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// Workers AI · dad joke modeWhat did Sharh say to its friend? "You can 'h' count on me

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sharh (pl. shuruh, literally "explanation" or "expounding") or hadith commentary is a category of Islamic scholarship that examines the meaning, historical context, and legal implications the hadiths (sayings, actions, and silent approvals of the Prophet Muhammad), to explore the deeper spiritual and philosophical meanings, such as the intentions behind good deeds. The intention is to enable readers understand and apply the hadiths to their daily lifves. The hadiths referred to events and actions in the 7th-century and were later compiled into several collections over the 8th-11th centuries CE. The commentaries explain the historical context of specific hadiths, indicating if it was meant for a specific time and person or had wider implications. This led to the sharh writers extracting Islamic rules (Fiqh) from the Hadiths, often leaning towards one or other of the legal schools (Madhhabs) in their interpretations for subjects such as worship, marriage, and ethics. Some commentators also provided analyses of difficult grammar and vocabulary.

Sunni commentaries

[edit]

Sahih al-Bukhari

[edit]
Sahih al-Bukhari
Manuscript of Sahih al-Bukhari from the 14/15th-century
AuthorAl-Bukhari
LanguageArabic
SeriesKutub al-Sittah
GenreHadith collection
ISBN978-1-56744-519-0
OCLC47899632
Original textSahih al-Bukhari at Arabic Wikisource

The Sahih al-Bukhari is the first and most acclaimed Hadith collection of the Six Books of Sunni Islam. Compiled by Muhammad al-Bukhari (d. 870 CE) in the musannaf format, the work is valued by Sunni Muslims alongside Sahih Muslim as the most authentic Islamic text after the Quran. It is estimated that more than "seventy full commentaries have been written" about this collection.[1]

Al-Bukhari organised the book mostly in the Hijaz at the Sacred Mosque of Mecca and the Prophet's Mosque of Medina, and completed the work in Bukhara around 846 CE (232 AH). The work was examined by his teachers Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Ali ibn al-Madini, Yahya ibn Ma'in, and others. The following is a list of some of the commentaries written by later scholars, examining Sahih al-Bukhari.

  • A'lam al-Sunan is a commentary written by the Shafi'i scholar Al-Khattabi. It is considered the first surviving commentary on Sahih al-Bukhari. Although the author did not assign a formal title, the work became known as A'lam al-Sunan. The commentary was composed to clarify difficult or ambiguous expressions in Sahih al-Bukhari, presenting explanations from a theological perspective. It is comparatively concise in nature, covering 1,238 hadiths from Sahih al-Bukhari.
  • Al-Abwab wa al-Tarajim is a three-volume Arabic commentary written by Zakariyya Kandhlawi.[2] It serves as an analysis and explanation of the chapters and narrators found in Sahih al-Bukhari, one of the most esteemed collections of Hadith. The commentary is the result of four decades of effort by the author. In this commentary, Kandhlawi presents seventy principles that aid in understanding the chapter headings of Sahih al-Bukhari. He provides commentary on each chapter, illustrating the connections between the chapter headings and the related hadiths. This work addresses the challenge faced by scholars in establishing these connections, contributing to the scholarly discourse surrounding Sahih al-Bukhari.
  • Al-Kawakib al-Darari is a commentary authored by the Shafi'i scholar Shams al-Din al-Kirmani. The work was written to provide a comprehensive explanation of Sahih al-Bukhari, addressing gaps and limitations in earlier commentaries, including those by Ibn Battal, al-Khattabi, and Mughultay. It was completed in 1373 CE in Mecca. A modern edition of the work was published in twenty-five volumes in Cairo between 1935 and 1945.
  • Al-Tawdhih is a commentary written by the Shafi'i scholar Ibn al-Mulaqqin. It is the largest and most detailed commentary on Sahih al-Bukhari. Modern printed editions comprise thirty-six volumes. Ibn al-Mulaqqin worked on this commentary for more than two decades, beginning around 763 AH and completing it in 785 AH.
  • Anwar al-Bari is a 19-volume Urdu commentary compiled by Ahmad Rida Bijnori, drawing from the teachings of Anwar Shah Kashmiri. This commentary features the original Arabic text of Sahih al-Bukhari alongside a literal Urdu translation, enhancing its accessibility to a wider audience. It provides biographical information about hadith scholars and narrators in the transmission chains, as well as delves into various facets of Islamic jurisprudence and theology. The work extensively defends the validity of the Hanafi school of jurisprudence. The compiler, however, only completed the commentary up to the end of the Book of Prayer, accompanied by a discussion on the final chapter concerning Imaan (faith) and Tawhid (monotheism).
  • Fayd al-Bari is a four-volume Arabic commentary compiled by Badre Alam Merathi, based on the lectures and teachings of his teacher, Anwar Shah Kashmiri.[3] It offers detailed explanations, interpretations, and discussions of the Hadiths found in Sahih al-Bukhari. This commentary covers various aspects, including the biography of Muhammad al-Bukhari, the methodology and conditions of compiling Sahih al-Bukhari, the narrators of the Hadiths, the connections between chapter headings and the Hadiths within them, discussions on beliefs (aqaid), and attempts to derive legal rulings (fiqh) from the Hadiths. Additionally, the work includes a lengthy introduction by Yusuf Banuri, which provides insights into the biography of Anwar Shah Kashmiri.[4]
  • Irshad al-Sari is a classical commentary written by the Shafi‘i scholar al-Qastallani. He completed the work in 1517 CE, seven years before his death. Unlike earlier commentaries, it explains each word in a clear and concise way, sometimes repeating key points to ensure understanding. This approach makes it accessible to readers of all levels. Historically, it has been considered the third most important commentary on Sahih al-Bukhari, after Fath al-Bari and Umdat al-Qari. In writing it, al-Qastallani relied heavily on Fath al-Bari, occasionally summarizing its explanations.
  • Kashf al-Bari is a 24-volume Arabic commentary on Sahih al-Bukhari, authored by Saleemullah Khan.[5] It originates from his lectures at Jamia Farooqia, and the compilation process commenced around 1986–1987, spanning approximately four hundred notebooks. The manuscript underwent subsequent refinement by scholars, starting with Ibn al-Hasan Abbasi. Khan adopted the pedagogical approach of his mentor, Hussain Ahmad Madani, in teaching and explicating Sahih al-Bukhari.[6] The book was initially published in Pakistan before reaching an audience in India.
  • Lami al-Darari is a multi-volume commentary, which is based on the teachings of Rashid Ahmad Gangohi. The original lessons were recorded in Arabic by Yahya Kandhlawi, a student of Gangohi, and later expanded upon by his son, Zakariyya Kandhlawi, with extensive footnotes at the insistence of Hussain Ahmad Madani. The commentary was completed in 1968. Its primary objective is to provide detailed explanations, discussions, and insights into the various sections, topics, and issues addressed in Sahih al-Bukhari. Additionally, it incorporates additional research, references to other scholarly works, and offers a defense of the Hanafi school of jurisprudence.[4]
  • Sharh Ibn Battal is a classical commentary authored by the Maliki scholar Ibn Battal. Although the original title of the work is unknown, it is traditionally attributed to him and is considered one of the earliest printed commentaries on Sahih al-Bukhari, following Al-Khattabi's A'lam al-Sunan. The commentary combines hadith analysis with Maliki jurisprudence, addressing legal reasoning, philology, historical context, ethical guidance, and preserving material from sources that are now lost, including reports from the Companions of the Prophet, the Successors, and later generations.
  • Umdat al-Qari is a classical commentary on Sahih al-Bukhari by the Hanafi scholar Badr al-Din al-Ayni. Al-Ayni worked on the book for over twenty years, starting in 1418 CE and finishing in 1443 CE.

Sahih Muslim

[edit]
Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim
copy of Sahih Muslim from 1910
AuthorMuslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj (c. 822–875)
LanguageArabic, Persian
SeriesKutub al-Sittah
GenreHadith collection
Published9th century
Original textṢaḥīḥ Muslim at Arabic Wikisource

Sahih Muslim is the second hadith collection of the Six Books of Sunni Islam. Compiled by Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (d. 875) in the musannaf format, the work is valued by Sunnis, alongside Sahih al-Bukhari (see section above), as the most important sources for Muslims after the Quran.

Sahih Muslim contains approximately 5,500 - 7,500 hadith reports in its introduction and 56 "books".[7] Kâtip Çelebi (died 1657) and Siddiq Hasan Khan (died 1890) both counted 7,275 reports in the text. Muhammad Fuad Abdul Baqi wrote that there are 3,033 reports without considering repetitions.[8] Mashhur ibn Hasan Al Salman, a student of Albanian scholar Al-Albani (died 1999), counted 7,385 total reports, which, combined with the ten in the introduction, add up to a total of 7,395.[7] Muslim wrote an introduction to his collection of hadith, wherein he clarified the reasoning behind choosing the hadith he chose to include in his Sahih.

There have been more than twenty commentaries on Sahih Muslim, of which the two most notable are listed below.[9]

  • Fath al-Mulhim is a three-volume Arabic commentary on Sahih Muslim, written by Shabbir Ahmad Usmani before 1916. Usmani commenced the writing of the book in 1914 due to the absence of commentaries on Sahih Muslim, unlike Sahih al-Bukhari, which had commentaries according to the Hanafi school. He dedicated himself to bridging this gap and continued his work until his demise.[11][12] He was only able to complete three volumes of the book before his passing. The first and second volumes were published in 1933 and 1935 respectively, while the third volume was published in 1939.[13] Taqi Usmani later took up the task of completing the remaining portions of the book in 1976, ultimately finishing it in 1994 in six volumes known as Takmilah Fath al-Mulhim bi-Sharh Sahih al-Imam Muslim (see below).[14]
  • Takmilah Fath al-Mulhim is a six-volume Arabic commentary on Sahih Muslim, authored by Taqi Usmani. It serves as a supplement to Fath al-Mulhim bi-Sharh Sahih al-Imam Muslim (see above), a work initially written by Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, who completed three volumes before his demise. Taqi Usmani commenced writing this scholarly work in 1976, inspired by his father, Shafi Usmani, to carry on and complete the unfinished endeavor. After an 18-year journey, he finalized the book in 1994, earning widespread recognition for its quality. The commentary covers essential topics, including fiqh, justice, politics, economics, social policy, morality, virtues, and other aspects of Islamic teachings. Taqi Usmani's work is particularly known for its analysis, incorporation of diverse languages, inclusion of biographies, fiqh methodologies, and relevant fiqh rulings, making it a reference for both students and scholars alike.[15]

Sunan Abi Dawud

[edit]
Sunan Abi Dawud
Seven-volume collection of Sunan Abi Dawud
AuthorAbu Dawud al-Sijistani
Original titleسنن أبي داود
LanguageArabic
SeriesKutub al-Sitta
GenreHadith collection

Sunan Abi Dawud is the third hadith collection of the Six Books of Sunni Islam. It was compiled by Abu Dawud al-Sijistani (d. 889).[16]

  • Badhl al-Majhud is an Arabic commentary on Sunan Abi Dawud, authored by Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri. Widely acclaimed as the foremost work of its kind, it is esteemed by Islamic scholars worldwide. Completed over a decade in Medina, this book is an indispensable resource for those seeking to understand the nuances of Sunan Abu Dawood.[17] In addition to providing clarification on Sunan Abi Dawud, Saharanpuri's commentary scrutinises and analyses narrations and traditions from other hadith collections, making it an invaluable reference work. Saharanpuri's commentary is characterized by impartiality and balance, presenting both sides of controversial issues with clarity and objectivity. The author supports his arguments with evidence, without showing any bias towards either perspective, making it a fair and comprehensive analysis of Sunan Abi Dawud and related traditions. Initially, Saharanpuri completed the commentary in five volumes, after which he dictated it to his student Zakariyya Kandhlawi due to his advancing age and tremors. Kandhlawi subsequently published a revised edition spanning 20 volumes, which has been hailed as a seminal contribution to Islamic scholarship.[18][19]
  • Sharh Sunan Abi Dawud is a 20-volume commentary on Sunan Abi Dawud. It was authored by the 9th-century AH (15th-century CE) Sunni scholar Ibn Raslān. This work is one of the most comprehensive and authoritative commentaries on this pivotal hadith collection. It thoroughly examines the hadiths, analyzes their chains of narration and textual meanings, and provides extensive interpretations and legal applications firmly grounded in the Shafi'i school of Islamic jurisprudence. The commentary is celebrated for its clarity and systematic presentation, making complex hadith accessible to a wide audience of students and scholars.[20][21]

Sunan al-Tirmidhi

[edit]
Sahih al-Tirmidhi
AuthorAl-Tirmidhi
LanguageArabic
SeriesKutub al-Sittah
GenreHadith collection
Published9th century

Sunan al-Tirmidhi is the fourth hadith collection of the Six Books of Sunni Islam. It was compiled by al-Tirmidhi in c. 864–884 (250–270 AH).

  • Al-Arf al-Shadhi is a multi-volume Arabic commentary on Sunan al-Tirmidhi attributed to Muhammad Chiragh Punjabi, was crafted by synthesizing the annotations and teachings of Anwar Shah Kashmiri during his teaching career. Its initial publication dates back to 1919. Notably aligned with the Hanafi school of thought, the purpose of Kashmiri, as reflected in this work, extended beyond the clarification of ideas and grammatical intricacies; it predominantly aimed at establishing Abu Hanifa's elevated stature in the realm of jurisprudence. In 1968, Yusuf Banuri introduced Maarif al-Sunan (see below) across six volumes to address any identified discrepancies within Al-Arf al-Shadhi.
  • Al-Kawakib al-Durri is a multi-volume commentary on Sahih al-Tirmidhi, which is based on the teachings of Rashid Ahmad Gangohi. The lessons were originally recorded in Arabic by his student, Yahya Kandhlawi, and later expanded upon with extensive footnotes by Yahya's son, Zakariyya Kandhlawi.[22][23] The initial version, consisting of two volumes, was published in India in 1933 and 1934, while the subsequent version, including additional footnotes by Zakariyya Kandhlawi, was published in four volumes.[24]
  • Maarif al-Sunan is a six-volume Arabic commentary authored by Yusuf Banuri, who compiled the work based on the teachings and lectures of Anwar Shah Kashmiri. Published in 1968, the commentary aimed to address errors found in the older commentary called Al-Arf al-Shadhi (see above in this section), which was also based on the teachings of Anwar Shah Kashmiri.[25]

Al-Muwatta

[edit]
Muwatta Imam Malik
Marinid manuscript of the Muwatta, dated 1326 CE
AuthorImam Malik ibn Anas
Original titleموطأ الإمام مالك
LanguageArabic
GenreHadith collection

Al-Muwatta is the sixth Hadith collection and was written by Malik ibn Anas (711–795) in the 8th century.[26] It is also the earliest extant example of a musannaf, a genre of hadith compilation that arranges hadith topically. Al-Muwatta, was also the first legal work to incorporate and combine hadith and fiqh.[27]

  • Awjaz al-Masalik is an 18-volume Arabic commentary written by Zakariyya Kandhlawi. This work presents a detailed analysis of the Muwatta, including its various narrations, sources, and discussions on the legal rulings derived from the hadith, according to the four schools of thought. It covers not only the sources of the Maliki school but also evidence from the Hanafi school, making it one of the most important works of hadith commentary in the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence. Its impact on Islamic scholarship has been profound.[28]
Kandhlawi based his work on the commentary of Muhammad al-Zurqani. The first edition, published in India, consists of six volumes, while the second edition, printed in Cairo and Beirut, comprises fifteen volumes.[29] The significance of this work lies not only in its academic rigor and scholarly insights but also in its accessibility to a wider audience, making it a popular reference for scholars and students of Islamic law alike.[30][31]

Others

[edit]
  • Al-Taleeq al-Sabeeh is a multi-volume commentary on the hadith collection known as Mishkat al-Masabih. It was written by Idris Kandhlawi in Arabic and first published in Damascus in 1935.[33] The commentary aims to assist readers in studying and comprehending the hadiths in a scholarly manner. It covers various topics related to hadith sciences, such as the classification of hadiths, principles of hadith criticism, the reliability of narrators, and the criteria for accepting a hadith as authentic.
  • Amani al-Ahbar is a 4-volume Arabic commentary on Sharh Ma'ani al-Athar, authored by Yusuf Kandhlawi. Due to the author's passing, he was unable to complete this commentary. He did manage to finish commenting on the final section of the chapters related to Witr. The first volume was finalized in 1959, followed by the second volume in 1962. After a hiatus caused by his teaching responsibilities, he later returned to the project, but it remained incomplete. The first two volumes were published in 1962, and the third and fourth volumes, in manuscript form, were brought to light by Zakariyya Kandhlawi in 1974.[29]
  • Hajjat al-Wada wa Umrat al-Nabi is a book written by Zakariyya Kandhlawi. It focuses on the Farewell Pilgrimage of Muhammad and provides a detailed account of the pilgrimage and its outcomes. It was written in a span of one day and one and a half nights in 1924. The book delves into the historical details and significance of the farewell pilgrimage, covering various aspects such as the rituals, legal rulings, historical events, scientific benefits, and hadith research related to both Hajj and Umrah. It aims to provide a deep understanding of the subject matter and serves as a resource for those interested in studying and exploring the Farewell Pilgrimage of Muhammad.[38]
  • I'la al-Sunan is a work that aims to clarify the role and importance of hadiths in the Hanafi school of Islamic thought, particularly in response to criticisms from the Ahl-i Hadith movement in India.[39] Zafar Ahmad Usmani, the author, dedicated over twenty years to crafting the book, which includes more than 6,100 hadiths and their sources, along with evaluations of their chain of transmission and text. Ashraf Ali Thanwi, Usmani's teacher, entrusted him with the task of writing the book. In addition to its scholarly value, I'la al-Sunan also addresses contemporary issues and opposes certain movements, such as the Qadiani movement and efforts to make interest halal. The book has received praise for its objective evaluation of the opinions of the schools of Islamic law.
The first eleven volumes of I'la al-Sunan were published in Thana Bhawan from 1922 onwards, with the remaining volumes published in Karachi. Organized according to the chapters of Islamic jurisprudence, the book covers a broad range of topics, from purification and prayer to ethics and spirituality. The hadiths and statements of the Companions that support Hanafi views are cited with their sources at the top of the page, and weak narrations are included to support authentic narrations. The bottom of the page contains critiques of the narrations and their legal aspects, along with quotations from the reliable books of the Hanafi school where there are differences of opinion.
  • Khasa'il Nabawi is an Urdu translation and commentary on the Ash-Shama'il al-Muhammadiyya. It was authored by Zakariyya Kandhlawi, who compiled and offered explanations for the narrations found within this book. This work marks Zakariyya Kandhlawi's debut composition, published in 1926 when he was 29 years old. It explores diverse aspects of the Prophet's physical attributes, character, habits, clothing, and other details that present a depiction of his life and teachings.[40]

Shia commentaries

[edit]

Kitab al-Kafi

[edit]
Kitāb al-Kāfī
Arabic: ٱلْكَافِي
Cover of the first volume of a modern edition of Al-Kafi
Information
ReligionIslam (Twelver Shī‘ah)
AuthorMuḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb al-Kulaynī
LanguageArabic
Chapters35 (in 3 sections)

Kitab al-Kafi is a hadith collection, one of the Four Books of the Twelver Shīa tradition, compiled in the first half of the 10th century CE (early 4th century AH) by Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb al-Kulaynī (c. 868–941).[41]

It is divided into three sections: Uṣūl al-Kāfī, dealing with epistemology, theology, history, ethics, supplication, and the Qurʾān; Furūʿ al-Kāfī, which is concerned with practical and legal issues; and Rawdat (or Rawḍat al-Kāfī), which includes miscellaneous traditions, many of which are lengthy letters and speeches transmitted from the imams.[42] In total, al-Kāfī comprises 16,199 narrations.[43] It reportedly took him twenty years to finish the book.[44]

Al-Istibsar

[edit]

Al-Istibsar is the fourth hadith collection of the Four Books of Shia Islam. it was compiled by Persian scholar al-Tusi It includes the same subjects as Tahdhib al-Ahkam (Rectification of the Statutes) but in a shorter form.[45]

  • Jame'ul-Akhbar Fi Eizah-il-Istibsar by Sheikh Abdul-Latif ibn Ahmad ibn Abi Jam'e Harethi Shami Ameli.
  • Nukatul-Irshad (Points of Guidance) by Muhammad Jamaluddin al-Makki al-Amili.
  • Sharh-e-Istibsar (Explanations of Istibsar) by Sayyid Mirza Hasan ibn Abdul-Rasool Husseini Zonoozi Khu'ei (1172-1223 AH).
  • Sharh-e-Istibsar (Explanations of Istibsar) by Amir Muhammad ibn Amir Abdul-Wassi' Khatoon Abadi (d.1116 AH).
  • Sharh-e-Istibsar (Explanations of Istibsar) by Sheykh Abdul-Reza Tufaili Najafi.
  • Explanations of Istibsar by Ibne Alwandi, Faqihe Kazemi, Qasim son of Muhammad Jawad.
  • Explanations of Istibsar by Allamah Sayyid Muhsin ibn Hasan A'arji Kazemi (d.1127 AH).

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. 1 2 Abdal Hakim Murad. "Fath al-Bari: Commentary on Sahih al-Bukhari". Sunnah.org. Muslim Academic Trust. Archived from the original on 2020-02-15. Retrieved 2015-09-12. The importance of this literature may be gauged by the fact that at least seventy full commentaries have been written on Imam al-Bukhari's great Sahih [...] However the most celebrated is without question the magnificent Fath al-Bari ('Victory of the Creator') by Imam Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani
  2. ↑ Ismail, Mohd Aashif; Majid, Latifah Abdul; Nazri, Mohd Arif (2022). "Penggunaan Ungkapan Al-Auj'ah ᶜIndī Di Sisi Zakariyya Al-Kāndahlawi: Tumpuan Terhadap Karya Al- Abwāb Wa Al-Tarājim Li Ṣaḥīḥ Al-Bukhārī". Al-turath Journal of Al-quran and Al-sunnah (in Malay). 7 (1): 29–36. ISSN 0128-0899. Archived from the original on 3 December 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  3. ↑ Razzaq, Muhammad Abdul; Lakhvi, Muhammad Hammad (2020). "Methodology of Qur'anic Interpretation in Faiḍ al-bārī by Anwar Shah Kashmīrī: A Research Study". Journal of Islamic Civilization and Culture. 3 (1): 290–322. doi:10.46896/jicc.v3i01.105 (inactive 11 July 2026). ISSN 2707-6903. Archived from the original on 25 October 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2023.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2026 (link)
  4. 1 2 Kaleem, Mohd (2017). Contribution of Old boys of Darul uloom Deoband in Hadith Literature (PhD) (in Urdu). India: Department of Sunni Theology, Aligarh Muslim University. p. 336. hdl:10603/364028. Archived from the original on 24 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  5. ↑ Ullah, Rahim; Mehmood, Nisar; Batol, Tahira (2022). "Allama Salīmullah Khan's Contributions to Tafsīr and Ḥadīth". Al-Qamar (in Urdu). 5 (1): 7. doi:10.53762/alqamar.05.01.a01 (inactive 11 July 2026). ISSN 2664-4398. Archived from the original on 23 October 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2023.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2026 (link)
  6. ↑ Al Wajidi, Yasir Nadeem (2017). "Dar-ul-Uloom Deoband ke azim farzand, Sheikh-ul-Hadith Maulana Salim Allah Khan Rahmatullah Alaih". Mahnama Darul Uloom (in Urdu). 21 (101). India: Darul Uloom Deoband. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  7. 1 2 "About - Sahih Muslim - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad". sunnah.com. Retrieved 2022-08-13.
  8. ↑ Hadith and the Quran, Encyclopedia of the Quran, Brill
  9. ↑ "Sahih Muslim - Translations and Explanations in multiple languages". AUSTRALIAN ISLAMIC LIBRARY. Archived from the original on 2021-10-05. Retrieved 2022-07-08.
  10. ↑ ibn Shahbah, Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn `Umar (1987). `Abd al-`Alim Khan (ed.). Tabaqat al-Shafi'iyyah (in Arabic). Vol. 2 (first ed.). Beirut: `Alam al-Kutub. pp. 113–5.
  11. ↑ Mermertaş, Yusuf Ziya (2018). "Şebbir Ahmet Osmânî'nin Hayatı, Fethü'l-Mülhim Adlı Eserindeki Şerh Metodu ve Ele Aldığı Temel Konular". HADITH (in Turkish) (1): 88–111. ISSN 2667-5455. Archived from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  12. ↑ Ahatli, Erdinç; Haq, İnam Ul (2018). "ŞEBBÎR AHMED OSMÂNÎ VE "FETHU'L-MÜLHİM Bİ-ŞERHİ SAHÎHİ'L-İMÂM MÜSLİM" ADLI ESERİ". Sakarya Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi (in Turkish). 20 (37): 21. doi:10.17335/sakaifd.417644. ISSN 2146-9806. S2CID 188310318.
  13. ↑ Laskar, Md Fazlur Rahman (1998). Life and works of Allama Shabbir Ahmed Uthmani (PhD thesis). India: Department of Arabic, Gauhati University. p. 175. hdl:10603/67545.
  14. ↑ Huma, Zilli (2019). "Interpretation of the leading books and compositions of Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani". Rahat-ul-Quloob. 3 (1): 201. doi:10.51411/rahat.3.1.2019.66. ISSN 2521-2869. S2CID 242290175. Archived from the original on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  15. ↑ Hakim, Lokman (2014). Justice Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani: Life and Works (in Bengali). Banglabazar, Dhaka: Maktabatul Hera. p. 84. ISBN 9789849112310.
  16. ↑ Jonathan A.C. Brown (2007), The Canonization of al-Bukhārī and Muslim: The Formation and Function of the Sunnī Ḥadīth Canon, p.10. Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-9004158399. Quote: "We can discern three strata of the Sunni hadith canon. The perennial core has been the Sahihayn. Beyond these two foundational classics, some fourth/tenth-century scholars refer to a four-book selection that adds the two Sunans of Abu Dawood (d. 275/889) and al-Nasa'i (d. 303/915). The Five Book canon, which is first noted in the sixth/twelfth century, incorporates the Jami' of al-Tirmidhi (d. 279/892). Finally the Six Book canon, which hails from the same period, adds either the Sunan of Ibn Majah (d. 273/887), the Sunan of al-Daraqutni (d. 385/995) or the Muwatta' of Malik b. Anas (d. 179/796). Later hadith compendia often included other collections as well.' None of these books, however, has enjoyed the esteem of al-Bukhari's and Muslim's works." Archived 2018-01-06 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ↑ Kaleem 2017, p. 377.
  18. ↑ Özşenel, Mehmet (2009). "SEHÂRENPÛRÎ, Halîl Ahmed". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal – Sevm) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Presidency of Religious Affairs, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 310–311. ISBN 978-975-389-566-8.
  19. ↑ Haroon, Muhammad; Irfan, Muhammad; Awan, Talib Ali (2021). "Explanation and Refinement of Sunan e Abī Dawūd's narrators: Special Study of Bzl-al-Majhūd". Al-Qamar. 4 (2): 439–448. doi:10.53762/jrjmh433. ISSN 2664-4398. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
  20. ↑ Ali, Ahmed Aaider; NihadKhalil, Ali (15 April 2024). "Foundations of text criticism in hadith commentaries: Ibn Raslan's explanation of Sunan Abu Dawud as an example". Wisdom Journal for Studies and Research. 4 (2 (16)). University of Baghdad: 45–67. doi:10.55165/wjfsar.v4i02.219. ISSN 2769-1926.
  21. ↑ Sharifah Mohammad Hofan al-Qarni (2023). "Imam Ibn Raslan's Approach in Disputed Hadith through his Explanation of Sunan Abu Dawud" (PDF). Iraqi Academic Scientific Journals. 3 (34). Iraqi University: 112–134. ISSN 2225-9732.
  22. ↑ Kajee, Imraan; Kajee, Moosa (2018). The legacy of the Ulama of Deoband. South Africa: Spiritual Light. p. 50. ISBN 979-8861344210. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  23. ↑ Taqi, Muhammad Rizwan (2005). مولانہ محمد زکريا کاندھلوی رحمتہ اللہ عليہ کی دينی و علمی خدمات کا تحقيقی مطالعہ [A research study of the religious and academic services of Maulana Muhammad Zakaria Kandhalvi] (PhD thesis) (in Urdu). Pakistan: University of Karachi. p. 127. Archived from the original on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  24. ↑ Kaleem 2017, p. 421-422.
  25. ↑ Ahmad, Zubair; Ali, Syed Shahrukh; Ali, Shahbaz (2022). "The efforts of the Scholars of Binnori Town on the Sunan of Imam Tirmizi". Khairulummah (in Urdu). 2 (1): 178–187. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7657739. ISSN 2790-329X. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  26. ↑ al-Kattani, Muhammad ibn Ja`far (2007). Muhammad al-Muntasir al-Kattani (ed.). al-Risalah al-Mustatrafah (in Arabic) (seventh ed.). Beirut: Dar al-Bashair al-Islamiyyah. pp. 9, 41.
  27. ↑ Swartz, Merlin (1991). "Review of Al-Muwatta of Imam Malik translated by Aisha Bewley". Review of Middle East Studies. 25: 102–103. doi:10.1017/S0026318400024056. ISSN 0026-3184. S2CID 164621961.
  28. ↑ Ghouri, Syed Abdul Majid (2022). "Awjaz Al-masālik 'ilā Muwaṭṭāʿ Mālik Of Shayikh Muḥammad Zakariyyā Kandhalavi: A Critical Analysis From Hadith Perspective". Maʿālim al-Qurʾān wa al-Sunnah. 18 (1): 154. doi:10.33102/jmqs.v18i1.356. ISSN 2637-0328. S2CID 249614654. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  29. 1 2 Özşenel, Mehmet (2001). "Kandehlevî, Muhammed Zekeriyyâ". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 24 (Kāânî-i Şîrâzî – Kastamonu) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Presidency of Religious Affairs, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 298–299. ISBN 978-975-389-451-7.
  30. ↑ Khan, Muhammad Sarwar; Khan, Abdul Basit (2019). "Zakariyya Kandhalvi's Methodology for Introducing the Narrators of hadith: A Study of Awjaz al-Masalik ila Muwatta' Malik". Fikr-o Nazar. 56 (3–4): 79. eISSN 2518-9948. Archived from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  31. ↑ Ahmad, Zaheer; Muhammad, Ibraheem Bin (2022). "Linguistics Issues in "Aujaz ul Masalik ila Muata Imam Malik" by Muhammad Zakriya Al-Kandhalavi –Nominative Issue "Subject" as Example". Khairulummah. 2 (1): 33–44. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7456861. ISSN 2790-329X. Archived from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  32. ↑ "al-Isabah fi tamyiz-is-sahabah - Ibn Hajr Asqalani". IslamiEducation. 2009-11-20. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
  33. ↑ BİRIŞIK, ABDULHAMİT (1988–2016). "KANDEHLEVÎ, Muhammed İdrîs". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Presidency of Religious Affairs, Centre for Islamic Studies.
  34. ↑ Ellethy, Yaser (20 November 2014). Islam, Context, Pluralism and Democracy Classical and Modern Interpretations. Taylor & Francis. p. 269. ISBN 9781317627463.
  35. ↑ Hanif, N. (24 May 2016). Variance in Arabic Manuscripts Arabic Didactic Poems from the Eleventh to the Seventeenth Centuries - Analysis of Textual Variance and Its Control in the Manuscripts. Walter de Gruyter. p. 170. ISBN 9783110460001.
  36. ↑ Ibrahim, Ahmed F. (27 April 2015). Pragmatism in Islamic Law A Social and Intellectual History. Syracuse University Press. p. 250. ISBN 9780815653196.
  37. ↑ Esposito, John L. (1995). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World: Sata-Zurk. Oxford University Press. p. 174.
  38. ↑ Maliq, Abdul (2001). Moulana Muhammad Zakariyya Hayatuhu Wa A Maluhu (PhD thesis) (in Arabic). India: Department of Arabic, University of Madras. p. 129. hdl:10603/293977. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  39. ↑ Si̇fi̇l, Ebubeki̇r (2000). "İ'LÂÜ's-SÜNEN". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 22 (İhvân-ı Safâ – İski̇t) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Presidency of Religious Affairs, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 78. ISBN 978-975-389-449-4.
  40. ↑ Taqi, Muhammad Rizwan (2005). A research study of the religious and academic services of Maulana Muhammad Zakaria Kandhalvi (PhD thesis) (in Urdu). Pakistan: University of Karachi. p. 125. Archived from the original on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  41. ↑ Meri, Josef W. (2005). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-96690-0.
  42. ↑ Howard, I. K. A. (1976). "Al-Kafi by Al-Kulaynī". Al-Serat: A Journal of Islamic Studies. 2 (1).
  43. ↑ "Hadith al-Kafi". Al-Islam.org. 17 August 2013.
  44. ↑ Ehteshámi, A. (2022) “‘The Four Books of Shiʿi Hadith: From Inception to Consolidation’. Islamic Law and Society 29.3 (2022): 225–279.,” Islamic Law and Society, 29(3), pp. 225–279. doi: 10.1163/15685195-28040002.
  45. ↑ Abd al-Hadi al-Fadli (1 September 2011). Introduction to Hadith 2nd. ICAS Press. pp. 106–7. ISBN 978-1-904063-47-6.
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