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Lovesickness

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Lovesickness is the mental state brought on by the personal experience of unfulfilled, unconsummated,[1][2] or unrequited love.[3][4]

Lovesickness is a feature of infatuated love or limerence (being irrationally love stricken or smitten),[3][4] and included under broad labels of romantic love and passionate love.[5][6] Erotomania has also been included under the heading of lovesickness.[7][8] A further related term is "obsessive love".[9][5]

This state of longing for an unavailable beloved[7] is characterized by addictive cravings, depression and intrusive thoughts about a love object.[4] Research on the biology of romantic love indicates that romantic love resembles addiction in the intense early stage (or when unreciprocated), but academics do not currently agree on how love addiction is defined.[10][11][12] Lovesickness is not mentioned in modern medical texts, although historically it was considered a medical entity.[13][4]

Lovesickness is widespread among adolescents: reportedly 33–53% had experienced problems with it, or even as many as 82%, in different studies.[14]

Symptoms

[edit]

Although lovesickness is no longer recognized as a medical condition, its symptoms nevertheless bear a resemblance to other modern diagnostic entities.[15][16][13] According to the clinical psychologist Frank Tallis, lovesickness "still looks like, feels like, and behaves like a mental illness" and "Clearly, a 'clinically significant' amount of distress and general impairment are an almost inevitable consequence of falling in love."[15]

The four "core symptoms" of falling in love according to Tallis are as follows:[15]

Other symptoms related by Tallis with less diagnostic overlap are:[15]

Insomnia is another consistent symptom.[13][17] A scientific study found that lovesick adolescents (defined as ages 16 to 21) had lower sleep quality, and lovesickness was related to a higher frequency of nightmares with more daytime effects.[14] According to Tallis, insomnia and restlessness seem to be primarily caused by obsession, argued to be the most fundamental of the many and varied symptoms of love.[17]

Because no appropriate diagnosis exists, lovesickness is subject to misdiagnosis, as depression, for example.[18][19] Tallis has asked whether the condition should be taken more seriously by professionals. According to Tallis, a typical clinician will not receive referrals for lovesickness, despite the intensity of potential consequences.[16] Lovesickness may be the underlying cause of many problems being reported, so proper examination is important.[19][16] One possible consequence would be suicide of the lovesick individual—hence why it was considered a potentially fatal illness by ancient physicians.[15][16]

The nature of lovesickness as an illness or pathology is now being compared to addiction by modern authors.[20][9][21] Lovesickness has been included under discussion of "love addiction",[22][23][24] the proposed diagnosis for love relations involving severe distress or adverse consequences.[25] However, a difficulty exists around defining such a disorder, because love passion normally involves some amount of addictive features.[25][26] A further concern is the risk of misunderstanding and "overmedicalizing"[25] or stigmatizing such individuals.[19]

History

[edit]
The Death of Dido by Joseph Stallaert, c. 1872, oil on canvas - Cinquantenaire Museum - Brussels, Belgium

Love has been described as an illness for as long as it has been written about—as a subject of poetry, but also a comparison the medical profession accepted for over a thousand years.[27][16] Lovesickness was considered a legitimate diagnosis among doctors from the time of Galen, until around the 18th and 19th centuries.[28]

Galen was a doctor of Greek origin, associated with ancient Rome, during a time when lovesickness began to receive the attention of doctors. Galen was a follower of the Hippocratic system of medicine (humorism), and proposed that the symptoms of lovesickness were attributable to the influence of strong passion, rather than divine intervention. Hippocratic writings had also challenged the view that other mental ailments such as epilepsy had supernatural causes.[29]

"Love melancholia" is an almost inevitable result of passionate love according to Hippocratic principles.[30] Physicians of ancient Greece and Rome whose writings survive interpret lovesickness as a depressive illness, characterized by sadness, insomnia, despondency, dejection, physical debility, and blinking.[2][30] A similarity to depressive melancholia is discussed among these authors; however, rather than having a physical cause like melancholia, lovesickness was viewed as either a kind of psychological disturbance best cured by intercourse, or as an illness, but not caused by an excess of black bile.[2]

Erasistratus discovers that the source of Antiochus' illness is his love for Stratonice, by measuring his heartbeat when she enters the room—painting by Benjamin West[31][32]

Sexual intercourse was often prescribed as a treatment for lovesickness by early Greek and Roman physicians.[13] In one historical case, the Greek physician Erasistratus was called by King Seleucus of Syria to diagnose the illness of his son, Prince Antiochus. Erasistratus observed Antiochus' symptoms when different women entered the room, and upon discovering that Antiochus' illness was in fact his lovesickness for the king's wife Stratonice (Antiochus' young stepmother), Erasistratus recommended to Seleucus that he give up his wife to save his son, believing this would cure him. The king obliged, and later Antiochus and Stratonice were wed.[31][32][2][13]

Remedia Amoris by the Roman poet Ovid has been called the first known treatise on lovesickness.[4] A strong parallel has been recognized between the descriptions and advice given by Ovid, and the modern-day literature on addiction. Lovesickness is presented by Ovid as both a physical malady (with insomnia and withdrawal as symptoms), and also a disease of the will, impairing personal agency. On the subject of his own lovesickness, Ovid laments:[9]

I would not dare excuse my dreadful morals,
Or with a war of lies my faults defend.
I own my sins—if good can come from owning—
Madman, I own them—and I still offend.
I hate myself, but can't not do the thing I
Hate, though I try. How hard a burden seems
One longs to shed! My self-control has failed me,
I'm swept away like boats on rushing streams.

For recovery, Ovid recommends to "keep busy" and avoid any triggers which could reignite the lovesick individual's diminishing passion (comparable to abstinence-based unlearning of the behavior)[9] and to contemplate the defects of the beloved.[4]

In the Middle Ages, unrequited love was considered "a trauma which, for the medieval melancholic, was difficult to relieve."[33] Treatments included light therapy, rest, exposure to nature, and a diet of lamb, lettuce, fish, eggs, and ripe fruit.[33] In the Middle Ages, lovesickness was often explained by an imbalance in the humors. An excess of black bile, the humor correlated with melancholy, was usually considered the cause.[33]

Ancient and classical authors emphasized the physical manifestations of love more so than the psychological.[27] Lovesickness as a diagnosis fell out of popularity among doctors around the 18th and 19th centuries, due to the decline of Hippocratic principles and humorism in medicine. This shift required a new explanation for the symptoms of lovesickness, which instead became attributed to having "too much sensibility" (a term used for emotional sensitivity).[28]

In 1915, Sigmund Freud asked rhetorically, "Isn't what we mean by 'falling in love' a kind of sickness and craziness, an illusion, a blindness to what the loved person is really like?"[34]

Biological research

[edit]

Addiction

[edit]
This paragraph is an excerpt from Biology of romantic love § Reward, motivation and addiction.[edit]

The early stage of romantic love is being compared to a behavioral addiction (i.e., addiction to a non-substance) but the "substance" involved is the loved person.[35][36][37][38] Addiction involves a phenomenon known as incentive salience, also called "wanting" (in quotes).[39][40] This is the property by which cues in the environment stand out to a person and become attention-grabbing and attractive, like a "motivational magnet" which pulls a person towards a particular reward.[41][40] Incentive salience differs from craving in that craving is a conscious experience while incentive salience may or may not be. While incentive salience can give feelings of strong urgency to cravings, it can also motivate behavior unconsciously, as in an experiment where cocaine users were unaware of their own decisions to choose a low dose of cocaine (which they believed was placebo) more often than an actual placebo.[42] In the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction, repeated drug use renders the brain hypersensitive to drugs and drug cues, resulting in pathological levels of "wanting" to use drugs.[38][40] People in love are thought to experience incentive salience in response to their beloved. Lovers share other similarities with addicts as well, like tolerance, dependence, withdrawal, relapse, craving, and mood modification.[37]

Obsession

[edit]
This paragraph is an excerpt from Biology of romantic love § Obsessive thinking.[edit]

Obsessive thinking about a loved one has been called a hallmark or a cardinal trait of romantic love,[43][44] ensuring that the loved one is not forgotten.[45] Some reports have been made that people can even spend as much as 85 to 100% of their days and nights thinking about a love object.[46] One study found that on average people in love spent 65% of their waking hours thinking about their beloved.[47] Another study used cluster analysis to find several different groups of lovers, with the least intense group spending 35% of their time on average and the most intense at 72%.[48] Since the late 1990s, these obsessional features have been compared to obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD).[49][50][51] This is also sometimes paired with a theory that obsessive (or intrusive) thinking is related to serotonin levels being lowered while in love, although study results have been inconsistent or negative.[49][51][52][53] Another theory relates obsessive thinking to addiction, because drug users exhibit obsessive thoughts about drug use as well as compulsions.[38][35][39]

Brain scans

[edit]
These paragraphs are an excerpt from Biology of romantic love § Rejection.[edit]

In 2010, Helen Fisher, Arthur Aron and colleagues published their fMRI experiment investigating which areas of the brain might be active in recently rejected lovers. Participants had been in a relationship with their ex-partner for an average of 21 months, and then were post-rejection for an average of 63 days at the time of the experiment.[54] These participants reported spending more than 85% of their waking hours thinking of their rejector, reported a lack of emotional control, and exhibited unhappiness, with sometimes more extreme emotions like depression, anger, and even paranoia in pre- and post-interviews.[54][55]

Similar to other fMRI experiments of people in love, the scan while looking at a photograph of the rejecting partner showed activations in dopaminergic reward system areas, like the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens. These activations were also stronger than in a previous experiment of participants who were happily in love. The active nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex have been associated with assessing one's gains and losses, and active areas of the insular cortex and anterior cingulate cortex have been involved with physical pain and pain regulation (respectively) in other studies.[54][37]

In the arts

[edit]

O Rose, thou art sick!
The invisible worm
That flies in the night,
In the howling storm,

Has found out thy bed
Of crimson joy:
And his dark secret love
Does thy life destroy.

The depiction of lovesickness in the form of a depressed, melancholic lover is more of a cliché of medieval and modern literature, although it was present in ancient literature as well.[2]

In ancient literature, a frustrated lover was instead frequently depicted as violent and manic, involving murder or suicide.[2] One such example is Medea, from ancient Greece, whose obsessive love for Jason escalates to murder.[57][2] The ancient Greeks called obsessive love "theia mania" (the madness from the gods).[58] In ancient Rome, Dido's love for Aeneas is a wound which burns like fire; Dido commits suicide as a result. Like Medea, Dido's love is depicted as the force of a divine scheme.[2]

The poet Sappho's phainetai moi has been called the most famous example of lovesickness.[2]

In the Middle Ages, lovesickness took on a new importance as a feature of courtly love, a body of literature which explored themes of unrequited love, inaccessibility, or separation, with suffering as a core characteristic.[59][60][13] In the phenomenon of courtly love, the symptoms became expressed through idealization and service to the lady, in a manner as if to a feudal lord (or suzerain).[61][60] Courtly love went on to influence attitudes towards love in Western culture—being incorporated into the cultural tradition of romantic love.[62][63]

Lovesickness is depicted in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, a story of teen suicide "generally regarded as the greatest romance in the English language" according to Stanton Peele.[64] Peele says the pair "stand as a summary of individual and environmental forces in love addiction".[65] At the end of the play, the pair commits suicide over a misunderstanding wherein Juliet appears dead due to the effects of a potion: Romeo poisons himself upon finding her, then Juliet stabs herself after waking up.[64]

Modern gothic metal songs thematize lovesickness from medieval literary influences. "This emotional and physical distress is a key element of fin'amor that echoes into Gothic metal", according to The Oxford Handbook of Music and Medievalism. "In particular, lovesickness was associated with desires and passions that remained unfulfilled, resulting in symptoms such as sleeplessness, sighing, and loss of appetite, all of which were considered manifestations of the mind's efforts to restrain its passions."[66]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ Shmidt, Jane (2018-09-01). "Diagnosing the Will to Suffer: Lovesickness in the Medical and Literary Traditions". CUNY Academic Works.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Toohey, Peter (1992). "Love, Lovesickness, and Melancholia". Illinois Classical Studies. 17 (2): 265–286. JSTOR 23064324. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  3. 1 2 Money 1997, pp. 119, 132–133: "The English language lacked a noun singular for the state of being love smitten, or having fallen in love, until Dorothy Tennov (1979) coined the term, limerence, to fill the void. It is formally defined as follows:
    limerence (adjective, limerent)
    the personal experience of having fallen in love and of being irrationally and fixatedly love stricken or love smitten, irrespective of the degree to which one’s love is requited or unrequited.
    [...] Unrequited love is a synonym for unrequited limerence. It leaves a person vulnerable to an attack of lovesickness. Lovesickness may be transitory or prolonged, and major or minor in degree. It may be brought on by a person's anticipatory uncertainty about getting or not getting a reciprocal response to his/her limerence. Lovesickness may be brought on also by unequal proportions of limerence, for example, 100:70 instead of 100:100. The most unequal match is 100:0, total rejection.
    The formal definition of lovesickness is as follows.
    lovesickness
    the personal experience and manifest expression of agony when the partner with whom one has fallen in love is a total mismatch whose response is indifference, or a partial mismatch whose reciprocity is incomplete, deficient, anomalous, or otherwise unsatisfactory."
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Leonti, Marco; Casu, Laura (2 July 2018). "Ethnopharmacology of Love". Frontiers in Psychology. 9: 567. doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00567. PMC 6041438. PMID 30026695. The feeling of romantic love (also 'infatuated love' or 'limerence') is the strongest sensation known to humankind and is characterized by a mix of unbearable exhilarating joy, anxiety, obsessive thinking and craving for emotional and physical union. [...] Unrequited love, erotic frustration and the craving for the beloved object manifest themselves in what is commonly referred to as lovesickness. This often depressive and melancholic state of mind is characterized by intrusive thinking and also has an addictive component.
  5. 1 2 Hatfield 1988, p. 191
  6. ↑ Tallis 2005, pp. 47–49
  7. 1 2 Levine, Stephen B. (2014). "Towards a Compendium of the Psychopathologies of Love". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 43 (1): 213–220. doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0242-6. ISSN 0004-0002. Lovesickness usually denotes a state of pining for an unavailable beloved. This longing is thought to be eradicated by getting what one wants from the beloved, reciprocally attaching to another person, or becoming interested in something considered more important.
  8. ↑ Money 1997, pp. 133–132: "Lovesickness may take the form of a bizarre and obsessional fixation known in the clinical sexological literature as Clérambault-Kandinsky syndrome (SKS), and also known as erotomania."
  9. 1 2 3 4 Ronan, Mark (2024-07-12). "5. Addicted to Love". Addiction Literature's Past and Present. Springer Nature. pp. 185–244. ISBN 978-3-031-65426-8.
  10. ↑ Fisher, Helen; Xu, Xiaomeng; Aron, Arthur; Brown, Lucy (9 May 2016). "Intense, Passionate, Romantic Love: A Natural Addiction? How the Fields That Investigate Romance and Substance Abuse Can Inform Each Other". Frontiers in Psychology. 7: 687. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00687. PMC 4861725. PMID 27242601.
  11. ↑ Redcay, Alex; Simonetti, Christina (2018-01-02). "Criteria for Love and Relationship Addiction: Distinguishing Love Addiction from Other Substance and Behavioral Addictions". Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity. 25 (1): 80–95. doi:10.1080/10720162.2017.1403984. ISSN 1072-0162. Reciprocity of love may be about perception or an 'eye of the beholder' phenomenon. For example, if the first individual is madly in love with a second, who does not reciprocate the feelings, the first individual may be perceived as addicted. However, if both share the same love obsession for each other, then the love is considered typical infatuation.
  12. ↑ Earp, Brian D.; Wudarczyk, Olga A.; Foddy, Bennett; Savulescu, Julian (2017). "Addicted to Love: What Is Love Addiction and When Should It Be Treated?". Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology. 24 (1): 77–92. doi:10.1353/ppp.2017.0011. ISSN 1086-3303. PMC 5378292. PMID 28381923.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dzaja, Nancy (2008-09-01). "Lovesickness: The Most Common Form of Heart Disease". University of Western Ontario Medical Journal. 78 (1): 66–69. ISSN 2560-8274. Lovesickness involves fixation on a person: the afflicted individual has obsessive thoughts about the object of their fixation. Insomnia, loss of appetite, hollowing of the eyes, anorexia, pallor, rapid pulse, and jaundice are consistently described.
  14. 1 2 Schlarb, Angelika; Brock, Nathalie; Nussbeck, Fridtjof W.; Claßen, Merle (2017). "Infatuation and Lovesickness on Sleep Quality and Dreams in Adolescence". Health. 9 (01). ISSN 1949-5005.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 Tallis 2005, pp. 53–58
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Tallis, Frank (18 February 2005). "The Year of Relationships - Crazy for you" (PDF). The Psychologist. 18 (2): 72–74. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2025.
  17. 1 2 Tallis 2005, pp. 28, 56, 148–149: "[...] the standard core features of love sickness—such as paleness, disturbed pulse, insomnia, and loss of appetite."
  18. ↑ Money 1997, p. 133
  19. 1 2 3 Vosmer, Susanne (2022). "Facets of love and lovesickness". Group Analysis. 55 (3): 372–390. doi:10.1177/05333164221091946. ISSN 0533-3164. [U]sing the term lovesickness for emotions and behaviour arising from love related difficulties is proposed. This reduces stigma, because lovesickness is normal.
  20. ↑ Forman, Robert F. (1987-01-01). "Lovesickness: A Way of Thinking About Substance Abuse and Substance Dependence". Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly. 4 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1300/J020V04N01_01. ISSN 0734-7324.
  21. ↑ Vaughan, Tricia. "Love sickness is real, and the high it provides looks a lot like cocaine usage". The Crimson White. Retrieved 2026-08-30.
  22. ↑ Peele, Stanton (1988). "Fools for Love". In Sternberg, Robert (ed.). The Psychology of Love. Yale University Press. pp. 159–188. ISBN 9780300045895. Archived from the original on 2024-05-25. Retrieved 2025-12-09.
  23. ↑ Sussman, Steve (2010-03-08). "Love Addiction: Definition, Etiology, Treatment". Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity. 17 (1): 31–45. doi:10.1080/10720161003604095. ISSN 1072-0162.
  24. ↑ Timmreck, Thomas C. (April 1990). "Overcoming the Loss of a Love: Preventing Love Addiction and Promoting Positive Emotional Health". Psychological Reports. 66 (2): 515–528. doi:10.2466/pr0.1990.66.2.515. ISSN 0033-2941. PMID 2190254.
  25. 1 2 3 Reynaud M, Karila L, Blecha L, Benyamina A (2010). "Is love passion an addictive disorder?". Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 36 (5): 261–7. doi:10.3109/00952990.2010.495183. PMID 20545601. S2CID 12189769.
  26. ↑ Earp, Brian D.; Wudarczyk, Olga A.; Foddy, Bennett; Savulescu, Julian (2017). "Addicted to Love: What Is Love Addiction and When Should It Be Treated?". Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology. 24 (1): 77–92. doi:10.1353/ppp.2017.0011. ISSN 1086-3303. PMC 5378292. PMID 28381923.
  27. 1 2 Tallis 2005, pp. 2–4
  28. 1 2 Tallis 2005, pp. 31–33
  29. ↑ Tallis 2005, pp. 11–13
  30. 1 2 Tallis, Frank. "Is Love a Mental Illness?". FrankTallis.com. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
  31. 1 2 Harris, James C. (1 June 2012). "Lovesickness: Erasistratus Discovering the Cause of Antiochus' Disease". Archives of General Psychiatry. 69 (6): 549. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.105. PMID 22664546. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  32. 1 2 "Erasistratus the Physician Discovers the Love of Antiochus for Stratonice". Birmingham Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 12 February 2026. Retrieved 24 August 2026.
  33. 1 2 3 Kalas, Laura (13 February 2017). "Being lovesick was a real disease in the Middle Ages". The Conversation.
  34. ↑ Janet Malcolm, Psychoanalysis: The Impossible Profession (1988) p. 9
  35. 1 2 Tallis 2005, pp. 216–218, 235: "There are certainly some striking similarities between love and addiction[.] [...] At first, addiction is maintained by pleasure, but the intensity of this pleasure gradually diminishes and the addiction is then maintained by the avoidance of pain. [...] The 'addiction' is to a person, or an experience, not a chemical. [...] [O]ne of the characteristics shared by addicts and lovers is that they both obsess. The addict is always preoccupied by the next 'fix' or 'hit', while the lover is always preoccupied by the beloved. Such obsessions are associated with compulsive urges to seek out what is desired [...]."
  36. ↑ Grant, Jon; Potenza, Marc; Weinstein, Aviv; Gorelick, David (21 June 2010). "Introduction to Behavioral Addictions". The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 36 (5): 233–241. doi:10.3109/00952990.2010.491884. PMC 3164585. PMID 20560821.
  37. 1 2 3 Fisher, Helen; Xu, Xiaomeng; Aron, Arthur; Brown, Lucy (9 May 2016). "Intense, Passionate, Romantic Love: A Natural Addiction? How the Fields That Investigate Romance and Substance Abuse Can Inform Each Other". Frontiers in Psychology. 7: 687. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00687. PMC 4861725. PMID 27242601.
  38. 1 2 3 Zou, Zhiling; Song, Hongwen; Zhang, Yuting; Zhang, Xiaochu (21 September 2016). "Romantic Love vs. Drug Addiction May Inspire a New Treatment for Addiction". Frontiers in Psychology. 7: 1436. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01436. PMC 5031705. PMID 27713720.
  39. 1 2 Koob, George F; Volkow, Nora D (August 2016). "Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis". The Lancet Psychiatry. 3 (8): 760–773. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)00104-8. PMC 6135092. PMID 27475769.
  40. 1 2 3 Berridge, Kent; Robinson, Terry (2016). "Liking, wanting, and the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction". American Psychologist. 71 (8): 670–679. doi:10.1037/amp0000059. PMC 5171207. PMID 27977239.
  41. ↑ Berridge, Kent; Robinson, Terry; Aldridge, J. Wayne (February 2009). "Dissecting components of reward: 'liking', 'wanting', and learning". Current Opinion in Pharmacology. 9 (1): 65–73. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2008.12.014. PMC 2756052. PMID 19162544.
  42. ↑ Robinson, Terry E.; Berridge, Kent C. (2025-01-17). "The Incentive-Sensitization Theory of Addiction 30 Years On". Annual Review of Psychology. 76 (1): 29–58. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-011624-024031. PMC 11773642. PMID 39094061.
  43. ↑ Bode, Adam (16 October 2023). "Romantic love evolved by co-opting mother-infant bonding". Frontiers in Psychology. 14 1176067. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1176067. PMC 10616966. PMID 37915523.
  44. ↑ Aron, Arthur; Fisher, Helen; Mashek, Debra J.; Strong, Greg; Li, Haifang; Brown, Lucy L. (July 2005). "Reward, Motivation, and Emotion Systems Associated With Early-Stage Intense Romantic Love". Journal of Neurophysiology. 94 (1): 327–337. doi:10.1152/jn.00838.2004. PMID 15928068.
  45. ↑ Tallis 2005, p. 79
  46. ↑ Fisher 2016, p. 21
  47. ↑ Langeslag, Sandra; Van Der Veen, Frederik; Fekkes, Durk (2012). "Blood Levels of Serotonin Are Differentially Affected by Romantic Love in Men and Women". Journal of Psychophysiology. 26 (2): 92–98. doi:10.1027/0269-8803/a000071. hdl:1765/75067.
  48. ↑ Bode, Adam; Kavanagh, Phillip S. (June 2025). "Variation exists in the expression of romantic love: A cluster analytic study of young adults experiencing romantic love". Personality and Individual Differences. 239 113108. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2025.113108.
  49. 1 2 Fisher, Helen (March 1998). "Lust, attraction, and attachment in mammalian reproduction". Human Nature. 9 (1): 23–52. doi:10.1007/s12110-998-1010-5. PMID 26197356.
  50. ↑ Leckman, James; Mayes, Linda (July 1999). "Preoccupations and Behaviors Associated with Romantic and Parental Love: Perspectives on the Origin of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder". Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 8 (3): 635–665. doi:10.1016/S1056-4993(18)30172-X. PMID 10442234.
  51. 1 2 Marazziti, D.; Akiskal, H. S.; Rossi, A.; Cassano, G. B. (1999). "Alteration of the platelet serotonin transporter in romantic love". Psychol. Med. 29 (3): 741–745. doi:10.1017/S0033291798007946. PMID 10405096.
  52. ↑ Bode, Adam; Kushnick, Geoff (2021). "Proximate and Ultimate Perspectives on Romantic Love". Frontiers in Psychology. 12 573123. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.573123. PMC 8074860. PMID 33912094.
  53. ↑ Bode, Adam; Kowal, Marta; Cannas Aghedu, Fabio; Kavanagh, Phillip S. (15 April 2025). "SSRI use is not associated with the intensity of romantic love, obsessive thinking about a loved one, commitment, or sexual frequency in a sample of young adults experiencing romantic love". Journal of Affective Disorders. 375: 472–477. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.01.103. PMID 39848471.
  54. 1 2 3 Fisher, Helen E.; Brown, Lucy L.; Aron, Arthur; Strong, Greg; Mashek, Debra (July 2010). "Reward, Addiction, and Emotion Regulation Systems Associated With Rejection in Love". Journal of Neurophysiology. 104 (1): 51–60. doi:10.1152/jn.00784.2009. PMID 20445032.
  55. ↑ Fisher 2004, pp. 155, 159
  56. ↑ Ward, Mary (2009-05-14). The Literature of Love. Cambridge University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-521-72981-9. Love as a sickness
  57. ↑ Danesi 2019, pp. 5–6
  58. ↑ Hatfield & Walster 1985, pp. 38–39
  59. ↑ Tallis 2005, pp. 93, 95
  60. 1 2 Karandashev, Victor (2017). Romantic Love in Cultural Contexts. pp. 7, 18, 88. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42683-9. ISBN 978-3-319-42681-5.
  61. ↑ Wack 2016, p. 70
  62. ↑ Tallis 2005, pp. 93–94, 96–98, 107–109, 112
  63. ↑ Lee, John Alan (November 1975). "The Romantic Heresy". Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue Canadienne de Sociologie. 12 (4): 514–528. doi:10.1111/j.1755-618X.1975.tb00556.x.
  64. 1 2 Peele, Stanton (1 November 2008). "Romeo and Juliet's Death Trip: Addictive Love and Teen Suicide". Psychology Today. Retrieved 20 September 2026.
  65. ↑ Peele, Stanton (1988). "Fools for Love". In Sternberg, Robert (ed.). The Psychology of Love. Yale University Press. pp. 168–169. ISBN 9780300045895. Archived from the original on 2024-05-25. Retrieved 2025-12-09.
  66. ↑ Yri, Kirsten; Meyer, Stephen C., eds. (2020). "Medievalistic Melancholia and Lovesickness". The Oxford Handbook of Music and Medievalism. Oxford University Press. p. 552. ISBN 9780190658465.

Sources

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lovesickness&oldid=1375981614"