Berewick
| Berewick | |
|---|---|
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 How manors, berewicks and sokes were written in the Domesday Book | |
| Location | England |
| Found in | Manor |
| Created |
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| Possible types |
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| Possible status |
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A berewick is a medieval name for a parcel of land, hamlet or village, that was subservient, and tied to, a manor. In certain instances the berewick was some distance from the manor itself and most were recorded in the Domesday Book, but the name predates the Conquest having been part of the Danelaw.
History
[edit]A berewick is an outlying farm (or farming area), demesne (or grain storage area), hamlet or village belonging to a named manor as annotated in the Domesday Book.[1][2][3] The farming area was not let out to tenants, but was specifically retained for use by the lord of the manor.[4] Berewick appears quite often in the Domesday Book as bere-wīc, bereuita, or berewica (the word derives from the Old English berewic meaning barley wick (barley vilage).[5]), and indicates a place where barley was grown, on a detached portion of the manor which is independent of the main manor.[6][7] However, the word exists before the Domesday Book was created, and the term was used in the Danelaw before the Conquest, with examples dating back to the 10th-century.[8][9]
The people compiling the Domesday Book separated land under the terms manor, then berewick, and then soke, with a soke being small parcel of land whose inhabitants would come under the justice of the lord of the manor.[10][11] In the entries for the northern counties and those in the East Midlands, the entries for manors, berewicks and Sokes, would be annotated with an 'M', 'B', or 'S', each with a line above it, or some other diacritic (these are shown in the infobox).[12] Occasionally, a soke may have been upgraded to being a berewick, which would mean that the sokemen who worked that land would be at risk of increased tithes to the manor.[13]
Sometimes the berewick could be some distance from the manor itself; in Hampshire, one manor had two berewicks in the county, and three more on the Isle of Wight, separated from the mainland by the Solent.[14] Occasionally the berewick could gain importance as a market-place, trading area, or be elevated to house a chapel, but would always be subservient to the manor, unless it was then established as its own manor under new administration.[15][16]
Other counties were recorded as having herdwicks rather than berewicks, and both of these instances led to many place names deriving from them, such as the many Hardwicks in Berkshire and Northamptonshire, and the many Bartons elsewhere, with Berwick, Barwick and Borwick being regional variations (the last two in Yorkshire and Lancashire respectively).[17][i][9] Some berewicks were accounted for in the Domesday Book as belonging to different manors; Withernwick in the East Riding of Yorkshire was recorded as a manor belonging to Drogo, but also as a berewick in the possession of the Canons of St John of Beverley.[19] In Devon listings of the Domesday Book, a berewick was often recorded as the home farm of the manor, rather than an outlying possession.[18]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ↑ "Berewick". Oxford English Dictionary (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/OED/2237012199. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ↑ Rushton, John (2010). "The Norman recovery in the Falsgrave Hundred". Transactions of the Scarborough and District Archaeological Society (43). Scarborough: Scarborough Archaeological and Historical Society: 39. ISSN 1474-1229. OCLC 2324885.
- ↑ Tate, W. B.; Singleton, F. P. (1961). A History of Yorkshire. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 16. OCLC 1609796082.
- ↑ "Barton". Oxford English Dictionary (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/OED/6815851422. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ↑ Williams, Ann (2003). The story of Domesday Book. Chichester: Phillimore. p. 258. ISBN 9781860772733.
- ↑ Maitland, F. W. (1897). Domesday book and beyond: three essays in the early history of England (2 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 114. OCLC 1555542212.
- ↑ Molyneux-Child, J. W. (1987). Evolution of the English Manorial System. Lewes: Book Guild. p. 142. ISBN 0863322581.
- ↑ Loyn, H. R. (1970). Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest. London: Longman. p. 188. ISBN 0582482321.
- 1 2 Mawer, Allen (1969). Introduction to the survey of English place-names; Volume 1, Parts 1 and 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 5 (233). ISBN 0521074983.
- ↑ Stenton, Frank Merry (1974) [1910]. Types of manorial structure in the northern Danelaw.: Customary rents. New York: Octagon Books. p. 4. ISBN 0374961603.
- ↑ Williams, Ann (2003). The story of Domesday Book. Chichester: Phillimore. p. 226. ISBN 9781860772733.
- ↑ Welldon Finn, R. (1963). An introduction to Domesday Book. London: Longmans, Green & Co. p. 46. OCLC 305766.
- ↑ Dyer, Christopher (1 March 2002). Making a Living in the Middle Ages: The People of Britain 850-1520. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 89. ISBN 0300090609.
- ↑ Maitland, F. W. (1897). Domesday book and beyond: three essays in the early history of England (2 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 114–115. OCLC 1555542212.
- ↑ Vinogradoff, Paul (1968). Villainage in England: essays in English medieval history. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 365, 367. ISBN 0198213808.
- ↑ Jones, Anthea (2000). A Thousand Years of the English Parish. Moreton-in-Marsh: Windrush Press. p. 81. ISBN 1900624508.
- ↑ Vinogradoff, Paul (1968). Villainage in England: essays in English medieval history. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 369. ISBN 0198213808.
- 1 2 Finberg, Joscelyne (1958). Exploring villages. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 58. OCLC 1280775482.
- ↑ Harvey, Mary (1982). "Irregular villages in Holderness, Yorkshire; some thoughts on their origin". Yorkshire Archaeological Journal. 54. Leeds: Yorkshire Archaeological Society: 67. ISSN 0084-4276.