Talk:Tyrannosaurus/Archive 13

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T. imperator and T. regina

Greg Paul's proposed split has been published:

It is probably worth writing a few words about this, at least when the paper is out in final form. Lythronaxargestes (talk | contribs) 04:24, 1 March 2022 (UTC)

As I said at Wikiproject Dinosaurs, I'm of the opinion that including the new names in the taxobox is a violation of due weight, given the extensive criticism they have raised, and the fact that it's unclear whether either of the two proposed new names might be synonyms of previously-established names. Ornithopsis (talk) 04:46, 1 March 2022 (UTC)

Thanks, I didn't see that. For future reference: WT:WikiProject Dinosaurs#Splitting of Tyrannosaurus rex Lythronaxargestes (talk | contribs) 04:48, 1 March 2022 (UTC)

To add to this: the lead author, Gregory Paul, has a reputation for unorthodox taxonomy (e.g. synonymizing Deinonychus with Velociraptor, heavily splitting iguanodonts, lumping most centrosaurines into a single genus). News articles have quoted several paleontologists heavily critical of the new taxonomy . It's quite clear that both new taxa are highly controversial, and it seems unlikely that they will be accepted by a significant portion of tyrannosaur researchers any time soon, and even less likely that the specific names proposed by Paul et al. will hold up. Ornithopsis (talk) 04:57, 1 March 2022 (UTC)

(Copied from the Dino project talk, as this is probably where we'll have to deal with a lot of passerby comments) Names that already have such a massive backlash against them should not be as fact here, but we can of course make redirects and mention them in the text (briefly), while mentioning the critique. They're validly published names after all, so at the least they'll end up as junior synonyms. Note that I just changed the new names to redirecting here instead of to Specimens of Tyrannosaurus, which didn't really make sense. FunkMonk (talk) 05:06, 1 March 2022 (UTC)

Yes, I'm not saying we should not mention them at all; they certainly merit mention in the article text. Perhaps we should change the taxobox to only mention T. rex (i.e. to remove T. bataar and T. zhuchengensis as well), and put a "see text" note there instead? Ornithopsis (talk) 05:13, 1 March 2022 (UTC)

Ah, my comment wasn't directed at anyone in particular. I don't think there is enough evidence or support in the literature to place any other name in the taxobox, even with question marks. FunkMonk (talk) 05:16, 1 March 2022 (UTC)

This makes me suddenly realize T. zhuchengesis has been sitting there for over two years now and at no point has anybody seemed to realize that's not the species name of Zhuchengtyrannus (where it links and assumedly was meant to represent), that's the dubious tooth taxon. Or, for that matter, nobody removed it all, given I'm not sure if that lump has ever been supported in the literature (as much as I wish it was, personally). LittleLazyLass (Talk | Contributions) 13:14, 1 March 2022 (UTC)

• Looks like a new section with duplicate information about the new species has been added. Should obviously be consolidated, but I wonder if there should just be one subsection about all proposed species, including Nanotyrannus? FunkMonk (talk) 14:33, 1 March 2022 (UTC)
• And looks like Paul is unhappy about our approach, from the DML: "I am getting increasingly ticked off about the over reaction of what I am now calling the T. rex Cult.

Wikipedia. From what I have seen they have always automatically and quickly listed on the summary bar on the upper right under Other Species new paleospecies names that have appeared after being properly published in the academic literature. Only if technical research indicates otherwise are species names not listed there. T. regina and T. imperator were published properly vetted in a peer reviewed paper. There has been nothing yet in the technical literature contradicting the conclusions of the EB paper -- that will take awhile if it occurs. Yet the only mention of the new titles on the Wiki site is a discussion of the controversy in the main text. Apparently they are taking nontechnical criticisms of the new names by a limited sample of paleos in the news media as a reason to not properly list the species names.

Does anyone know of another example of this happening at Wikipedia? If not the nonscientific and over extreme response to the new Tyrannosaurus species is being made all the more apparent.

GSPaul". Mickey Mortimer provided a good response, though. FunkMonk (talk) 14:12, 2 March 2022 (UTC)

Paul clearly fails to realize that, as far as WP is concerned, splitting an existing taxon is not the same as describing a new one... Lythronaxargestes (talk | contribs) 14:23, 2 March 2022 (UTC)

Chiming in to voice support for not accepting Paul's split due to the paper's many analytical shortcomings that have already been voiced by many others.Dysalatornis (talk) 14:54, 2 March 2022 (UTC)

At this point the shortcomings aren't what matters, wp:undue is. We shouldn't give undue weight to a few days old paper with no widespread support by putting its conclusions in the most viewed region of the article. IJReid ^{{{T - C - D - R}}} 16:11, 2 March 2022 (UTC)

Taken from Greg Paul's latest response: "So, our paper was the first to directly address the problem in the mainline peer reviewed. Wikipedia is not supposed to make judgment calls based on news articles, it is supposed to follow the technical literature as lately presented. Not read a NYTimes article and go from that. If this were a non iconic dinosaur under otherwise identical scientific circumstances they prob would have done so by now -- although as Tom H says we should see what they do in coming days."

I am not sure Paul actually knows how Wikipedia is supposed to work.

This does raise the interesting question of whether precedent exists. Perhaps Eiectus? Lythronaxargestes (talk | contribs) 00:52, 3 March 2022 (UTC)

I actually think a good precedent here is Ornithoscelida; though it's a much different scope of taxon, in both cases rather than just introducing a new taxonomic unit (like a species based on previously undescribed material), you're actually competing with a refuting the existingly, previously universally recognized model. Which is why the due weight is absolutely not that we go and adopt either Baron or Paul's models in these cases. LittleLazyLass (Talk | Contributions) 05:00, 3 March 2022 (UTC)

Now I'm curious, where can these responses be found? --TimTheDragonRider (talk) 14:43, 3 March 2022 (UTC)

• To respond to FunkMonk, the Nanotyrannus subsection is quite useful since people may come to this article specifically searching about Nanotyrannus, and should be kept as such. To respond to the Paul situation, he isn't entitled to have anything on Wikipedia. We are not paid to do it, and adding those controversial species took a precious time that could have been used to work on articles about species that wouldn't be invalidated in a week and are waiting since sometimes half a century to have their own articles. If anything, he should be happy we've considered his additions so quickly without waiting for a paper confirming his results. I hope we will learn the lesson in the future about adding so quickly informations from authors with an historic of hot takes, regardless of the publisher quality, without waiting for a paper confirming it, or at least the the scientific community consensus. Larrayal (talk) 04:11, 3 March 2022 (UTC)

I am concerned that GSP is essentially bullying the scientific community, as well as the wikipedia editing community, into doing what he wants by sheer volume of messages and density of text. Not that that means his species shouldn't be added, but it is a present concern. 2601:8C1:8401:5C80:D832:F549:BE66:BFEA (talk) 00:55, 4 March 2022 (UTC) TBA

I think we've all tried worse, and it's not like he's here edit-warring over it himself. I think it's safe to say most of us here have a lot of respect for GSP, and I for one own all his dinosaur books. So it's certainly not due to personal dislike of him or anything we're cautious here. FunkMonk (talk) 01:29, 4 March 2022 (UTC)

I somewhat disagree with "we've all tried worse". He is attempting to apply a standard to himself that is not applied elsewhere; he also is not respecting the time of others and using a completely inappropriate platform to essentially spam an entire mailing list over this very article (and before people object to my use of "spam": multiple people have indicated that DML messages now go to their spam filter during this incident.) Respecting GSP means also calling out GSP for unprofessional behavior. 2601:8C1:8401:5C80:D832:F549:BE66:BFEA (talk) 01:35, 4 March 2022 (UTC)

Oh yeah, I mean more in regard to POV-pushers on Wikipedia, we have had people inserting their own WP:original research, or even hoaxes, over and over, resulting in a lot of wasted time for serious editors. At least GSP is mainly just complaining off-site. FunkMonk (talk) 01:39, 4 March 2022 (UTC)

Sure, we all remember many similar situations that were more immediately troublesome. It is just also clear that GSP is reading this talk page, and as such, perhaps this would give him pause and reflection as to his conduct. 2601:8C1:8401:5C80:D832:F549:BE66:BFEA (talk) 01:50, 4 March 2022 (UTC)

For what it's worth, I don't see what he hopes to accomplish by going to the media about this article. Lythronaxargestes (talk | contribs) 03:12, 4 March 2022 (UTC)

Based on his posts on the DML, Paul is drawing several analogies to cases that he considers to be precedent. However, Paul's paper has never been responded to in the technical literature, unlike the issues of Chasmosaurus russelli, Ornithoscelida, and others. Even still, we do not take a stance on the Ornithoscelida hypothesis on the dinosaur page. Mr. Paul, this is what we mean when we are talking about "undue weight". There has not been a published technical evaluation either supporting or rejecting your hypothesis, specifically that of anagenesis across three species. The past work noting trends in robustness and other aspects of morphology don't present a unified consensus with taxonomic implications. If you simply diagnosed a set of well-recognized morphotypes A, B, and C, there wouldn't be an issue here. Lythronaxargestes (talk | contribs) 02:52, 4 March 2022 (UTC)

The latest word from Paul:

Because Wikipedia is probably the primary information source for most people about fossil creatures including Tyrannosaurus they must maintain consistent standards. Until now when new species are named in a peer reviewed publication, in a day or two they are placed in the taxobox on the right side of the first page. Sometimes a question mark is used if there is some question about the name. Species may be removed from the prominent location when new peer vetted research makes that necessary. There have been no exceptions to this. Until now. Tyrannosaurus received special, discriminatory, nonscientific treatment. The new names are still not highlighted in the taxobox when this is posted, despite protest raised by the senior author. The Wikipedia editors made an arbitrary decision based on initial news accounts and podcasts featuring the problematic, nonpeer reviewed comments to limit mention of the new names to a brief section of text. Examination of the discussion on this decision appears to reveal a bias, driven in part by seeming ad hominem criticisms of me. Wikipedia needs to immediately place the new species in the taxobox, with question marks if the editors prefer. They should both be removed only in the event that future peer reviewed research, following the requirements detailed above, firmly establishes that there could have been only the one species T. rex. If future work is not able to do that, but does not strongly verify the two species either, then the names should remain in place, perhaps with question marks. That situation may remain in force for an extended period. If the species are supported then the question marks need removing. It is possible that one of the new species will be sustained while another is shown to be substantially weaker or errant, in that case adjust the contents of the taxobox accordingly to reflect the scientific complexities, rather than the simplistic scheme that is currently misleading readers.

Obviously, this accomplishes nothing. Paul does not get to dictate his own, incorrect understanding of Wikipedia policy. Lythronaxargestes (talk | contribs) 03:46, 24 March 2022 (UTC)

A new study refutes claim that T. rex was three separate species

A new study written by notable paleontologists rejecting the idea of three separate species (T. rex, T. imperator, T. regina) was published in late July 2022. I think someone able to edit should add this information into the article.

The study:

Carr, T.D., Napoli, J.G., Brusatte, S.L. et al. Insufficient Evidence for Multiple Species of Tyrannosaurus in the Latest Cretaceous of North America: A Comment on “The Tyrant Lizard King, Queen and Emperor: Multiple Lines of Morphological and Stratigraphic Evidence Support Subtle Evolution and Probable Speciation Within the North American Genus Tyrannosaurus”. Evol Biol (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-022-09573-1 86.58.104.54 (talk) 09:15, 3 August 2022 (UTC)

Height

Height What 94.21.78.149 (talk) 17:14, 4 June 2022 (UTC)

Hip height is stated in the article. FunkMonk (talk) 17:22, 4 June 2022 (UTC)

The T-rex was actually 40 ft by Length and 12 ft by Height. 209.122.80.237 (talk) 22:55, 23 October 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 28 October 2022

Please "Access to the rostral neurovascular canals of the Tyrannosaurus enables the reconstruction of many trigeminal-related soft tissue structures, functions, behaviors, and ecology in extant and extinct archosaurs." to Brain and Senses Bnguye48 (talk) 18:42, 28 October 2022 (UTC)

 Not done for now: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the {{Edit semi-protected}} template. The section already includes text on the implications of neurovascular features for facial integument. The suggested sentence also does not make sense: soft tissue, behaviour, and ecology are easily observed in extant archosaurs. Lythronaxargestes (talk | contribs) 20:28, 28 October 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 26 November 2022

209.122.80.237 (talk) 21:43, 26 November 2022 (UTC) T rex was about 12ft tall and 40ft long some claim that t rex was 18 ft tall which is not true.T rex lived 68-66 million years ago and the 1st t rex to be discovered was found by Barum Brown.

 Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. MadGuy7023 (talk) 21:55, 26 November 2022 (UTC)

Historical inconsistency

The article states that Barnum Brown made his first T. Rex find in Eastern Wyoming. In the book "The Monster's Bones", David Randall states that the first skeleton was found at Hell Creek, feet away from the site where the second skeleton was later found. As there is no citation in the article for the Wyoming location I suggest it be changed.

Randall is simply wrong. He probably thought AMNH 5027 was the second skeleton found but it was the fourth already. A omission in the article is that the discovery of this specimen or the Kaisen find are not mentioned.--MWAK (talk) 09:03, 21 December 2022 (UTC)

New Information on Dinosaur Intelligence as of 5 January 2023 (Notice as of 9 January 2023)

Recently, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cne.25453 suggested new ideas about dinosaur intelligence, such as new concepts about the intelligence of Tyrannosaurus Rex in particular. Madden Boseroy (talk) 02:22, 10 January 2023 (UTC)

There is widespread skepticism about this paper among researchers and I do not think it is a good idea to reference it until it gains further consensus. Lythronaxargestes (talk | contribs) 18:29, 10 January 2023 (UTC)

Tyrannosaurus' Status as Largest Land Predator

The article is very conservative about Tyrannosaurus' status as the largest land predator ever discovered. While the holder of this noteworthy record was hotly disputed as recently as the 2000s, taking on almost the tone of a political argument, the picture has become much clearer over the last 10 years. Thanks in part to more sophisticated and accurate computer models, Tyrannosaurus' body mass estimates have been bumped up significantly, as the article itself reflects. On the other hand, the known fossils of the three only other true contenders--Carcharodontosaurus, Giganotosaurus, and Mapusaurus--have been shown to have had their lengths overestimated, and were not as massive as equivalent tyrannosaurids to begin with. Spinosaurus, the only remaining theropod longer than Tyrannosaurus, has been shown to be less massive still, as well as mostly aquatic, casting doubt on its eligibility for the status of "land predator," or at least "obligate land predator."

It's important to note that size is conventionally measured as mass, not length or height, which is why the African bush elephant, not the reticulated python or the giraffe, is uncontroversially considered the largest living terrestrial animal. I would further like to note that all of these length and mass estimates are borne out on their respective Wikipedia articles. On the Carcharodontosaurus article, it unselfconsciously describes the animal as the "5th largest theropod overall according to most estimates." The Mapusaurus article calls its subject "slightly smaller in size than (...) Giganotosaurus" at "over 5 metric tons (...) at maximum." The Giganotosaurus article, in turn, admits that Tyrannosaurus "has been considered the largest theropod historically," that "the incompleteness of (Giganotosaurus') remains have made it difficult to estimate its size reliably," and that "some writers have considered the largest size estimates for both specimens exaggerated," listing this allegedly exaggerated estimate for the largest specimen at 8.2 metric tons, which even then is still well below the by far more accepted 8.87 metric tons listed in the Tyrannosaurus article. Finally, the Spinosaurus article puts the maximum weight for its subject's up-to-date reconstruction at 7.4 metric tons, before noting that the newest studies consider even this relatively low mass an overestimate which "cannot be considered a reliable body size estimate."

As a result, this otherwise great and cutting-edge Tyrannosaurus article smacks of being unduly cautious and downright dated whenever it comes to placing its subject in the size hierarchy. Especially the following phrase in the otherwise beautiful lead sounds like it hasn't been updated in a decade: "Although other theropods rivaled or exceeded Tyrannosaurus rex in size, it is still among the largest known land predators (...)." And in the Size section, in "T. rex was one of the largest land carnivores of all time," the qualifier "one of" sounds almost absurd followed by the staggering but uncontroversial updated mass estimates--that comfortably exceed even the most exaggerated estimates of any of the other theropods in the accompanying infographic, as I pointed out above.

I suggest that this article be edited to plainly inform the reader about what the majority of scholars seem to have concluded: Tyrannosaurus was (by a nontrivial margin) the largest (i.e. most massive) land predator ever discovered. Only one theropod dinosaur, Spinosaurus, has been discovered that was conclusively longer. However, Spinosaurus was both less massive as well as not an obligate land predator.

At minimum, the awkward, apologetic statement in the lead "(Tyrannosaurus) is still among the largest known land predators" should be revised or omitted so that it doesn't convey the impression that some unexpected recent developments have been eroding Tyrannosaurus' relative size, contradicting popular perception in dramatic fashion along the way. The opposite has been the case: 1. Tyrannosaurus' relative size has increased significantly. 2. The new sensationalist attitude is much closer to trying to "top" Tyrannosaurus, that anything but Tyrannosaurus must be the record holder, whereas Tyrannosaurus itself is "old news." I hope go-to sources like this Wikipedia article haven't added any fuel to the flames here.

If this suggested remedy is still too much, then at the barest minimum those other theropod articles should be edited to no longer unanimously defer to the subject of this article as an almost undisputed record holder, in order to make the Wiki more consistent.

I wasn't bold enough to just go ahead and cut open this beautiful article without consulting the community, so I'm hoping this can be the spark that inspires somebody to make some positive revisions. Needless to say, the question "Which was the largest known land predator?" has taken on historical, almost mythological proportions. Calling public interest "high" would be an understatement.

tl;dr: Tyrannosaurus is the largest land predator ever discovered by a nontrivial margin; size is measured by mass; the article makes it sound like other land predators approaching or exceeding Tyrannosaurus' body mass have been discovered, even though the articles for those land predators disagree, and the math from all the mass estimates even in the articles themselves contradicts this; the record for the largest land predator of all time is noteworthy and interesting to the public 2001:9E8:8FC:AE00:983:4A5B:7C9:C387 (talk) 10:21, 15 September 2023 (UTC)

Nanotyrannus vs. Tyrannosaurus

Numerous articles scattered throughout the internet showcase studies suggesting that Nanotyrannus may be a valid genus that coexisted with T.rex. Since the old Nanotyrannus article on this website was subject to deletion I was hoping we could possibly bring it back or make an article about this debate. FishyGuy77 (talk) 14:32, 4 January 2024 (UTC)

Neither is needed untill more conclusive evidence is presented. Currently there's still ongoing debate, which is covered on the Tyrannosaurus page. The Morrison Man (talk) 15:51, 4 January 2024 (UTC)

We don't need "scattered articles throughout the Internet", we have scientific papers, and that's what we're already citing. The Nano article wasn't deleted, it was merged into this one. The new paper has already received a lot of criticism from researchers, so it is unlikely to overturn the consensus, but should definitely be cited. FunkMonk (talk) 19:52, 4 January 2024 (UTC)

Already there have been several noted paleontologists who have dismissed this 2024 paper as not being convincing, so, no, this is definitely not the time to be resurrecting a dubious genus. 2603:6080:21F0:6140:459F:17E0:2004:854A (talk) 18:35, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

But still, it may be a possibility that the genus could be valid. Though, I agree. We should probably wait until we have more evidence. FishyGuy77 (talk) 22:07, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 12 January 2024

Include Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis in the species list PaleoOuedZem (talk) 02:30, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

Controversial. See above. Lythronaxargestes (talk | contribs) 16:45, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

Forearms

Use as toothpicks has been suggested. This was a significant historical conjecture, still mentioned as a valid primary or secondary function, especially in the absence of birds that today have a similar symbiotic role for living archosaurs. Drsruli (talk) 03:26, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

As an example of intraspecific cooperative behaviour? Perhaps that is why the hand claws shortened: adults could no longer reach their mouth anyway!--MWAK (talk) 18:08, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

Interesting concept indeed. If living species cooperate with another species in a beneficial way than it is plausible for 2 individuals of the same species to help eachother. IndoBoy Official (talk) 19:58, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

New Research Shows Nanotyrannus Is Separate Species, Not “Juvenile T. rex”

Taxonomic Status of Nanotyrannus lancensis (Dinosauria: Tyrannosauroidea)—A Distinct Taxon of Small-Bodied Tyrannosaur

- https://www.mdpi.com/2813-6284/2/1/1

(looks credible but this is apparently a new publication)

- 189.122.84.88 (talk) 17:55, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

This is in the article already and it is far from settled. Lythronaxargestes (talk | contribs) 18:06, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

Not to mention the fact that its already being discussed in two other places on this talk page The Morrison Man (talk) 19:01, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

What was the point of you ignoring the two previous sections on this, and posting? To 'get your IP address in lights' or something? PAY ATTENTION to ongoing discussions on Talk Pages. 2603:6080:21F0:6140:459F:17E0:2004:854A (talk) 18:33, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

It's possible that they missed the other ones, no need to assume ill intent. The Morrison Man (talk) 17:02, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

I think we can make a separate page? But we need to proceed with caution. However I doubt there needs to be any consensus in the scientific community for us to recreate the article since we still have several similar articles still up. Maybe we should rewrite the article if we are going to republish it? Just a thought--Bubblesorg (talk) 17:32, 11 January 2024 (UTC)

Seeing as the validity of the genus is a highly disputed topic, remaking the page at the current time would be premature, and with a high likelihood that it would need to be merged back into Tyrannosaurus. Best to just wait untill there's conclusive evidence of the distinction rather than jump the gun and give ourselves more work. The Morrison Man (talk) 06:48, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

Yeah, the description of the Dueling Dinosaurs specimen may set it straight. FunkMonk (talk) 08:54, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

structuring the Tyrannosaurus article like we did gave us a heck of a lot more work than making a seperate article on the controversial nanotyrannus will. IndoBoy Official (talk) 19:59, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

Note: article on the Nanotyrannus debate, not as a genuine taxon. IndoBoy Official (talk) 20:00, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

I only need to modify the size of "Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis"

One of the Brazilian websites (I can give you the link) said that that species of Tyrannosaurus was bigger than "Tyrannosaurus rex" (and I can add the family tree) RogerMadruga (talk) 03:12, 21 January 2024 (UTC)

No can do. The paper itself says that T. mcraeensis was smaller than the biggest specimens of T. rex. Lythronaxargestes (talk | contribs) 04:06, 21 January 2024 (UTC)

Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis

As of today, a new species of Tyrannosaurus has been described in a paper published by Nature. This species, Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis predates T. rex by 6-7 million years yet is about as large. Given the utter depth at which this article goes into T. rex, how will we fit this new information on this new species into this page? For so long, Tyrannosaurus has been a monotypic genus, and save for that one little Greg Paul moment that was roundly rejected, no new species have been added til now. How are we going to proceed with this? DownAirStairsConditioner (talk) 17:18, 11 January 2024 (UTC)

FWIW relevant references include the following refs - hope this helps in some way - iac - Stay Safe and Healthy !! - Drbogdan (talk) 16:16, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

I dont know how we will proceed. All I know is that I have begun the proceeding by adding the new species to the other species list. IndoBoy Official (talk) 18:21, 11 January 2024 (UTC)

nevermind we need to talk about it. IndoBoy Official (talk) 18:22, 11 January 2024 (UTC)

It is generally commonplace to add new species to dinosaur genus pages without extensive discussion or hesitation. However, given the extreme popularity of Tyrannosaurus, it may be best to discuss the best way to proceed with this study. That said, T. mcraeensis should probably be left out of the taxobox, as suggested by the current format. It can be discussed in-depth in the body of the page. Note that the paper is not without its criticisms—Thomas Carr has expressed his skepticism regarding naming the specimen as a new species. Of course, his unpublished opinion should also not be given undue weight. -SlvrHwk (talk) 18:33, 11 January 2024 (UTC)

Leaving a new species out of the tax box is far from the norm for wikipedia articles and I highly advise against it. I believe we should add it into the tax box, move the debated species into their own articles and make a section for the new species to begin. IndoBoy Official (talk) 18:35, 11 January 2024 (UTC)

we need to completely change the other species section, I recommend moving each of the 2 debated species to their own article since both have a lot of studies associated with them and it would take up space for new T.mcraeensis information. IndoBoy Official (talk) 18:31, 11 January 2024 (UTC)

Not sure what the best way to proceed with this is, but I agree with giving mcraensis more validity than the other species; it's temporally and spatially well-separated from rex and not sympatric like Nanotyrannus or Paul's species. While Carr might have his disagreements, I don't think they should be the end-all be-all. If evidence of the fossil being younger than it is or conspecific with rex comes out, we can change it, but for now I feel there's good grounds to treat it as valid. Geekgecko (talk) 05:13, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

Apparently even the temporal difference is uncertain. FunkMonk (talk) 08:55, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

we need to begin reconstructing immediately. I suggest moving the controversial species to their own articles and replacing the additional species section with one for T. mcraeensis. IndoBoy Official (talk) 13:03, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

We certainly don't need to do anything drastic at all before the dust has settled. FunkMonk (talk) 13:10, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

My take on this is that we're in the same situation as T. regina and T. imperator again. This isn't a new specimen. This is an alpha taxonomy question of whether to split an existing one. I concur with suggestions to keep the taxobox as-is. Lythronaxargestes (talk | contribs) 16:44, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

I wouldn't compare it to those two, as Greg Paul has a history with needless splits and those were sympatric with rex, so them being separate species is dubious. At the very least here we have significant geographic separation, and possible temporal separation too, so I'd say mcraeensis has more validity than the any other potential second species. I feel the best course of action would be to list it on the taxobox as a debatable second species (perhaps with a question mark) and add its potential chronology on the fossil range under "earliest=". Essentially treating it as valid, but with a big asterisk. We can change if more opposing evidence comes out, though currently the burden of proof is on Carr and the others who disagree. Geekgecko (talk) 17:41, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

A 6-7 million year difference as well as all of the differences noted in the study should be more than enough to justify its validity. IndoBoy Official (talk) 19:55, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

Not necessarily by itself, and the exact age is unclear, the paper gives the lower range as 5 MY. FunkMonk (talk) 04:33, 21 January 2024 (UTC)

5-7 million years is still a large enough difference in time. Look at T. porsus and T. horridus or E.annectens and E.regalis. They have about the same difference or less. IndoBoy Official (talk) 15:00, 23 January 2024 (UTC)

References

New Cladogram?

There is a new cladogram in the same study that described T. Mcraeensis. Should we use it in the article or should we take precautions due to it still being in press. IndoBoy Official (talk) 12:25, 18 January 2024 (UTC)

Either way, we could get one more recent than 2013 as the current one. FunkMonk (talk) 04:37, 21 January 2024 (UTC)

I'd say that a better approach would be using multiple sources from the cladograms, as both the 2013 and 2024 ones are from papers with Currie as a coauthor, and those tend to find a topology not found by other workers (namely, non-Tyrannosaurid Alioramins, and Teratophoneins closer to Tyrannosaurins than Daspletosaurins; most other workers tend to find Alioramins, Teratophoneins and Daspletosaurins as successive outgroups within Tyrannosaurinae). Eriorguez (talk) 21:17, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

Nanotyrannus valid again?

Nick Longrich has recently published a paper: https://osf.io/preprints/paleorxiv/nc6tk/?fbclid=IwAR2anhEa67Jo93tggq0bXzmY-E9n2c9cXQ0R11-o244kzcMaenaDlZ3_yrU detailing why Nanotyrannus may, in fact, be a separate genus from Tyrannosaurus after all, and how several specimens conventionally believed to be juvenile Tyrannosaurus are actually Nanotyrannus. Moreover, he points out that many of Nanotyrannus’s features are not similar to those of Tyrannosaurids at all, but group closer to more basal tyrannosaurs.

Does this mean Nanotyrannus is finally established as a separate genus, and ought to be referred to as such on Wikipedia? 135.135.227.26 (talk) 21:49, 25 October 2023 (UTC)

This isn't a paper, this is a preprint. Their conclusions have not received scientific scrutiny yet. Lythronaxargestes (talk | contribs) 21:52, 25 October 2023 (UTC)

And when do you suppose that might happen? 135.135.227.26 (talk) 21:53, 25 October 2023 (UTC)

When/if a journal accepts it. Bear in mind a single paper is by no means an end to the ongoing debate, and it's unlikely to not be contested. Also, it's well-known that juveniles of derived taxa often have similarities with more basal relatives, not sure how this should be news. FunkMonk (talk) 22:24, 25 October 2023 (UTC)

Mostly because I personally talked to Longrich about it, and mentioned several of the commonly-cited reasons why Nanotyrannus is considered invalid, and his reasoning for considering it a valid genus regardless seems solid to me. For example, the Montana Dueling Dinosaurs specimen is a subadult, but its arms are larger than those of adults. 135.135.227.26 (talk) 22:36, 25 October 2023 (UTC)

There was a similar paper by Larson (2013), "The case for Nanotyrannus", but that apparently didn't change the consensus. So also in this case, we have to wait until we see some consensus in the scientific literature before moving it back to its own page. Jens Lallensack (talk) 23:13, 25 October 2023 (UTC)

The paper has now been published. We have to keep in mind that the consensus has never been based on good data. Nanotyrannus shares no autapomorphies with Tyrannosaurus so there is no strict proof the two are identical. But there is no cogent proof that they are not identical either, so most see it as more parsimonious to assume that there is only a single species. The text presently too much suggests that Nanotyrannus unproblematically fits the morphology expected for a juvenile in a tyrannosaurid growth series.--MWAK (talk) 18:00, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

We also need to be aware that this is certainly not a settled argument and will continue for years to come. Representatives from the other camp have already criticized the paper, so we can be sure there will be published rebuttals. As usual, there will be no slam dunk case closed before more specimens are found and described. FunkMonk (talk) 19:23, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

Since this source is a preprint and is not peer-reviewed, it does not actually meet the qualifications for use as a reliable or reputable source on Wikipedia. Regardless of whether editors here on Wikipedia believe Longrich & Saitta's conclusions are correct, and regardless of whether the scientific community eventually reaches a consensus that agrees with the conclusions of this preprint, those conclusions were not peer-reviewed by professional paleontologists previous to the publication of the preprint. This source should not be used in a Wikipedia entry, and if it is, the section discussing this preprint should address concerns with its reliability and cite public rebuttals from other scientists in the field to provide full context instead of presenting the preprint's conclusions as scientific fact. To quote the guidelines on use of preprints (here Wikipedia:PREPRINTS ), "Preprints, such as those available on repositories like arXiv, medRxiv, bioRxiv, or Zenodo are not reliable sources. Research that has not been peer-reviewed is akin to a blog, as anybody can post it online. Their use is generally discouraged..." Geckologist (talk) 14:57, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

As you could see two comments above yours (also three sections below this one, and the main page itself), the paper is no longer in the preprint stage and has been published. No one is considering adding the prerprint as a source. -SlvrHwk (talk) 15:45, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

I had not seen that the source was updated, my apologies. The journal in which it was published is less than a year old and one of the authors is on the editorial board so I still have reservations about whether it meets standards, but at least it is published in a journal now. Geckologist (talk) 16:05, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 18 April 2024

The image titled "Holotype of Nanotyrannus lancensis, now interpreted as a juvenile Tyrannosaurus" is not of the holotype, but a cast of the holotype. The caption also implies that this specimen has been definitively interpreted as a juvenile despite ongoing debate. The debate is discussed in the main article text. I would suggest that the image caption be changed to "Cast of CMNH 7541, the holotype of Nanotyrannus lancensis, sometimes interpreted as a juvenile Tyrannosaurus." Geckologist (talk) 14:32, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

 Done Charliehdb (talk) 12:19, 20 April 2024 (UTC)

pre-print cite?

" In a subsequent paper awaiting publication, Paul maintained ... " ref 84 -- I thought the agreement above was not to use pre-prints? 2603:6080:21F0:6000:7DFA:6CB7:3E68:895D (talk) 22:20, 30 May 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 21 July 2024

Some of the T Rex measurements are outdated and I would like to fix them. The T Rex weight measurements have been changed since Wikipedias last edit. New larger T Rex specimens have been discovered. Tom Friedman (talk) 15:43, 21 July 2024 (UTC)

 Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. RudolfRed (talk) 18:06, 21 July 2024 (UTC)

Ornithomimus Grandis?

Fossil material belonging to Tyrannosaurus that was found in eastern Wyoming in the 1890’s and described in 1896 by Marsh. He thought it belonged to Ornithomimus and named it “Ornithomimus grandis”. Should that be a synonym of Tyrannosaurus, Deinodon, or just not one at all? Smilus32 (talk) 16:10, 4 December 2024 (UTC)

The citation is Marsh (1890) but recent literature considers it similarly to Manospondylys gigas. Lythronaxargestes (talk | contribs) 16:32, 4 December 2024 (UTC)

Grammar

The first sentence implies that the genus is still alive 2600:1016:B0E3:6C0E:B881:6E59:E5CC:44C8 (talk) 18:01, 25 July 2025 (UTC)

The grammar is correct; you also say "this species is extinct", not "this species was extinct". --Jens Lallensack (talk) 18:10, 25 July 2025 (UTC)

Page is weeks out of date as it ignores new Paul peer reviewed paper

The W page for the most popular dinosaur, which is the most popular source for info on the genus, is badly out of date in many regards. Including that it has been approaching a month weeks since the peer reviewed Mesozoic paper was published with over 6000 looks and downloads (making it perhaps most widely read dinosaur study of the year), with it being inexplicably ignored since then in this page. In a sense the page is 3 years out of date since the last reference to Paul on the subject is 2022. This is as strange as it fails to meet Wikipedia topical information standards, the site’s dinosaur entries being well known for being on top of the latest publications. As it is readers are being left unaware of the lastest circumstances on the subject. Also. the entry remains biased towards the everything is T. rex hypothesis despite a growing body of peer-reviewed research to the contrary. Immediate correction and updating is required. There are now three in-depth technical studies that have in the last three years presented extensive analysis indicating that the TT-zone was inhabited by multiple species of Tyrannosaurus, as well as other small eutyrannosaur taxa. This situation needs to be presented to Wikipedia readers as a matter of scientific course, with arguments from both side being given objective weight. The revisions do not state that the multiple taxa hypothesis is now established fact, but they give an extensive look at the argument.

As I note in the revision, the team describing Bloody Mary is giving out signs on the web that they will soon conclude it is not a juvenile Tyrannosaurus, in which case the everything is T. rex hypothesis will collapse. Perhaps in part because of that, it is also pertinent that proponents of the ETRH have been silent regarding the Mesozoic paper. Suggesting the sense their arguments are being negated. Best to have the Wikipedia entry ready for the possibility of BM being described as a nonTyrannosaurus, rather than being caught embarrassingly of guard by being out of date.

The locked entry cannot be edited by myself. So I have produced updates than can be inserted. I would not have done this had the matter be handled earlier in-house. New reference placement footnotes are indicated by letters. While doing so I realized there are numerous issues with the entry, including inaccuracies. For example, it was stated that the number of teeth in growing Gorgosaurus increases as per the claim by Carr back in 1999. But that was disproven a few years later and has not been repeated. Not mentioned is Carr’s peculiar metamorphosis hypothesis of T. rex growth, and the refutations to that now in the literature. This is part of a bias towards the everything is T. rex hypothesis. Over all the entry is atypically pro species T. rex over Tyrannosaurus.

And no other dinosaur genus entry is so fixated on a particular species, the rest use the genus title alone in most cases. Doing differently here is bad practice. Most references to T. rex or Tyrannosaurus rex need to be changed to simply Tyrannosaurus, as how the Triceratops entry usually says Triceratops and refers to species in the genus only when specifically, necessary. Same for Allosaurus, Brontosaurus and so on. W entries are supposed to be consistent in structure and content. So be consistent with Tyrannosaurus, which cuts down on being biased towards the ETRH.

T. imperator and T. regina need to be placed in the upper right Tyrannosaurus box species list along with T. mcraeensis. As they should have already been. As I pointed out in the Mesozoic paper other dinosaur intragenus species have been accepted, including in Wikipedia entries, immediately with little or no contention despite being based on less evidence for those in Tyrannosaurus, such as Allosaurus jimmadseni and A. anax. At this point not including T. imperator and T. regina is misleading the audience as to the state of the evidence that supports them.

There are a lot of other issues with the entry, too many for me to deal with.

---

Revisions for Tyrannosaurus entry –

Intro

Replace first paragraph which has been outdated for years -- Tyrannosaurus (pronunciation) is a genus of large theropod dinosaur. It is one of the best represented theropods. The name of the type species Tyrannosaurus rex, including when shortened to T. rex or colloquially t-rex or Trex, is much more frequently used in its entirety than are complete genus-species names for other dinosaurs, which normally go by the genus alone. In a potential major revision of Tyrannosaurus taxonomy, it has of late been proposed that the genus contains multiple species, T. imperator, T. regina, and T. mcraeensis. Other researchers continue to place all of these within T. rex. The great majority of fossils assigned to T. rex, T. regina, and T. imperator are found in the latest Maastrichtian, ~67.5 to 66 million years ago, Tyrannosaurus-Triceratops zone or “TT-zone” consisting of the Hell Creek, Lance, Ferris, Denver, Laramie, Arapahoe, Willow Creek, Frenchman, and Scollard Formation complex of the upper plains of the United States and Canada. A limited number of incomplete remains that may be within the genus, including T. mcraeensis, have been found in sediments of the southwest United States that possibly date from as early as the Campanian to the late Maastrichtian. Nanotyrannus, Stygiventor and other small TT-zone remains are considered to be either juvenile Tyrannosaurus, or distinct taxa by differing researchers. Tyrannosaurus is one of if not the most beloved, popular dinosaurs and has been featured in numerous films, print fiction, documentaries, products, postage stamps, and many other media and commercial genres.

Size

Add to end of 2nd paragraph - A set of rigorously restored profile-skeletals of the largest of the three most complete skeletons, Sue, Scotty and Stan, based on the premise that they were ordinary active predators in lean-healthy-hungry condition, and using the latest data on organismal specific gravities, found lower masses, all in the area of 7.5 tonnes.[82][D][F][G][C] While all three share broadly similar bone dimensions, gracile Stan has a femur about 15% more slender than the two robust specimens, indicating the atypically species T. regina was more weakly constructed than were relatively robust T. rexand T. imperator.[82][D]F[G]

Additional species

Add In the first large scale examination of the issue, in a 2022 study Paul and colleagues….

Add at end of section - Longrich and Saitta supported the possibility of multiple Tyrannosaurus species in 2024.[116] An expanded 2025 technical study by Paul claims to refute many of the arguments in the 2022 Carr et al. paper.[D] The new investigation goes on the double the number of cranial and postcranial features used to distinguish and diagnose the three species of the latest Maastrichtian genus. Including that the variation in the postorbital display bosses of the tyrant lizard is greater than in any other tyrannosaurid species, and along with the proportional differences are distributed stratigraphically, as expected among multiple intragenera sibling species.

T. imperator

Lower Tyrannosaurus/Triceratops zone. Long, low spindle orbital bosses, skull and skeleton robust, usually two incisiform at tip of dentary. Holotype FMNH PR2081 (Sue).

T. rex

Upper TT-zone. Short, dorsally prominent disc preorbital bosses, skull and skeleton robust, one incisiform tooth. Holotype CM 9380 (Barnum).

T. regina

Upper TT-zone. Modest preorbital bosses, skull and skeleton gracile, one incisiform tooth. Holotype USNM 555000 (ex MOR 555, Wankel).

About two and a half dozen specimens are fairly equally split between the three species. Because the variation in display boss shape and proportions in contemporary robust T. rex and more gracile T. regina is greater than the rest of tyrannosaurids combined, Paul considers species more probable than sexual morphs. If correct, this is similar to gracile and robust giant tyrannosaurid taxa sharing earlier habitats. All but one major skull and skeleton were assigned to a named species. It’s stratigraphic level unknown because the quarry has been covered by Fort Peck Lake reservoir, and its key proportional ratios are either intermediate or unknown, AMNH 5027 cannot be placed in a species. More TT-species are possible. Paul proposes that the exceptional diversity in orbital bosses in the genus resulted from the exceptional expansion of the temporal box. That caused the postorbital to flare more laterally relative to the snout than other tyrannosaurs, putting emphasis on using the bosses for species identification. Aside from the possibility that T. imperator is ancestral among the three, the interrelationships between the three named species are not clear. Only T. rexand T. regina can be restored as being present at the K/Pg boundary and contemporary with Triceratops prorsus. Known only from the lower TT-zone, the less derived, spindle postorbital bossed T. imperator should not be shown as present at the final extinction, and hunted basal Triceratops horridus. Reaction to the 2025 Paul paper has been muted compared to the 2022 Paul et al. study.

T. macraeensis

Add to end of section -- Paul in 2025 cautioned that because the T. macraeensis holotype appears to be more basal in osteological anatomy than definite late Maastrichtian Tyrannosaurus, both suggests it lived considerably earlier, and may not be a member of the genus.[D][E] If TT-zone Tyrannosaurus did descend from Asian Tarbosaurus, and the two are considered congeneric, then T. mcraeensis is a candidate for being in Tyrannosaurus. If Tarbosaurus and Tyrannosaurus are not congeneric, then T. mcraeensis in more likely a distinct genus. The latter is most logical if the TT-zone Tyrannosaurus had entirely North American origins.

Change section title to -- Nanotyrannus, Stygivenator and other possible basal eutyrannosaurs

Section out of date and sometimes errant on facts, entire section needs to be replaced -- In 1942 Gilmore was the first to present evidence that the TT-zone tyrannosaur fauna consisted of more than one taxon, giving the species name G. lancensis to a distinctive small skull, CM 7541, from the lower Hell Creek Formation of Montana.[99] This was due to its showing signs of maturity when less than half the length of adult Tyrannosaurus crania, and its high number of teeth. In 1988 the skull was redescribed and assigned its own genus, Nanotyrannus.[100] Another redescription in 2010 expressed doubt about the fossil being a growing Tyrannosaurus[]. Other tyrannosaur fossils found in the same TT-zone formations as Tyrannosaurus have been classified as separate taxa, among them Stygivenator molnari and Dinotyrannus megagracilis in 1995,[62][97] with the latter since being universally seen as an immature Tyrannosaurus.[98][82][116][D][F][G]

In 1999 Carr proposed that Nanotyrannus is instead a juvenile Tyrannosaurus.[101] This hypothesis rested on the presumption that tooth loss occurred in maturing Gorgosaurus libratus, a clear error corrected in 2003[103]. There are no examples of tooth loss with maturity occurring in nonmarine, nonbeaked diapsid reptiles, tyrannosaurids included[B][C][D]. Also having more teeth than Tyrannosaurus is “Jane” (BMRP 20002.4.1). In a detailed analysis Larson found that the nearly complete skull and skeleton features many attributes indicating it is not a young Tyrannosaurus[105]. The same year Larson presented data on an even more complete fossil, the tyrannosaur half of the “Dueling Dinosaurs” tagged “Bloody Mary” (no catalog number yet assigned by owner North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences)[107]; the hand being both as long as that of adult Tyrannosaurus while dramatically different in detailed anatomy was seen to disprove its being a juvenile of the tyrant lizard. In two studies Schmerge and Rothschild presented information indicting some small TT-zone tyrannosaurus were different from Tyrannosaurus both adult and juvenile, including the prominent lateral dentary groove absent in Tyrannosaurus.[111][H]

Even so, it became widely accepted that all small TT-zone tyrannosaur specimens are growing T. rex.[112] This culminated in an extensive 2020 paper by Carr that proposed that the atypical growth pattern of T. rex was the result of its having experienced an ontogenetic metamorphosis similar to that of some fish.[114] Included was a smooth growth curve chart that incorporated all TT-zone fossils. Using direct growth ring counts Woodward et al. at the same time suggested that T. rex experienced interrupted growth, because “Jane” and “Petey” (BMRP 2006.4.4) mass addition was slowing while they were still in their teens.[113]

In 2024 Longrich and Saitta, and Paul in 2025, published in-depth studies that contradict the ontogenetic side of the everything is T. rex hypothesis.[116][D] These studies noted that amniotes never experience metamorphosis like some invertebrates, fish and amphibians. This further disqualifies the many toothed small tyrannosaurs with long hands from growing up to become Tyrannosaurus. The slowing growth of “Jane” and “Petey” is not in good accord with very fast growing Tyrannosaurus, instead it indicates that they would have become adults at about a tonne. A number of less than adult size TT-zone specimens are juvenile Tyrannosaurus according to their low number of stout teeth, lack of prominent grooves on the sides of the dentaries, and other features. Twice as many lithe specimens have more teeth than Tyrannosaurus both young and adult, the prominent dentary grooves, hands as long or longer than adult Tyrannosaurus, and other features that indicate they are basal eutyrannosaurs rather than tiny armed tyrannosaurids. Voris et al. (2025) suggested that loss of a tooth position in an adult Tyrannosaurus was compatible with tooth loss in ontogeny.[96] Paul noted that the existence of juveniles of the genus with as few teeth as the adults renders this moot.[D][E] And animals do not begin as highly diverse juveniles that converge to a common adult form, any intraspecies divergence that does occur during ontogeny instead happens approaching maturity in the form of sexual dimorphism.

The basal eutyrannosaurs are themselves so dissimilar in form that multiple species and probably genera are indicated according to Paul.[D] Nanotyrannus lancensis may be limited to the original skull, and Stygivenator is probably valid. The particularly distinctive Bloody Mary may be its own taxon; the museum public outreach on the specimen no longer claims it is a juvenile T. rex.[A] Determining the differing taxa is hindered by limited stratigraphic data for most of the specimens. None of the basal eutyrannosaurs in below a few hundred kilograms in estimated mass [D][F][G]. The existence of giant and lesser tyrannosaurs in the same habitat is also seen with Tarbosaurus and Alioramus, but the diversity of the one tonne or less taxa in the TT-zone is unique. Paul proposes that these various basal eutyrannosaurs stemmed from immigrants into western North America across the recently emerged Laralachia land bridge from Appalachia, where long handed dryptosaur basal eutyrannosaurs had previously evolved.[D] Being better adapted for being tyrannosaurs of a tonne or less, the basal eutyrannosaurs appear to have been doing well against juvenile Tyrannosaurus that were primarily adapted to grow into massive toothed and bodied giants. New counterarguments to the multiple lithe tyrannosaur taxa have not yet emerged.

Life history

Entire section is out of date and takes side of ETRH, replace entire section - With many lesser sized TT-zone specimens not reliably assignable to Tyrannosaurus, using them to explore the life history of the genus risks being misleading[82][116][D]. The identification of several specimens as definitive juvenile Tyrannosaurus combines with the adults to allow aspects of ontogeny and beyond to be assessed.[116][D] But because the seven known juvenile fossils are all poorly preserved, the information they provide is limited. Nor do any juveniles represent individuals of less than a few hundred kilograms. That is like Gorgosaurus, but different from Tarbosaurus in which the smallest known juveniles were under a 100 kilograms.[F][G]

No certain Tyrannosaurus juvenile has had its growth rings examined. Growth zones of elements of two adults indicate that the genus grew very rapidly, adding up to a tonne or more a year at the peak rate in their teens, and completing growth in their twenties[117][40][116][124][D]. This is an exceptional growth pace for giant theropods. The suggestion by Woodward et al. that young Tyrannosaurus experienced irregular growth, perhaps due to environmental fluctuations,[124] is not established because the specimens are nontyrannosaurids.according to Longrich and Saitta and to Paul[116][D]. The larger adult Tyrannosaurus, Sue, experienced a cessation of growth[40][117][116][D].

The presence of probable medullary tissue in the femur of MOR 1125 (B-rex) has been controversial[120][122] indicates that the taxon began reproducing in its teens at about half adult mass. That specimen is the only Tyrannosaurus that can be strongly identified as female, in this case a T. imperator[82][D]

A probable hunter of well-armed Triceratops, the lifespan of Tyrannosaurus appears to have been shorter than those of other similarly gigantic theropods [117][127].

Sexual dimorphism

Place at end - Using intraspecies divergences in orbital display bosses and other factors Paul tentatively assigned some specimens of the three TT-zone species to sexes[D].

Feeding strategies

Insert -- …..In a battle against a Triceratops, the latter would likely defend itself by inflicting dangerous wounds to the Tyrannosaurus using its sharp horns and parrot-like beak.[230][???] If there were multiple Tyrannosaurus species, then early T. imperator would have preyed upon contemporary Triceratops horridus, and later T. rex and T. regina on Triceratops prorsus.[82][D]. Being more gracile, T. regina may have been more prone to prey on less well defended edmontosaur hadrosaurs rather than horned Triceratops, than were earlier robust T. imperator and contemporary T. rex. If so, that may have been similar to predatory niche partition between late Campanian albertosaurs and daspletosaurs.[127][F][G] Studies of Sue……

Population estimates

Add to end of 2nd paragraph – If there were multiple species of Tyrannosaurus, then the population of each of the species in the TT-zone would have been about a third of the total for the genus as a whole.[82][D]

Add following refs --

A. Anonymous. (2025) “Dueling Dinosaurs”. NCMNS. https://naturalsciences.org/exhibits/permanent-exhibits/dueling-dinosaurs.php.

B. Brown, C.M.; VanBuren, C.S.; Larson, D.W.; Brink, K.S.; Campione, N.E.; Vavrek, M.J.; Evans, D.C. (2015) “Tooth counts through growth in diapsid reptiles: implications for interpreting individual and size-related variation in the fossil record”. Journal of Anatomy. 226: 322–333. https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12280.

C. Larramendi, A.; Paul, G.S.; Hsu, S.Y. (2021) “A review and reappraisal of the specific gravities of present and past multicellular organisms, with an emphasis on tetrapods”. Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology. 304: 1833–1888. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24574.

D. Paul, G.S. (2025) “A presentation of the current data on the exceptionally diverse nontyrannosaurid eutyrannosaur and tyrannosaurini genera and species of western North America during the End Cretaceous North American Interchange”. Mesozoic. 2: 85-138. https://www.mapress.com/mz/article/view/mesozoic.2.2.1.

E. Paul, G.S. (2025) “Observations on Campanian?/Maastrichtian Tyrannosaurus taxa and evolution. Comment on Rise of the king. Gondwanan origins and evolution of megaraptorans dinosaurs”. Royal Society Open Science. 12: 242238. http://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.242238

F. Paul, G.S. (2024) The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs (3rd ed).: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691231570.

G. Paul, G.S. (2024) The Princeton Field Guide to Predatory Dinosaurs: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691253169.

H. Schmerge, J.D.; Rothschild, B.R. (2016) “When a groove is not a groove: Clarification of the appearance of the dentary groove in tyrannosauroid theropods and the distinction between Nanotyrannus and Tyrannosaurus: Reply to Comment on, Distribution of the dentary groove of theropod dinosaurs: Implications for theropod phylogeny and the validity of the genus Nanotyrannus Bakker et al., 1988”. Cretaceous Research. 65: 238-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2016.04.015 GregDinoPaul (talk) 19:20, 27 July 2025 (UTC)

ok.NGPezz (talk) 19:31, 27 July 2025 (UTC)

Greg Paul, with the utmost respect, while you were one of the key figures of the dinosaur renaissance and your writing, diagrams and art has had an undeniable significant impact on the field of dinosaur paleontology, you are only one out of quite a number of researchers who focus on the taxonomy of Tyrannosaurus, and your views must be presented in the context of the consensus of the field as a whole. Your proposed additions, to be frank, place the emphasis on your own viewpoint too strongly, and cannot be included in their current form without violating Wikipedia guidelines, particuarly Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight. Hemiauchenia (talk) 19:50, 27 July 2025 (UTC)

Plus, two decently sized paragraphs are already dedicated to your multiple Tyrannosaurus species hypothesis. The Morrison Man (talk) 20:21, 27 July 2025 (UTC)