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Bengali calendar

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Bengali
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The Bengali calendar or Bangla calendar (colloquially Bāṅlā Sôn or Bāṅlā Sāl, 'Bangla Year')[1] is a solar calendar[2] used in the Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent. In contrast to the traditional Indian Hindu calendar, which begins with the month Chaitra, the Bengali calendar starts with Baishakh. A revised version of the calendar is officially used in Bangladesh, while this traditional version continues to be followed in the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura, and Assam.

The Bangladeshi national calendar (Bengali: বঙ্গাব্দ, romanized: Bôṅgābdô) officially and commonly, is a civil calendar used in Bangladesh, alongside the Gregorian calendar. With roots in the ancient calendars of the region,[3][4][5] it is based on Tarikh-e-Elahi (Divine Era),[6] introduced by the Mughal Emperor Akbar on 10/11 March 1584. The calendar is generally 593 years behind the Gregorian calendar, meaning the year zero in the calendar is 593 CE.[7][8][9][10]

The Bengali calendar began in 590–600 CE to commemorate the ascension of Shashanka, the first independent king in Bengal's unified polity.[11][12] The first day of the Bengali year is known as Poila Boishakh (1st of Boishakh), which is a public holiday in West Bengal, Assam and Tripura.[13]

The Bengali era is called Bengali Sambat (BS)[14] and has a zero year that starts in 593/594 CE. It is 594 less than the AD or CE year in the Gregorian calendar if it is before Pohela Boishakh, or 593 less if after Pohela Boishakh.

The calendar is important for Bangladeshi agriculture, as well as festivals and traditional record keeping for revenue and taxation. Bangladeshi land revenues are still collected by the government in line with this calendar.[15] The calendar's new year day, Pohela Boishakh, is a national holiday.

The government and newspapers of Bangladesh widely use the abbreviation B.S. (Bangla Son, or Bangla Sal, or Bangla Sombat) for Bangladeshi calendar era. For example, the last paragraph in the preamble of the Constitution of Bangladesh reads "In our Constituent Assembly, this eighteenth day of Kartick, 1379 B.S., corresponding to the fourth day of November, 1972 A.D., do hereby adopt, enact and give to ourselves this Constitution."[16]

History

[edit]

Origins

[edit]

The Saka Era was widely used in Bengal prior to the arrival of Muslim rule in the region, according to various epigraphical evidence.[17][18] The Bikrami calendar was in use by the Bengali people of the region. This calendar was named after King Vikramaditya with a zero date of 57 BCE.[19] In rural Bengali communities, the Bengali calendar is credited to "Bikromaditto", like many other parts of India and Nepal. However, unlike these regions where it starts in 57 BCE, the modern Bangladeshi and Bengali calendar starts from 593 CE, suggesting that the starting point refers to the Bengali king Shashaka's ascent to the throne.[20]

Hindu influence

[edit]

Some historians attribute the Bengali calendar to the 7th-century Bengali king Shashanka, whose reign covered the Bengali era of 594 CE.[21][22][1] The term Bangabda (Bangla year) is found too in two Shiva temples many centuries older than the Akbar era, suggesting that a Bengali calendar existed long before Akbar's time.[1]

Hindus developed a calendar system in ancient times.[23] Jyotisha, one of the six ancient Vedangas,[24][25] was the Vedic era field of tracking and predicting the movements of astronomical bodies in order to keep time.[24][25][26] The ancient Indian culture developed a sophisticated time keeping methodology and calendars for Vedic rituals.[23]

The Hindu Vikrami calendar is named after King Vikramaditya and starts in 57 BCE.[27] In rural Bengali communities of India, the Bengali calendar is credited to "Bikromaditto", like many other parts of India and Nepal. However, unlike these regions where it starts in 57 BCE, the Bengali calendar starts from 593, suggesting that the starting reference year was adjusted at some point.[28][29] Various dynasties whose territories extended into Bengal, prior to the early 13th century, used the Vikrami calendar. For example, Buddhist texts and inscriptions created in the Pala Empire era mention "Vikrama" and the months such as Ashvin, a system found in Sanskrit texts elsewhere in the ancient and medieval Indian subcontinent.[30][31]

Hindu scholars attempted to keep time by observing and calculating the cycles of the Sun (Surya), Moon, and the planets. These calculations about the Sun appear in various Sanskrit astronomical texts in Sanskrit, such as the 5th-century Aryabhatiya by Aryabhata, the 6th-century Romaka by Latadeva and Panca Siddhantika by Varahamihira, the 7th-century Khandakhadyaka by Brahmagupta, and the 8th-century Sisyadhivrddida by Lalla.[32] These texts present Surya and various planets and estimate the characteristics of the respective planetary motion.[32] Other texts, such as Surya Siddhanta, are dated to have been completed sometime between the 5th century and 10th century.[32]

The current Bengali calendar in use by Bengali people in the Indian states such as West Bengal, Tripura, Assam, and Jharkhand is based on the Sanskrit text Surya Siddhanta and includes the modifications introduced during the reign of Shashanka, the first independent ruler of Gauda. The timeline of Shashanka becoming the sovereign ruler of Bengal, rising from a territorial ruler, matches with the first year of Bangabda. It retains the historic Sanskrit names of the months, with the first month as Baishakh.[21] Their calendar remains tied to the Hindu calendar system and is used to set the various Bengali Hindu festivals.[21]

Influence of the Islamic calendar

[edit]

Another theory is that the calendar was first developed by Alauddin Husain Shah (reign 1494–1519), a Hussain Shahi sultan of Bengal, by combining the lunar Islamic calendar (Hijri) with the solar calendar, prevalent in Bengal.[1] Yet another theory states that the Sasanka calendar was adopted by Alauddin Husain Shah when he witnessed the difficulty with collecting land revenue by the Hijri calendar.[1]

During the Mughal rule, land taxes were collected from Bengali people according to the Islamic Hijri calendar.[citation needed] This calendar was a lunar calendar, and its new year did not coincide with the solar agricultural cycles. Akbar asked the royal astronomer Fathullah Shirazi to create a new calendar by combining the lunar Islamic calendar and solar Hindu calendar already in use, and this was known as Fasholi shan (harvest calendar). [citation needed] According to some historians, this started the Bengali calendar.[21][33] According to Shamsuzzaman Khan, it could be Nawab Murshid Quli Khan, a Mughal governor, who first used the tradition of Punyaho as "a day for ceremonial land tax collection", and used Akbar's fiscal policy to start the Bangla calendar.[22][34]

According to Amartya Sen, Akbar's official calendar, "Tarikh-ilahi" with the zero year of 1556, was a blend of pre-existing Hindu and Islamic calendars.[citation needed] It was not used much in India outside of Akbar's Mughal court, and after his death the calendar he launched was abandoned.[citation needed] However, adds Sen, there are traces of the "Tarikh-ilahi" that survive in the Bengali calendar.[35] Regardless of who adopted the Bengali calendar and the new year, states Sen, it helped collect land taxes after the spring harvest based on the traditional Bengali calendar, because the Islamic Hijri calendar created administrative difficulties in setting the collection date.[1] The government and newspapers of Bangladesh widely use the term Bangla shal (B.S.). For example, the last paragraph in the preamble of the Constitution of Bangladesh reads, "In our Constituent Assembly, this eighteenth day of Kartick, 1379 B.S., corresponding to the fourth day of November, 1972 A.D., do hereby adopt, enact and give to ourselves this Constitution."[36] The zero year in the Bangladeshi calendar era is 593 CE.[35][28][29][37]

Shamsuzzaman Khan wrote, "That it is called Bangla san or saal, which are Arabic and Parsee words respectively, suggests that it was introduced by a Muslim king or sultan."[22] In contrast, according to Sen, its traditional name is Bangabda.[1][38] In the era of Akbar, the calendar was called Tarikh-e-Elahi (তারিখ-ই ইলাহি). In the "Tarikh-e-Elahi" version of the calendar, each day of the month had a separate name, and the months had different names from what they have now. According to Banglapedia, Akbar's grandson Shah Jahan reformed the calendar to use a seven-day week that begins on Sunday, and the names of the months were changed at an unknown time to match the month names of the existing Saka calendar.[38] This calendar is the foundation of the calendar that has been in use by the people of Bangladesh.[2][38][1]

Akbar's influence

[edit]

Crop cycle's depended on solar calendars. The Islamic lunar calendar of the Mughal government, before Akbar's era caused problems in tax collection since the lunar year was shorter than the solar year by about eleven days per year.[39][40] Akbar commissioned his astronomer Fathullah Shirazi to develop a new syncretic calendar to allow land tax and crop tax collection according to the harvest cycles. In 1584, Emperor Akbar commissioned a new calendar as part of tax collection reforms.[4][5][39]

Shirazi's new calendar was known as the Tarikh-e-Ilahi (God's Era).[7][39][41] It used 1556 as the zero year, the year of Akbar's ascension to the throne.[7][39] The Tarikh-e-Ilahi calendar were one of the syncretic reforms Akbar introduced, along with a new religion called Din-ilahi, a syncretic faith that integrated Islam and Indian religious ideas.[42] However, Akbar's ideas were almost entirely abandoned after his death, and only traces of the Tarikh-e-Ilahi calendar survive in the modern Bengali calendar, according to Amartya Sen.[7]

Shamsuzzaman Khan believed that Nawab Murshid Quli Khan was responsible for widely implementing the tax collection according to the Bengali calendar throughout Bengal. Khan promoted celebrations of the Punyaha, a ceremonial collection of land taxes.[43] The calendar year became known as the Bangla san in Arabic and Bangla sal in Persian; both terms mean the Bangla Year.[44]

Modern revisions and adoption

[edit]

In 1966, a committee headed by Muhammad Shahidullah was appointed in East Pakistan to reform the traditional Bengali calendar and making it independent of Hindu astrological influences. It proposed the first five months 31 days long, rest 30 days each, with the month of Falgun adjusted to 31 days in every leap year.[5] This was officially adopted by Bangladesh in 1987.[5][45]

In 2018, the Bangladesh government planned to modify the Bangladeshi calendar again.[46] The changes were done to match national days with West.[citation needed] As a result of the modification, Kartik started on Thursday (17 October 2019) and the dry season was delayed by a day as the revised calendar went into effect from Wednesday (16 October 2019).[47]

Traditional and Bangladeshi versions

[edit]
Two versions of the Bengali calendar. Top: the "traditional version" followed in West Bengal and the rest of India; Below: the "Bangladeshi version" followed in Bangladesh.

The current Bengali calendar in the Indian states is based on the Sanskrit text Surya Siddhanta. It retains the historic Sanskrit names of the months, with the first month as Baishakh.[21] Their calendar remains tied to the Hindu calendar system and is used to set the various Bengali Hindu festivals.[21]

In Bangladesh, however, the Bangladeshi national calendar was introduced by drawing from the Bengali calendar in 1966 by a committee headed by Muhammad Shahidullah, making the first five months 31 days long and the rest 30 days each, with the month of Falgun adjusted to 31 days in every leap year.[21] This was officially adopted by Bangladesh in 1987.[21][38]

Calendar structure

[edit]

The Bengali calendar used in Bangladesh is a solar calendar,[2][38] and the one used in India is a lunisolar calendar.[48]

Months and seasons

[edit]

The calendar has 12 months and 6 seasons, which are illustrated in the table below.[39] The bolded dates indicate the 2018 revision of the calendar.

Bengali months Days Start date (from 2019) Seasons
Bengali name Romanization 1966/1987–2018 2019–present
বৈশাখ Bôiśākh 31 31 14 April Summer

(Grīṣmôkāl)

জ্যৈষ্ঠ Jyôiṣṭhô 31 31 15 May
আষাঢ় Āṣāṛh 31 31 15 June Monsoon

(Bôrṣākāl)

শ্রাবণ Śrābôṇ 31 31 16 July
ভাদ্র Bhādrô 31 31 16 August Autumn

(Śôrôtkāl)

আশ্বিন Āśbin 30 31 16 September
কার্তিক Kārtik 30 30 17 October Dry season

(Hēmôntôkāl)

অগ্রহায়ণ Ôgrôhāẏôṇ 30 30 16 November
পৌষ Pôuṣ 30 30 16 December Winter

(Śītkāl)

মাঘ Māgh 30 30 15 January
ফাল্গুন Phālgun 30 / 31 (leap year) 29 / 30 (leap year) 14 February Spring

(Bôsôntôkāl)

চৈত্র Côitrô 30 30 15 March

Months

[edit]

The month names are derived from the names of the stars (nakshatras) and the seasons, and have been used for centuries.

Month name
(Bengali)		 Romanization Days
(Bangladesh, 1966/1987–2018)		 Days
(Bangladesh, 2019–)		 Start date (Bangladesh, 2019–) Days
(India) (Exact Period in Days)
[citation needed]		 Traditional Season
in Bengal		 Month name
(Gregorian calendar)		 Month name
(Hindu Vikrami solar)
বৈশাখ Boishakh 31 31 14 April 30/31 (30.950) গ্রীষ্ম (Grishshô)
Summer		 April–May Mesha
জ্যৈষ্ঠ Jyoishţho 31 31 15 May 31/32 (31.429) May–June Vrshaba
আষাঢ় Ashaŗh 31 31 15 June 31/32 (31.638) বর্ষা (Bôrsha)
Wet season/Monsoon		 June–July Mithuna
শ্রাবণ Shrabon 31 31 16 July 31/32 (31.463) July–August Karkataka
ভাদ্র Bhadro 31 31 16 August 31/32 (31.012) শরৎ (Shôrôd)
Autumn		 August–September Simha
আশ্বিন Ashshin 30 31 16 September 30/31 (30.428) September–October Kanya
কার্তিক Kartik 30 30 17 October 29/30 (29.879) হেমন্ত (Hemonto)
Dry season		 October–November Tula
অগ্রহায়ণ Ôgrohayon 30 30 16 November 29/30[49][50] (29.475) November–December Vrschika
পৌষ Poush 30 30 16 December 29/30 (29.310) শীত (Sheet)
Winter		 December–January Dhanu
মাঘ Magh 30 30 15 January 29/30 (29.457) January–February Makara
ফাল্গুন/ ফাগুন Falgun/ Fagun 30 / 31 (leap year) 29 / 30 (leap year) 14 February 29/30 (29.841) বসন্ত (Bôsôntô)
Spring		 February–March Kumbha
চৈত্র Choitro 30 30 15 March 30/31 (30.377) March–April Meena

Weeks and days

[edit]

The following illustrates the 7-day Bengali week.[39] Bengali weekdays are named after deities of celestial bodies in the Surya Siddhanta, an ancient treatise on Indian astronomy. Bolded days indicate weekends.

Bengali days Celestial body Gregorian equivalent
Bengali name Romanisation
শনিবার Śônibār Saturn

(Śôni)

 Saturday
রবিবার Rôbibār Sun

(Rôbi)

 Sunday
সোমবার Sōmbār Moon

(Sōm)

 Monday
মঙ্গলবার Môṅgôlbār Mars

(Môṅgôl)

 Tuesday
বুধবার Budhbār Mercury

(Budh)

 Wednesday
বৃহস্পতিবার Br̥hôspôtibār Jupiter

(Br̥hôspôti)

 Thursday
শুক্রবার Śukrôbār Venus

(Śukrô)

 Friday

Days

[edit]

The Bengali calendar incorporates the seven-day week as used by many other calendars. The names of the days of the week in the Bengali calendar are based on the Navagraha (Bengali: নবগ্রহ, romanized: nôbôgrôhô). The day begins and ends at sunrise in the Bengali calendar, unlike in the Gregorian calendar, where the day starts at midnight.

According to some scholars, in the calendar originally introduced by Akbar in the year 1584 CE, each day of the month had a different name, but this was cumbersome, and his grandson Shah Jahan changed this to a 7-day week as in the Gregorian calendar, with the week also starting on a Sunday.[38]

Day name (Bengali) Romanization Divine figure/celestial body Day name (English) Day name (Sylheti) Day name (Rohingya)
রবিবার/ রোববার Rôbibar/ Robbar Robi/Sun Sunday Roibbár Rooibar
সোমবার Shombar Som/Moon Monday Shombár Cómbar
মঙ্গলবার Mônggôlbar Mongol/Mars Tuesday Mongolbár Mongolbar
বুধবার Budhbar Budh/Mercury Wednesday Budbár Buidbar
বৃহস্পতিবার Brihôspôtibar Brihospoti/Jupiter Thursday Bishudbár Bicíbbar
শুক্রবার Shukrôbar Shukro/Venus Friday Shukkurbár Cúkkurbar
শনিবার Shônibar Shoni/Saturn Saturday Shonibár Cónibar

National calendar dates for the national holidays of Bangladesh

[edit]

Festivals

[edit]

The following lists major festivals on the Bengali calendar.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Nitish K. Sengupta (2011). Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib. Penguin Books India. pp. 96–98. ISBN 978-0-14-341678-4.
  2. 1 2 3 Kunal Chakrabarti; Shubhra Chakrabarti (2013). "Calendar". Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis. Scarecrow Press. pp. 114–5. ISBN 978-0-8108-8024-5.
  3. ↑ Nitish Sengupta (2001). History of the Bengali-speaking people. UBS Publishers' Distributors. pp. 76–77. ISBN 978-81-7476-355-6. Some historians attribute it [the Bengali calendar] to King Sasanka of Gaur (C 606-637) ... Whether this was started by Sasanka or whether it was a modification of the Hijra calendar ... and came to Bengal along with the Turkish conquest is difficult to answer. But clearly this is the calendar starting around AD 595, which was given recognition as the standard Bengali calendar either by Hussain Shah or by Akbar.
  4. 1 2 Guhathakurta, Meghna; Schendel, Willem van (2013). The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Duke University Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN 9780822353188.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Kunal Chakrabarti; Shubhra Chakrabarti (2013). Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis. Scarecrow. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-0-8108-8024-5.
  6. ↑ Nanda R. Shrestha (2002). Nepal and Bangladesh: A Global Studies Handbook. ABC-CLIO. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-57607-285-1.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Amartya Sen (2005). The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture and Identity. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 319–322. ISBN 978-0-374-10583-9.
  8. ↑ Morton Klass (1978). From Field to Factory: Community Structure and Industrialization in West Bengal. University Press of America. pp. 166–167. ISBN 978-0-7618-0420-8.
  9. ↑ Ralph W. Nicholas (2003). Fruits of Worship: Practical Religion in Bengal. Orient Blackswan. pp. 13–23. ISBN 978-81-8028-006-1.
  10. ↑ Jonathan Porter Berkey (2003). The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800. Cambridge University Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-521-58813-3.
  11. ↑ Chakraborty, Yajnaseni (15 April 2022). "A few Bengali calendar basics as we begin 1429".
  12. ↑ Jayakumar, Anagha (15 April 2025). "Why Bangladesh celebrates Pohela Boishakh on April 14". The Indian Express.
  13. ↑ Raidah, Nazifa (14 April 2024). "The mystery of Pahela Baishakh and the Bengali calendar". The Daily Star (Opinion). Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  14. ↑ Ratan Kumar Das (1996). "Bibliography of Indexes to Bengali Periodicals". IASLIC Bulletin. Vol. 41. Indian Association of Special Libraries & Information Centres. p. 76.
  15. ↑ "Our fiscal year should be based on Bangla calendar". The Daily Star. 17 April 2008.
  16. ↑ "Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh".
  17. ↑ Richard Salomon (1998). Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 148, 246–247, 346. ISBN 978-0-19-509984-3.
  18. ↑ D. C. Sircar (1996) [First published 1965]. Indian Epigraphy. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 241, 272–273. ISBN 978-81-208-1166-9.
  19. ↑ Eleanor Nesbitt (2016). Sikhism: a Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 122, 142. ISBN 978-0-19-874557-0.
  20. ↑ Lal, Dr Avantika. "Gauda Kingdom". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15 April 2025.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Kunal Chakrabarti; Shubhra Chakrabarti (2013). Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis. The Scarecrow Press. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-0-8108-8024-5. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
  22. 1 2 3 Guhathakurta, Meghna; Schendel, Willem van (2013). The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Duke University Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN 9780822353188.
  23. 1 2 Kim Plofker 2009, pp. 10, 35–36, 67.
  24. 1 2 Monier Monier-Williams (1923). A Sanskrit–English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 353. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  25. 1 2 James Lochtefeld (2002), "Jyotisha" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 0-8239-2287-1, pages 326–327
  26. ↑ Friedrich Max Müller (1860). A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature. Williams and Norgate. pp. 210–215.
  27. ↑ Eleanor Nesbitt (2016). Sikhism: a Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 122, 142. ISBN 978-0-19-874557-0. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  28. 1 2 Morton Klass (1978). From Field to Factory: Community Structure and Industrialization in West Bengal. University Press of America. pp. 166–167. ISBN 978-0-7618-0420-8. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  29. 1 2 Ralph W. Nicholas (2003). Fruits of Worship: Practical Religion in Bengal. Orient Blackswan. pp. 13–23. ISBN 978-81-8028-006-1. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  30. ↑ D. C. Sircar (1965). Indian Epigraphy. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 241, 272–273. ISBN 978-81-208-1166-9. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
  31. ↑ Richard Salomon (1998). Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 148, 246–247, 346. ISBN 978-0-19-509984-3. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
  32. 1 2 3 Ebenezer Burgess (1989). P Ganguly, P Sengupta (ed.). Sûrya-Siddhânta: A Text-book of Hindu Astronomy. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint), Original: Yale University Press, American Oriental Society. pp. vii–xi. ISBN 978-81-208-0612-2. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  33. ↑ "Pahela Baishakh". Banglapedia. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. 2015. Archived from the original on 7 September 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
  34. ↑ "Google Doodle Celebrates Pohela Boishakh in Bangladesh". Time. 13 April 2017. Archived from the original on 16 April 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
  35. 1 2 Amartya Sen (2005). The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture and Identity. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 319–322. ISBN 978-0-374-10583-9.
  36. ↑ "Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh".
  37. ↑ Jonathan Porter Berkey (2003). The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800. Cambridge University Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-521-58813-3.
  38. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Syed Ashraf Ali (2012). "Bangabda". In Sirajul Islam; Ahmed A. Jamal (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (2nd ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Bangabda - Banglapedia". En.banglapedia.org. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
  40. ↑ William D. Crump (2014). Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide. McFarland. pp. 27–. ISBN 978-0-7864-9545-0.
  41. ↑ R. Nath (1985). History of Mughal Architecture. Humanities Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-391-02681-0.
  42. ↑ Manav Ratti (2013). The Postsecular Imagination: Postcolonialism, Religion, and Literature. Routledge. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-135-09689-2.
  43. ↑ Amitava Kar (18 May 2013). "A Giant in Our Cultural History". The Daily Star. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
  44. ↑ Shamsuzzaman Khan (14 April 2014). "Emergence of Bengali New Year and Calendar". The Daily Star. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
  45. ↑ Syed Ashraf Ali (2012). "Bangabda". In Sirajul Islam; Ahmed A. Jamal (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (2nd ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
  46. ↑ Nandi, Deepak (14 April 2019). থমকে আছে বাংলা বর্ষপঞ্জি পরিবর্তন প্রক্রিয়া. Samakal (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  47. ↑ বাংলা দিনপঞ্জি বদল, আজ পয়লা কার্তিক. Prothom Alo (in Bengali). 17 October 2019. Archived from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  48. ↑ "The Bengali Calendar". Kolkataonline.in.
  49. ↑ পঞ্জিকা ১১৩৬ বঙ্গাব্দ. usingha.com. Archived from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  50. ↑ পঞ্জিকা ১১৩৭ বঙ্গাব্দ. usingha.com. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  51. ↑ "When is Poila Baishakh 2024? Know exact date, significance and more about the Bengali New Year". India TV. 12 April 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2025.
  52. ↑ "Mangal Shobhajatra on Pahela Baishakh". UNESCO. Retrieved 8 March 2025.
  53. 1 2 3 Shamsuzzaman Khan (14 April 2014). "Emergence of Bengali New Year and Calendar". The Daily Star. Retrieved 27 April 2017.

Bibliography

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