Portal:Go (game)

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Introduction

Go, weiqi, or baduk is an abstract strategy board game for two players in which the aim is to fence off more territory than the opponent. The game was invented in China more than 2,500 years ago and is believed to be the oldest board game continuously played to the present day. A 2016 survey by the International Go Federation's 75 member nations found that there are over 46 million people worldwide who know how to play Go, and over 20 million current players, the majority of whom live in East Asia. (Full article...)

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Computer Go is the field of artificial intelligence (AI) dedicated to creating a computer program that plays the traditional board game Go. The field is sharply divided into two eras. Before 2015, programs were weak. The best efforts of the 1980s and 1990s produced only AIs that could be defeated by beginners, and AIs of the early 2000s were intermediate level at best. Professionals could defeat these programs even given handicaps of 10+ stones in favor of the AI. Many of the algorithms such as alpha-beta minimax that performed well as AIs for checkers and chess fell apart on Go's 19x19 board, as there were too many branching possibilities to consider. Creation of a human professional quality program with the techniques and hardware of the time was out of reach. Some AI researchers speculated that the problem was unsolvable without creation of human-like AI.

The application of Monte Carlo tree search to Go algorithms provided a notable improvement in the late 2000s, with programs finally able to achieve a low-dan level: that of an advanced amateur. High-dan amateurs and professionals could still exploit these programs' weaknesses and win consistently, but computer performance had advanced past the intermediate (single-digit kyu) level. The tantalizing unmet goal of defeating the best human players without a handicap, long thought unreachable, brought a burst of renewed interest. The key insight proved to be an application of machine learning and deep learning. DeepMind, a Google acquisition dedicated to AI research, produced AlphaGo in 2015 and announced it to the world in 2016. AlphaGo defeated Lee Sedol, a 9 dan professional, in a no-handicap match in 2016, then defeated Ke Jie in 2017, who at the time continuously held the world No. 1 ranking for two years. Just as checkers had fallen to machines in 1995 and chess in 1997, computer programs finally conquered humanity's greatest Go champions in 2016–2017. DeepMind did not release AlphaGo for public use, but various programs have been built since based on the journal articles DeepMind released describing AlphaGo and its variants. (Full article...)

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General images

The following are images from various Go-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1Nie Weiping depicted on a Beijing subway (from History of Go)
Image 2Reproduction of a Baduk board of the Baekje Kingdom. Seoul Baekje Museum, Seoul, Korea. (from History of Go)
Image 3Li Jing playing Go with his brothers. Painting by Zhou Wenju (fl. 942–961), Southern Tang dynasty. (from History of Go)
Image 4A 2006 Go tournament in Paris. (from History of Go)
Image 5A simplified game at its end. Black's territory (A) + (C) and prisoners (D) is counted and compared to White's territory (B) only (no prisoners). In this example, both Black and White attempted to invade and live (C and D groups) to reduce the other's total territory. Only Black's invading group (C) was successful in living, as White's group (D) was killed with a black stone at (E). The points in the middle (F) are dame, meaning they belong to neither player. (from Go (game))
Image 6An example of single-convex stones and Go Seigen bowls. These particular stones are made of Yunzi material, and the bowls of jujube wood. (from Go (game))
Image 7Korean women playing baduk in 1904 (from History of Go)
Image 8Example of seki (mutual life). Neither Black nor White can play on the marked points without reducing their own liberties for those groups to one (self-atari). (from Go (game))
Image 9Hon'inbō Dōsaku, the strategist "Go Saint" who was at the forefront of modern Go theory. (from History of Go)
Image 10Japanese women in traditional kimonos playing go, a print from the 18th century. (from History of Go)
Image 11The Black stone group has only one liberty (at point A), so it is very vulnerable to capture. If Black plays at A, the chain would then have 3 liberties, and so is much safer. However, if White plays at A first, the Black chain loses its last liberty, and thus it is captured and immediately removed from the board, leaving White's stones as shown to the right. (from Go (game))
Image 12Go stones from the Tang and Song Dynasties. (from History of Go)
Image 13The illustration [A] displays the four "liberties" (adjacent empty points) of a single black stone. Illustrations [B], [C], and [D] show White reducing those liberties progressively by one. In [D], when Black has only one liberty left, that stone is under attack and about to be captured and eliminated (a state called atari). White may capture that stone (remove it from the board) with a play on its last liberty (at D-1). (from Go (game))
Image 14Painting of a woman playing Go, from the Astana Graves. Tang dynasty, c. 744 CE. (from Go (game))
Image 15Go players demonstrating the traditional technique of holding a stone (from Go (game))
Image 16Model of a 19×19 Go board, from a tomb of the Sui dynasty (581–618 CE) (from Go (game))
Image 17Stone Weiqi board from the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE), excavated from a tomb in Wangdu County, Hubei province (from History of Go)
Image 18Minamoto no Yoshiie by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi, 1886. This popular woodblock print depicts the ancient legend of a husband who suspected his wife was having an affair with the samurai Minamoto no Yoshiie. To prevent his visits, the husband surrounded his house with brambles and placed a Go board on the balcony, hoping he would stumble over it. Instead, the samurai deftly cut the board as he leaped over the balcony railing, avoiding both obstacles. (from Go (game))
Image 19New York Institute of Go (from History of Go)
Image 20A simplified ko fight on a 9×9 board. The ko is at the point marked with a square—Black has "taken the ko" first. The ko fight determines the life of the A and B groups—only one survives and the other is captured. White may play C as a ko threat, and Black properly answers at D. White can then take the ko by playing at the square-marked point (capturing the one black stone). E is a possible ko threat for Black. (from Go (game))
Image 21Game record of the Game of the Century, Go Seigen (black) vs Shūsai (white). (from History of Go)
Image 22Decommissioned AlphaGo backend rack (from History of Go)
Image 23Under normal rules, White cannot play at A because that point has no liberties. Under the Ing and New Zealand rules, White may play A, a suicide stone that kills itself and the two neighboring white stones, leaving an empty three-space eye. Black naturally answers by playing at A, creating two eyes to live. (from Go (game))
Image 24A traditional Japanese set, with a solid wooden floor board (碁盤 goban), 2 bowls (碁笥 goke) and 361 stones (碁石 goishi) (from Go (game))
Image 25Hon'inbō Shūsai (from History of Go)
Image 26Li Jing playing Go with his brothers. Detail from a painting by Zhou Wenju (fl. 942–961 CE), Southern Tang dynasty. (from Go (game))
Image 27Go portrayed as part of East-Asian culture. (The goblet in the middle is from the Nihon Ki-in.) (from Go (game))
Image 28Carved weiqi pieces of the Liao dynasty (916-1125 CE) (from History of Go)
Image 29Black and white weiqi pieces dated to the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368 CE) (from History of Go)
Image 30Shūsaku (from History of Go)
Image 31The first 150 moves of a Go game animated. (from Go (game))
Image 32Hon'inbō Sansa (1559–1623), a Nichiren Buddhist priest, was one of the strongest Japanese Go players of the Edo period and the founder Hon'inbō school of Go. (from History of Go)
Image 33The famous "ear reddening move" of Shusaku (black plays the center), which reportedly made Inseki Gennan's ear turn red. (from History of Go)
Image 34A 9×9 game with graphical aids. Colors and markings show evaluations by the computer assistant. (from Go (game))
Image 35Hon'inbō Shūsai (left), last head of house Hon'inbō, plays against then-up-and-coming Go Seigen in the game of the century. (from Go (game))
Image 36Outfit for the Go Game, Polychrome woodblock print (surimono), C. 19th century, MET. (from History of Go)
Image 37Katago visual computer analysis of a game (from History of Go)
Image 38A ceramic 19 x 19 board preserved from the Sui dynasty (581–618 CE) (from History of Go)
Image 39Sakata in 1955 (from History of Go)
Image 40South Korean player Lee Chang-ho plays against Russian player Alexandre Dinerchtein, seven-time European Champion and one of the few non-East Asian players to reach professional status. (from Go (game))
Image 41Katsushika Ōi's (1800–1866) Operating on Guan Yu's Arm, depicting Guan Yu playing weiqi while undergoing surgery. Color on silk. (from History of Go)
Image 42Michael Redmond in 2018 (from History of Go)
Image 43One black chain and two white chains, with their liberties marked with dots. Liberties are shared among all stones of a chain and can be counted. Here the black group has 5 liberties, while the two white chains have 4 liberties each. (from Go (game))
Image 44The opening section of the Dunhuang Go Manual (6th century CE) (from History of Go)
Image 45Three Japanese professional Go players observe some younger amateurs as they dissect a life and death problem in the corner of the board, at the US Go Congress in Houston, Texas, 2003. (from Go (game))
Image 46A finished beginner's game on a 13×13 board (from Go (game))
Image 47Lee Sedol at an LG tournament (from History of Go)
Image 48Yu Lan (1742–1809), "Playing Go Against Herself" (from his Album of Ladies' Elegant Amusements) (from History of Go)
Image 49According to John Fairbairn (In the Go World Feature "Go in Tibet"), at least one version of Tibetan Go was played on a 17x17 board and began with this fixed stone placement. (from History of Go)
Image 50Go Seigen and Kitani Minoru playing (from History of Go)

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Top international title holders

Rank	Player	Association	Titles
1	Lee Changho	South Korea	17
2	Lee Sedol	South Korea	14
3	Cho Hunhyun	South Korea	9
4	Gu Li	China	8
	Ke Jie	China	8
	Shin Jinseo	South Korea	8
7	Yoo Changhyuk	South Korea	6
7	Park Junghwan	South Korea	6
9	Chang Hao	China	3
	Kong Jie	China	3
	Tang Weixing	China	3
	Chen Yaoye	China	3
	Ding Hao	China	3

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v t e Go
Overview	Handicaps Komi Rules
Equipment	Bowls Goban Katsura Kaya Stones Clamshell Slate Yunzi
Terms	Aji Atari Board positions Dame Divine move Double hane Eyes Gote, sente and tenuki Hane Hayago Jigo Joseki Kakari Keima Kiai Kikashi Ko Komi Korigatachi Kosumi Ladder Liberty Miai Monkey jump Moyo Myoushu Nakade Nerai Myoushu Peep Pincer Probe Sabaki Seki Sente Shape Shoulder hit Tesuji Thickness Yose
Strategy and tactics	Capturing race Fuseki Chinese Kobayashi Shinfuseki Shusaku Jōseki Nadare Taisha Ko fight Ladder Life and death Mirror Go Opening theory Proverbs Shape Empty triangle Ponnuki Tenuki Tsumego
History	Classic of Arts Dunhuang Go Manual Emperor Yao Four Go houses Four arts Hoensha 9 Pin Zhi Oskar Korschelt Oshirogo Players European players Female players Nihon Ki-in Hall of Fame Professional handicaps
Competition	Go professional Ranks and ratings Dan Kyū Honorary titles Jubango Tournaments World champions
Games and matches	AlphaGo vs. Fan Hui AlphaGo vs. Ke Jie AlphaGo vs. Lee Sedol Atomic bomb game Blood-vomiting game Ear-reddening game The Game of the Century Kamakura jubango Lee's broken ladder game
Art and media	AlphaGo The Divine Move The Girl Who Played Go The Go Master The Go Player Go World Hikaru no Go Igo Hatsuyōron Long Ode to Watching Weiqi The MANIAC The Master of Go Ranka Sensei's Library Shibumi The Surrounding Game The Weiqi Devil
Computers	Computer Go UEC Cup Engines AlphaGo AlphaGo Master AlphaGo Zero AlphaZero Crazy Stone Darkforest Fine Art GNU Go KataGo Leela Leela Zero Zen Future of Go Summit Monte Carlo tree search Smart Game Format Servers KGS Go Server Pandanet Tygem
Organizations	American Go Association Australian Go Association British Go Association China China Qiyuan Chinese Weiqi Association Hong Kong Go Association European Go Federation French Federation of Go International Go Federation Irish Go Association Japan All Japan Student Go Federation Kansai Ki-in Nihon Ki-in Korea Korea Baduk Association Myongji University Mind Sports Organisation New Zealand Go Society Singapore Weiqi Association Taiwan Chi Yuan Culture Foundation
Other	Benson's algorithm Game record (kifu) Go and mathematics Variants Batoo Capture go Sygo
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