranges in Thailand, at an elevation of approximately 310 metres above sea level.[3] The metropolitan core is situated in the Ping River valley and is bounded by mountainous terrain to the north, west, and south, which historically shaped its compact urban form before sprawling outward along road corridors into adjacent districts such as Hang Dong, San Sai, Mae Rim, and Doi Saket.[7]: 1 [8]: 60 [9]: 78 [10]: 144 [1]: 14–16  Research on the city's urban thermal environment has used spatial analysis to classify Local Atmospheric Zones (LAZ), reflecting the complex mix of dense urban cores, suburban residential areas, agricultural fringes, and forested foothills that characterise the metropolitan landscape.[11][1]: 10–11 

The idea of distributing growth beyond the historic core has earlier roots still: by the mid-1990s, Chiang Mai's comprehensive plan (Revision No. 2) had already designated six suburban sub-centres—Mae Rim, Mae Joh, San Sai Luang, Ton Pao, Yang Noeng, and Hang Dong—as part of a policy shift from a single-centre (monocentric) to a multi-centre (polycentric) urban structure, each intended to absorb residential, commercial, and social-service functions on behalf of its surrounding area.[12]: 1, 24  For San Sai Luang—the largest of these designated sub-centres—the accompanying development plan set out a tiered zoning scheme distinguishing high-, medium-, and low-density residential, commercial, and light-industrial areas based on a physical-suitability analysis of flood risk, seismic conditions, and infrastructure readiness, together with a proposed outer ring road (Ring Road 3) intended to connect the suburban sub-centres to one another without routing traffic through central Chiang Mai.[12]: 86–89, 94, 97  As early as 2005, urban planners from the Department of Public Works and Town & Country Planning proposed integrating the land-use and zoning plans of Chiang Mai and neighbouring Lamphun under a "Greater Chiang Mai" concept, envisioning a shared metropolitan structure with a new satellite city, airport, and industrial estate at Ban Thi district—an early precursor to the present-day debate over metropolitan governance.[6]

Economy and tourism

[edit]
Chiang Mai Night Bazaar in 2012

Chiang Mai is the economic and cultural capital of Northern Thailand, described as the centre of transportation, economy, education, and tourism for the region and the wider Greater Mekong Subregion.[citation needed] Its metropolitan economy is driven by tourism, commerce, and education, alongside a growing digital and creative economy: since 2013 the city has hosted a regional branch of the government's Thailand Creative & Design Center (TCDC), reflecting national policy that identified Chiang Mai as having the country's strongest potential for creative-economy development after Bangkok,[13] and the city has seen recent growth in its digital output, hosting an active IT-tech cluster alongside its long-established craft and design industries.[14]

The city is home to Chiang Mai University (CMU), the first institution of higher education established in northern Thailand and one of Thailand's designated National Research Universities;[15] as of the 2026 QS World University Rankings, the university placed 526th globally.[16]

Tourism is a major pillar of the economy. Chiang Mai attracts visitors through its historic walled city (the Old City), its numerous Buddhist temples, proximity to hill-tribe villages and national parks, and markets including the Night Bazaar and Sunday Walking Street; the city received more than 10 million tourist arrivals in 2018 alone, including some 3.2 million from overseas, according to figures from the Chiang Mai Chamber of Commerce.[17] Building on this base, the city has also emerged as a popular destination for digital nomads and long-stay travellers, drawn by its co-working infrastructure and growing business ecosystem: in June 2026, Forbes named Chiang Mai one of the world's eight leading destinations for digital nomads and creators, alongside cities such as Lisbon, Bali, and Medellín.[18]

Urban challenges

[edit]

The Chiang Mai Metropolitan Area faces significant environmental and infrastructural pressures. The most acute is seasonal air pollution: during the dry season (typically February to April), agricultural burning and forest fires produce hazardous levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and the region has repeatedly recorded some of the worst air quality measurements in the world during these periods.[19][20] Urban expansion has simultaneously placed growing pressure on wastewater treatment, solid waste management, and transport infrastructure;[9]: 76 [21]: 349  a 2015 UN-ESCAP study found that Chiang Mai's historic walled city still relies on an inadequate combined drainage and septic-tank system unable to keep pace with tourism-driven development.[3] Comparable gaps have been documented in peri-urban sub-centres: a case study of San Sai Luang found seasonal flooding recurring roughly twice a year along local waterways because of insufficient drainage capacity, alongside wastewater from surrounding residential areas being discharged untreated directly into streams.[12]: 42–45, 62–64 

Rot daeng (lit. 'red songthaew') shared taxis, a principal form of public transport in the Chiang Mai metropolitan area in the absence of a fixed-route mass transit system.

The absence of a metropolitan-wide mass transit system is frequently cited as the clearest example of this governance gap. Despite decades of discussion, Chiang Mai—Thailand's third-largest urban centre—remains without a fixed-route public bus or rail network, relying instead on unregulated shared taxis called rot daeng (รถแดง) and ride-hailing apps.[22][8]: 67 [10]: 144  Commentators have traced this outcome to the lack of a single provincial-level body with the authority and budget to plan and operate transit across municipal boundaries, leaving investment fragmented among individual local governments and private operators with no coordinated network.[23] A 2016 master plan by the Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning proposed a three-line light rail transit (LRT) network with feeder bus routes, but implementation has stalled for years amid changes in the responsible state agency.[24][21]: 350  During the 2023 general election campaign, candidates and academics from Chiang Mai University identified the concentration of transport-planning authority in central-government agencies, rather than technology or funding alone, as the core structural obstacle to building a mass transit system for the city.[25][8]: 60 

Population and administration

[edit]

The city proper of Chiang Mai covers an area of about 40.216 km², with a registered population of over 150,000 and a population density of approximately 3,687 persons per km². The wider metropolitan area—including peri-urban and suburban communities that form part of the continuous built-up zone—has a combined population estimated at more than one million, making the Chiang Mai Metropolitan Area the third largest urban agglomeration in Thailand after Bangkok and the Eastern Seaboard metropolitan area (Chonburi–Rayong urban agglomeration).[3]

Despite forming a single continuous urban area, the metropolitan region has no unified metropolitan authority and is instead divided among almost one hundred local government units—up from just 47 local administrative bodies (one provincial administrative organisation, one city municipality, 28 sanitary districts, and 17 subdistrict administrative organisations) recorded for the whole of Chiang Mai province in 1994[12]: 11 —distributed across several districts (amphoe), including Mueang Chiang Mai, Hang Dong, Saraphi, San Sai—whose San Sai Luang community was designated the largest of the city's six official suburban sub-centres under the mid-1990s comprehensive plan[12]: 1 —Mae Rim, San Kamphaeng, and Doi Saket. Depending on the definition adopted, the metropolitan area may refer either to the statutory comprehensive planning area or to the broader academic definition that additionally includes urbanised areas beyond the legal planning boundary. The southwestern district, San Pa Tong, illustrates the limits of both definitions: it is not included in either the comprehensive plan boundary or the Greater Chiang Mai definition,[2] yet it functions in practice as an area absorbing the outward growth of Chiang Mai city. This is reflected in road investment linking the district to the city, notably the grade-separated underpass on the Sanpatong–Hang Dong bypass, part of the route connecting downtown Chiang Mai through Hang Dong, San Pa Tong, and Chom Thong (traditionally served by Highway 108).[26] Mae On, to the east of the metropolitan core, is a similar edge case: like San Pa Tong, it falls outside both the comprehensive plan boundary and the Greater Chiang Mai definition, but is nonetheless included within the ten-district academic definition of the "Chiang Mai metropolitan area" used in epidemiological research on urbanisation in the region.[27]

Map of the local government units comprising the Chiang Mai metropolitan region and Greater Chiang Mai. Numbers correspond to those in the table below.

Under Thailand's highly centralised governance framework, each municipality and subdistrict administrative organisation functions independently with its own elected council and budget,[28] while Chiang Mai province—like all provinces outside Bangkok—is administered by a governor appointed by the central government through the Ministry of Interior rather than directly elected by residents.[28][29] Consequently, no single authority is responsible for metropolitan-wide planning or administration: academic case studies of Chiang Mai's urban development have found that the regional office of the Department of Public Works and Town and Country Planning, as an agent of the central government, lacks legal authority to enforce the city's own Comprehensive Plan, resulting in inconsistent implementation between the city and provincial levels of planning.[30][7]: 49 [8]: 62 

Commentators and civil-society groups argue that this dual fragmentation—horizontally, across dozens of local governments, and vertically, under a centrally appointed provincial administration—leaves no single body empowered to plan, finance, or coordinate metropolitan-scale infrastructure such as public transport, wastewater treatment, or air-quality management, since each project must be negotiated separately across municipal and departmental lines.[23] One proposal advanced by the civil-society group Chiang Mai Breath Council calls for consolidating the province's regional administration and Provincial Administrative Organisation into a special self-governing entity termed "Chiang Mai Metropolis" (เชียงใหม่มหานคร), modelled loosely on Bangkok's status, with a directly elected governor and metropolitan council responsible for public services, budget, and personnel across the province.[5] As of 2026, no such consolidation had been enacted, and proposals to grant local governments direct investment authority over mass-transit projects remained under discussion rather than implemented.[25]

The table below lists the constituent local government units of the Chiang Mai metropolitan region, grouped according to the definitions adopted in this article, together with their population, area, and administrative status.

Legend
No.Local governmentArea
(km2)		Population
(2024)[31]		Density
(/km2)		Ref.
EnglishThai
01Chiang Mai City Municipalityเทศบาลนครเชียงใหม่40.21113,5292,823.40
02Padeat Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลป่าแดด25.0018,118724.72[32]
03Mae Hia Town Municipalityเทศบาลเมืองแม่เหียะ24.4019,967818.32[33][34]
04Suthep Town Municipality [th]เทศบาลเมืองสุเทพ58.9516,873286.23
05Changpeuk Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลช้างเผือก6.108,7351,431.97[35]
06Changpuek Subdistrict Administrative Organizationองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลช้างเผือก23.002,04088.70[36]
07Sanphisua Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลสันผีเสื้อ12.0013,0281,085.67[37]
08Faham Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตําบลฟ้าฮ่าม2.817,1782,554.45[38][39]
09Nong Pa Khrang Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตําบลหนองป่าครั่ง2.957,3702,498.31[40][41]
10Tazala Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตําบลท่าศาลา5.707,2971,280.18[42]
11Nong Hoi Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตําบลหนองหอย3.677,9632,169.75[43]
12Chaisathan Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตําบลไชยสถาน5.836,7681,160.89[44]
13Pabong Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตําบลป่าบง5.535,012906.33[45]
14Chompoo Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตําบลชมภู13.747,964579.62[46]
15Nong Phueng Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลหนองผึ้ง12.0116,5021,374.02[47]
16Yang Noeng Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตําบลยางเนิ้ง10.0411,1791,113.45[48]
17Saraphi Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตําบลสารภี8.436,554777.46[49]
18Tha Wangthan Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลท่าวังตาล13.6312,250898.75[50]
19Donkaew Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลดอนแก้ว6.925,618811.85[51]
20Nong Faek Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลหนองแฝก8.806,882782.05[52]
21Khua Mung Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลขัวมุง10.276,071591.14[53]
22Tha Kwang Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลท่ากว้าง5.122,865559.57[54]
23San Sai Mahawong Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลสันทรายมหาวงศ์10.504,927469.24[55]
24Sop Mae Kha Subdistrict Administrative Organizationองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลสบแม่ข่า4.502,573571.78[56]
25San Phak Wan Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลสันผักหวาน14.1818,6981,318.62[57]
26Ban Waen Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลบ้านแหวน11.7211,9151,016.64[58]
27Khun Khong Subdistrict Administrative Organizationองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลขุนคง10.005,485548.50[59]
28Nong Kaeo Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลหนองแก๋ว10.006,094609.40[60]
29Han Kaeo Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลหารแก้ว10.405,958572.88[61]
30Nong Tong Pattana Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลหนองตองพัฒนา14.008,142581.57[62]
31Nong Khwai Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลหนองควาย17.4011,363653.05[63]
32Hang Dong Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลหางดง2.726,4412,368.01[64]
33Mae Tha Chang Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลแม่ท่าช้าง4.064,4701,100.99[65]
34Nam Phrae Pattana Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลน้ำแพร่พัฒนา80.557,98699.14[66]
35Ban Pong Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลบ้านปง117.345,41046.11[67]
36Don Kaeo Town Municipalityเทศบาลเมืองดอนแก้ว50.0516,117322.02[68]
37Mae Raem Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลแม่แรม110.5010,12791.65[69]
38Pong Yaeng Subdistrict Administrative Organizationองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลโป่งแยง52.2011,320216.86[70]
39Mueang Kaeo Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลเหมืองแก้ว12.277,205587.20[71]
40Mae Sa Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลแม่สา31.165,922190.05[72]
41Mae Rim Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลแม่ริม10.259,125890.24[73]
42Rim Nuea Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลริมเหนือ5.075,5151,087.77[74]
43San Pong Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลสันโป่ง21.6011,023510.32[75]
44Huai Sai Subdistrict Municipalityองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลห้วยทราย32.634,893149.95[76]
45Khilek Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลขี้เหล็ก46.617,570162.41[77]
46Saluang Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลสะลวง118.394,83640.85[78]
47San Phranet Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลสันพระเนตร6.186,3571,028.64[79]
48San Sai Luang Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลสันทรายหลวง36.0029,534820.39[80][81]
49Nong Chom Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลหนองจ๊อม12.3917,6061,420.98[82]
50San Na Meng Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลสันนาเม็ง8.9513,9681,560.67[83]
51San Pa Pao Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลสันป่าเปา6.464,944765.33[84]
52Nong Yaeng Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลหนองแหย่ง30.386,507214.19[85]
53Mueang Len Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลเมืองเล็น9.334,386470.10[86]
54Pa Phai Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลป่าไผ่49.5515,938321.65[87][88]
55Mae Jo Town Municipality [th]เทศบาลเมืองแม่โจ้19.4623,1881,191.57[89]
56Nong Han Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลหนองหาร28.286,650235.15[90]
57Chedi Mae Khrua Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลเจดีย์แม่ครัว58.758,565145.79[91]
58Mae Faek Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลแม่แฝก87.688,983102.45[92]
59San Pu Loei Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลสันปูเลย19.0918,711980.15[93]
60San Klang Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลสันกลาง8.88,786998.41[94]
61Ton Pao Town Municipality [th]เทศบาลเมืองต้นเปา15.620,6821,325.77[95]
TotalChiang Mai Metropolitan Area (comprehensive plan boundary)1,500.11697,683465.09N/a
62San Kamphaeng Subdistrict Administrative Organizationองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลสันกำแพง8.487,557891.16[96]
63Buak Khang Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลบวกค้าง31.488,768278.53[97]
64San Kamphaeng Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลสันกำแพง22.7117,475769.48[98]
65Chae Chang Administrative Organizationองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลแช่ช้าง18.955,033265.59[99]
66On Tai Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลออนใต้69.895,31676.06[100]
67Rong Wua Daeng Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลร้องวัวแดง17.405,600321.84[101]
68Huai Sai Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลห้วยทราย46.355,879126.84[102]
69Mae Pu Kha Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลแม่ปูคา23.006,286273.30[103]
70Mae Khue Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลแม่คือ6.727,0331,046.58[104]
71Samran Rat Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลสำราญราษฎร์9.454,598486.56[105]
72Talat Yai Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลตลาดใหญ่6.493,501539.45[106]
73Mae Hoi Ngoen Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลแม่ฮ้อยเงิน9.003,439382.11[107]
74Talat Khwan Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลตลาดขวัญ5.64,804857.86[108]
75Sa-nga Ban Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลสง่าบ้าน11.934,501377.28[109]
76Pa Pong Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลป่าป้อง23.334,500192.88[110]
77Mae Pong Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลแม่โป่ง60.405,48990.88[111]
78Doi Saket Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลดอยสะเก็ด5.33,898735.47[112]
79Choeng Doi Subdistrict Municipality [th]เทศบาลตำบลเชิงดอย63.008,109128.71[113]
80Luang Nuea Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลลวงเหนือ125.005,95147.61[114]
81Pa Miang Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลป่าเมี่ยง159.363,35921.08[115]
82Thep Sadet Subdistrict Adiminstrative Organizationองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลเทพเสด็จ115.001,73615.10[116]
TotalChiang Mai Metropolitan Area (academic definition)2,338.95820,515350.80N/a
83Lamphun Town Municipalityเทศบาลเมืองลำพูน6.0010,9601,826.67[117]
84Mueang Nga Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลเหมืองง่า21.8216,296746.84[118]
85Umong Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลอุโมงค์20.0912,642629.27[119]
86Nong Chang Khuen Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลหนองช้างคืน5.763,595624.13[120]
87Pratu Pa Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลประตูป่า12.255,542452.41[121]
88Rim Ping Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลริมปิง14.146,648470.16[122]
89Ton Thong Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลต้นธง22.7813,172578.23[123]
90Tha Chiang Thong Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลท่าเชียงทอง4.982,070415.66[124]
91Ban Paen Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลบ้านแป้น12.26,221509.92[125]
92Nong Nam Subdistrict Administrative Organizationองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลหนองหนาม16.292,827173.54[126]
93Mueang Chi Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลเหมืองจี้34.68,318240.40[127]
94Wiang Yong Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลเวียงยอง11.797,421629.43[128]
95Pa Sak Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลป่าสัก55.6815,936286.21[129]
96Ban Klang Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลบ้านกลาง18.3111,984654.51[130]
97Si Bua Ban Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลศรีบัวบาน115.428,77776.04[131]
98Makhuea Chae Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลมะเขือแจ้112.0016,503147.35[132]
99Ban Thi Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลบ้านธิ83.459,283111.24[133]
100Huai Yap Subdistrict Administrative Organizationองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลห้วยยาบ50.017,871157.39[134]
TotalGreater Chiang Mai Area2,956.52986,581333.70N/a
101Nam Bo Luang Subdistrict Administrative Organizationองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลน้ำบ่อหลวง27.305,034184.40[135]
102San Klang Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลสันกลาง12.606,167489.44[136]
103Yu Wa Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลยุหว่า18.969,953524.95[137]
104San Pa Tong Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลสันป่าตอง3.514,2311,205.41[138]
105Thung Tom Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลทุ่งต้อม12.445,034404.66[139]
106Makham Luang Subdistrict Administrative Organizationองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลมะขามหลวง10.264,720460.04[140]
107Makhun Wan Subdistrict Administrative Organizationองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลมะขุนหวาน9.513,210337.54[141]
108Mae Ka Subdistrict Administrative Organizationองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลแม่ก๊า18.876,907366.03[142]
109Wiang Tha Kan Subdistrict Administrative Organizationองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลเวียงท่ากาน10.453,583342.87[143]
110Tha Wang Phrao Subdistrict Administrative Organizationองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลท่าวังพร้าว6.251,681268.96[144]
111Ban Klang Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลบ้านกลาง23.8410,249429.91[145]
112Thung Satok Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลทุ่งสะโตก15.005,949396.60[146]
113Ban Mae Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลบ้านแม16.656,163370.15[147]
TotalGreater Chiang Mai Area (including the San Pa Tong urban corridor)3,142.161,059,462337.18N/a

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. 1 2 3 4 Srivanit, Manat; Hokao, Kazunori (2012). "Effects of Urban Development and Spatial Characteristics on Urban Thermal Environment in Chiang Mai Metropolitan, Thailand". Lowland Technology International. 14 (2): 9–22. Retrieved 17 July 2026.
  2. 1 2 Definitions of the metropolitan area's extent vary among academic sources. For example, one Chiang Mai University master's thesis delineates a "Chiang Mai-Lamphun basin" by hydrological catchment boundaries rather than by urban contiguity, and this basin-based definition includes San Pa Tong alongside thirteen other districts of Chiang Mai province and six of Lamphun province. See Arunsurat, Rachata (November 2022). Analyzing Future Land Cover Change in Chiang Mai-Lamphun Basin Using GIS and Multi-Scenarios Modeling (M.S. thesis). Chiang Mai University. Retrieved 17 July 2026.: 8  A Chiang Mai University-affiliated epidemiological study defined the "Chiang Mai Metropolitan Area" even more broadly for the purpose of classifying urban exposure, using ten districts—Mueang Chiang Mai, Saraphi, San Pa Tong, Hang Dong, Mae Rim, San Sai, Doi Saket, Mae On, and San Kamphaeng, together with Mueang Lamphun district—all treated as "urban," in contrast with the urban-contiguity-based definition used in this article. See Angkurawaranon, Chaisiri (April 2015). Urbanization and Internal Migration as Risk Factors for Non-Communicable Diseases in Thailand (PDF) (PhD thesis). London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. doi:10.17037/PUBS.02267958. Retrieved 17 July 2026.: 95 
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Preliminary Study on Vacuum Sewer System for Pilot Project Areas of Chiang Mun and Lam Chang in the walled city of Chiang Mai" (PDF). United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP). July 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  4. ↑ ""เชียงใหม่มหานคร" ประตูบานใหม่ของการกระจายอำนาจจากมือของพลเมือง" ["Chiang Mai Mahanakhon": a new gateway to decentralisation from the hands of citizens]. iLaw (in Thai). 17 April 2025. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  5. 1 2 "เชียงใหม่มหานคร" [Chiang Mai Metropolis]. cmbreathcouncil.org (in Thai). Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  6. 1 2 "เสนอรวมผังเมือง "เชียงใหม่-ลำพูน" ผุด "มหานคร" รองรับศูนย์กลางอนาคต" [Proposal to merge Chiang Mai-Lamphun zoning plans, spawning a "metropolis" for the future centre]. MGR Online (in Thai). 21 October 2005. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  7. 1 2 3 Arunsurat, Rachata (November 2022). Analyzing Future Land Cover Change in Chiang Mai-Lamphun Basin Using GIS and Multi-Scenarios Modeling (M.S. thesis). Chiang Mai University. Retrieved 17 July 2026.
  8. 1 2 3 4 McGrath, Brian; Sangawongse, Somporn; Thaitakoo, Danai; Barcelloni Corte, Martina (2017). "The Architecture of the Metacity: Land Use Change, Patch Dynamics and Urban Form in Chiang Mai, Thailand". Urban Planning. 2 (1): 53–71. doi:10.17645/up.v2i1.869. Retrieved 17 July 2026.
  9. 1 2 Shummadtayar, Umpiga; Ongsavangchai, Nawit (2018). "Urbanization and Urban Context Variants of Old Districts in Chiang Mai" [การขยายตัวของเมืองกับการเปลี่ยนแปลงบริบทของย่านเมืองเก่าในจังหวัดเชียงใหม่]. Journal of Environmental Design. 5 (1): 61–81. Retrieved 17 July 2026.
  10. 1 2 Duangthima, Witthaya; Tansukanun, Pranom (2018). "Development of Neighbourhood and Districts of Chiang Mai City" [แนวทางการพัฒนาละแวกบ้านและย่านในเมืองเชียงใหม่]. Asian Creative Architecture, Art and Design (Arch Journal). 27 (2): 134–151. Retrieved 17 July 2026.
  11. ↑ Manat Srivanit; Sudarat Auttarat (2016). "Classifying Spatial Homogeneity of Thermally-Stabilized Surface to Define Differentiation Local Atmospheric Zones in Chiang Mai City". Journal of Architectural/Planning Research and Studies. 13 (1): 1–22. doi:10.56261/jars.v13i1.71583. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Ruangrit, Vittaya (1996). The Development Planning for the Sub-center of Chiang Mai: A Case Study of San Sai Community [การวางแผนพัฒนาศูนย์ชุมชนชานเมืองเชียงใหม่: กรณีศึกษาชุมชนสันทราย] (M.Urb.Pl. thesis). Chulalongkorn University. Retrieved 17 July 2026.
  13. ↑ "Chiangmai: the Future of the Creative Economy in Thailand". Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia. Retrieved 2026-07-08.
  14. ↑ "By people / In cities: Chiang Mai — city profile part I". ASEF culture360. Retrieved 2026-07-08.
  15. ↑ "Chiang Mai University". ShanghaiRanking. Retrieved 2026-07-08.
  16. ↑ "Chiang Mai University: Rankings, Fees & Courses Details". TopUniversities (QS). Retrieved 2026-07-08.
  17. ↑ "The problem with Chiang Mai's image as a destination of escape". jfa Human Rights Journal. Retrieved 2026-07-08.
  18. ↑ "Chiang Mai a top spot for digital nomads: Forbes". Bangkok Post. 1 June 2026. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  19. ↑ "Chiang Mai tops world air pollution ranking as PM2.5 worsens further". The Nation Thailand. 7 April 2026. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  20. ↑ "Chiang Mai among top 10 most polluted cities in the world". IQAir. 27 March 2026. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  21. 1 2 Tanburana, Sirakorn; Shummadtayar, Umpiga (2024). "A Study of TOD Indicators Affecting the Urban Quality: Case Study of Chiang Mai Light Rail Transit Project" [การศึกษาปัจจัยตัวชี้วัดการพัฒนาพื้นที่โดยรอบสถานีขนส่งมวลชนที่มีผลต่อคุณภาพเมือง: กรณีศึกษา โครงการรถไฟฟ้ารางเบาจังหวัดเชียงใหม่]. Humanities and Social Sciences Journal of Pibulsongkram Rajabhat University. 18 (1): 348–363. doi:10.14456/psruhss.2024.24. Retrieved 17 July 2026.
  22. ↑ "เข็นอย่างไร? ให้เชียงใหม่มีขนส่งสาธารณะเสียที" [How to get Chiang Mai a public transport system at last]. prachatai.com (in Thai). Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  23. 1 2 "คนเชียงใหม่ร่วมออกแบบขนส่งสาธารณะ ฝันไม่ไกล ไปให้ถึง" [Chiang Mai residents co-design public transport]. prachatham.com (in Thai). Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  24. ↑ "เมื่อเจียงใหม่เฮาต้องก๋านขนส่งสาธารณะ" [When Chiang Mai needs public transport]. theurbanis.com (in Thai). Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  25. 1 2 "ดีเบต "ขนส่งมวลชนเชียงใหม่" ติดกรอบปัญหาเรื้อรัง ไร้นโยบายเชิงโครงสร้าง" [Chiang Mai mass transit debate stuck on chronic problems, lacking structural policy]. prachachat.net (in Thai). Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  26. ↑ "คืบหน้า สร้างทางเลี่ยงเมืองสายสันป่าตอง พร้อมแผนสร้าง พัฒนาเครือข่ายถนน ทช.ในเชียงใหม่ งบปี 2564" [Progress is being made on the construction of the San Pa Tong bypass, along with plans to build and develop the Department of Rural Roads (DRR) network in Chiang Mai, under the 2021 budget.]. www.chiangmainews.co.th (in Thai). 2 October 2020. Archived from the original on 2026-07-06. Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  27. ↑ Angkurawaranon, Chaisiri (April 2015). Urbanization and Internal Migration as Risk Factors for Non-Communicable Diseases in Thailand (PDF) (PhD thesis). London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. doi:10.17037/PUBS.02267958. Retrieved 17 July 2026.: 95 
  28. 1 2 "Why Bangkok is the only province in Thailand that elects its own governor". The Thaiger. Retrieved 2026-07-08.
  29. ↑ "Local governance is being hollowed out". Bangkok Post. 2026-07-08. Retrieved 2026-07-08.
  30. ↑ "From centralised planning to collaborative urban land use planning: The case of Wat Ket, Chiang Mai, Thailand". Land Use Policy / ScienceDirect. Retrieved 2026-07-08.
  31. ↑ "สถิติประชากรทางการทะเบียนราษฎร(รายเดือน)" [Population statistics from civil registration (monthly)]. dopa.go.th. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  32. ↑ "เทศบาลตำบลป่าแดด" [Padeat Subdistrict Municipality]. www.padaet.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 2026-07-02. Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  33. ↑ "ข้อมูลประชากร" [Demographic data]. www.maehia.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 2026-07-02. Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  34. ↑ "ที่ตั้งและอาณาเขต" [Location and territory]. www.maehia.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 2026-07-02. Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  35. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐานของเทศบาลตำบลช้างเผือก" [General information and basic data of Chang Phueak Subdistrict Municipality.]. www.changpeuk.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 2026-07-02. Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  36. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐานขององค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลช้างเผือก" [General conditions and basic information of Chang Phueak Subdistrict Administrative Organization.]. www.changpuek.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  37. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [General conditions and basic information.]. sanphisua.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 2026-07-02. Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  38. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [General conditions and basic information]. www.faham.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  39. ↑ "ข้อมูลประชากร" [Demographic data]. www.faham.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  40. ↑ "ที่ตั้งและอาณาเขต" [Location and territory]. www.nongpakhrang.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  41. ↑ "ข้อมูลประชากร" [Demographic data]. www.nongpakhrang.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  42. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [General conditions and basic information.]. tazala.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 2026-07-02. Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  43. ↑ "ประวัติความเป็นมา" [Historical background]. www.nonghoicm.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 2026-05-19. Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  44. ↑ "ประวัติความเป็นมาตำบลไชยสถาน" [History of Chaiyathan Subdistrict]. www.chaisathan.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 2026-07-02. Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  45. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [General conditions and basic information.]. www.pabong-chiangmai.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  46. ↑ "เทศบาลตําบลชมภู" [Chompoo Subdistrict Municipality]. chompoo.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  47. ↑ "ข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [Basic information]. www.nongphueng.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  48. ↑ "ประวัติความเป็นมา" [Historical background]. www.theyang.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  49. ↑ "ข้อมูลสภาพทั่วไปของเทศบาลตำบลสารภี" [General information about Saraphi Subdistrict Municipality.]. www.saraphi.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  50. ↑ "ข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [General information]. thawangtan.org (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  51. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [General conditions and basic information]. donkaewsarapee.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  52. ↑ "ข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [Basic information]. nongfag.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  53. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [General conditions and basic information]. www.khuamung.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  54. ↑ "ประวัติความเป็นมา" [Historical background]. www.takwang.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  55. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [General conditions and basic information]. sansaimahawong.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  56. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [General conditions and basic information]. www.sobmaekha.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  57. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [General conditions and basic information]. sunpukwan.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  58. ↑ "ประวัติความเป็นมา" [Historical background]. www.baanwan.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  59. ↑ "ประวัติความเป็นมา" [Historical background]. www.khunkhong.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  60. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [General conditions and basic information]. www.nongkaew.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  61. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [General conditions and basic information]. www.harnkaew.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  62. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [General conditions and basic information]. www.nongtongpattana.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  63. ↑ "ประวัติความเป็นมา" [Historical background]. www.nongkhwai.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  64. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [General conditions and basic information]. www.hangdong.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 2024-07-21. Retrieved 2 July 2026.
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  66. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [General conditions and basic information]. namphraephattana.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
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  68. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไป" [General information]. www.donkaewlocal.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  69. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [General conditions and basic information]. www.maeram.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  70. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [General conditions and basic information]. www.pongyeang.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  71. ↑ "เทศบาลตำบลเหมืองแก้ว" [Mueang Kaeo Subdistrict Municipality]. www.muangkaew.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  72. ↑ "ประวัติและข้อมูลสภาพทั่วไป" [History and general information.]. maesa.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 2021-10-16. Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  73. ↑ "ประวัติความเป็นมา" [Historical background]. www.maerim.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  74. ↑ "ประวัติเทศบาลและข้อมูลทั่วไป" [History of the municipality and general information]. www.rimnuar.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  75. ↑ "ที่ตั้งและอาณาเขต" [Location and territory]. www.sanpong.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  76. ↑ "องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลห้วยทราย" [Huai Sai Subdistrict Municipality]. tambonhuaisai.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  77. ↑ "ลักษณะที่ตั้ง" [Location characteristics]. keeleklocal.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  78. ↑ "สารสนเทศตำบลต้นแบบเพื่อพัฒนาคุณภาพชีวิต ตำบลสะลวง อำเภอแม่ริม จังหวัดเชียงใหม่" [Information on a model subdistrict for improving quality of life: Saluang Subdistrict, Mae Rim District, Chiang Mai Province.] (PDF). dpu.cdd.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 2 July 2026. Retrieved 2 July 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  79. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [General conditions and basic information]. www.sanphanet.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  80. ↑ "ประวัติความเป็นมา" [Historical background]. www.sansailuang.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  81. ↑ The former San Sai Luang sanitary district, covering the same 36 km2 area as today's subdistrict municipality, had a recorded population of 16,859 in 1995; a 1996 government planning projection forecast growth to about 30,700 by 2012, a trajectory close to the subdistrict's actual population in the 2024 census. See Ruangrit, Vittaya (1996). The Development Planning for the Sub-center of Chiang Mai: A Case Study of San Sai Community (M.Urb.Pl. thesis). Chulalongkorn University. Retrieved 17 July 2026.: 33 
  82. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [General conditions and basic information]. www.nongjom.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  83. ↑ "ที่ตั้งและอาณาเขต" [Location and territory]. www.sannameng.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  84. ↑ "ที่ตั้งและอาณาเขต" [Location and territory]. www.sanpapao.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  85. ↑ "ที่ตั้งและอาณาเขต" [Location and territory]. www.nongyaeng.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  86. ↑ "ที่ตั้งและอาณาเขต" [Location and territory]. www.mueanglen.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  87. ↑ "ประวัติความเป็นมา" [Historical background]. paphaichiangmai.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  88. ↑ "แผนพัฒนาท้องถิ่น (พ.ศ.2566 – 2570)" [Local Development Plan (2023 – 2027)] (PDF). paphaichiangmai.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 8 June 2025. Retrieved 2 July 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  89. ↑ "ประวัติความเป็นมาและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [History and background information]. www.maejocity.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  90. ↑ "ข้อมูลพื้นฐานและข้อมูลการติดต่อเทศบาล" [Basic information and contact details for the municipality.]. www.nongharn.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  91. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [History and background information]. www.jdmaekrua.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  92. ↑ "ข้อมูลทั่วไป : เทศบาลตําบลแม่แฝก" [General Information: Mae Faek Subdistrict Municipality] (PDF). maefeak.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  93. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [History and background information]. www.splmu.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  94. ↑ "ข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [Basic information]. sanklangcm.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 2026-07-02. Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  95. ↑ "เทศบาลเมืองต้นเปา" [Ton Pao Town Municipality]. www.tonpao.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  96. ↑ "ข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [Basic information]. www.sankamphaenglocal.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  97. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [History and background information]. www.buakkhang.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  98. ↑ "ข้อมูลพื้นฐานของเทศบาล" [Basic information about the municipality]. www.sankamphaeng.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  99. ↑ "แผนที่แสดงแนวเขตอบต.แช่ช้าง" [Map showing the boundaries of Chaechang Subdistrict Administrative Organization]. www.chaechangsao.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  100. ↑ "ข้อมูลและสภาพทั่วไป" [Information and general conditions]. www.ontai.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  101. ↑ "ประวัติความเป็นมา" [Historical background]. www.rongwuadang.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 2026-07-02. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  102. ↑ "ข้อมูลทั่วไปของหน่วยงาน" [General information about the organization]. www.hs.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 2026-07-02. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  103. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [History and background information]. www.maepuka.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 2026-07-02. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  104. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐานของเทศบาลตำบลแม่คือ" [General conditions and basic information of Mae Khue Subdistrict Municipality]. www.maekhu.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  105. ↑ "แผนพัฒนาท้องถิ่น (พ.ศ.2561–2565) เทศบาลตำบลสำราญราษฎร์" [Local Development Plan (2018–2022), Samran Rat Subdistrict Municipality] (PDF). www.sumranrath.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 2 July 2026. Retrieved 3 July 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  106. ↑ "แผนพัฒนาท้องถิ่นเทศบาลตำบลตลาดใหญ่ พ.ศ.2561-2565" [Local Development Plan of Talat Yai Subdistrict Municipality, 2018-2022] (PDF). www.taladyai.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  107. ↑ "ประวัติความเป็นมา" [Historical background]. www.maehoingoen.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  108. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [History and background information]. www.taladkhwan.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 2026-07-02. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  109. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [History and background information]. www.sangaban.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 2026-07-02. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  110. ↑ "ข้อมูลด้ายกายภาพ" [Physical data]. www.papong.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 2026-05-13. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  111. ↑ "ข้อมูลพื้นฐานและสภาพทั่วไป" [Basic information and general conditions]. maepong.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 2026-03-13. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  112. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [History and background information]. www.tambondoisaket.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  113. ↑ "ประวัติความเป็นมาและข้อมูลทั่วไป" [History and general information]. www.choengdoi.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  114. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [History and background information]. www.loungnuae.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  115. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [History and background information]. www.pamiang.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 2026-07-02. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  116. ↑ "ข้อมูลสภาพทั่วไป" [General information]. thepsadej.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 2026-07-02. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  117. ↑ "ข้อมูลพื้นฐานเทศบาล" [Basic municipal information]. lamphuncity.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  118. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [History and background information]. www.muangngalamphun.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  119. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [History and background information]. umongcity.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  120. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [History and background information]. nongchangkhun.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  121. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [History and background information]. www.pratupa.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  122. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไป" [General condition]. www.rimping.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  123. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [History and background information]. tontong.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  124. ↑ "ประวัติตวามเป็นมา" [Historical background]. www.thachiangtong.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  125. ↑ "เทศบาลบ้านแป้น" [Ban Paen Municipality]. www.banpaen.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  126. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไป" [Background information]. www.nongnam.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  127. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [History and background information]. www.muangjeemunicipality.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  128. ↑ "สภาพพื้นที่และลักษณะภูมิประเทศ" [Topography and geographical features]. wiangyong.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  129. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [History and background information]. www.pahsak.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  130. ↑ "ข้อมูลพื้นฐานตำบล" [asic information about the subdistrict]. www.banklanglp.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  131. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [History and background information]. www.sribuabanlamphun.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  132. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [History and background information]. makhueajae.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  133. ↑ "เทศบาลตำบลบ้านธิ" [Ban Thi Subdistrict Municipality]. www.banthi.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  134. ↑ "องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลห้วยยาบ" [Huai Yap Subdistrict Administrative Organization]. huaiyab.com (in Thai). Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  135. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [History and background information]. www.namboluang.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 2026-07-06. Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  136. ↑ "ประวัติความเป็นมา" [Historical background]. www.sanklang.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 2026-07-06. Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  137. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐานของเทศบาลต าบลยุหว่า" [General conditions and basic information of Yuhwa Subdistrict Municipality] (PDF). yuwa.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 6 July 2026. Retrieved 6 July 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  138. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐานของท้องถิ่น" [General conditions and basic information of the local area] (PDF). www.sanpatong.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 6 July 2026. Retrieved 6 July 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  139. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [History and background information]. tungtom.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 2026-07-06. Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  140. ↑ "แผนพัฒนาท้องถิ่น องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลมะขามหลวง (พ.ศ. 2566 – 2570)" [Local Development Plan Makham Luang Subdistrict Administrative Organization (2023 – 2027)] (PDF). www.makamloung.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  141. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐานของท้องถิ่น" [General conditions and basic information of the local area]. www.makhunwan.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  142. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐานของท้องถิ่น" [General conditions and basic information of the local area]. maeka.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 2026-07-06. Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  143. ↑ "ข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [Basic information]. wiangthakan.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 2026-07-06. Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  144. ↑ "ขนาดพื้นที่" [Area size]. www.tawangphrao.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 2026-07-06. Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  145. ↑ "ข้อมูลทั่วไป" [General Information]. www.banklang.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  146. ↑ "ประวัติเทศบาลตำบลทุ่งสะโตก" [History of Thung Satok Subdistrict Municipality]. www.thungsatok.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 2023-09-21. Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  147. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [History and background information]. www.banmae.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 2026-07-06. Retrieved 6 July 2026.
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