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Draft:Virtual Population

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  • Comment: No solid evidence this particular computational model is notable. The sources are all discussing various research projects or applications of Virtual Population, not Virtual Population itself. Secondary coverage of the subject itself is needed. WeirdNAnnoyed (talk) 13:06, 17 August 2025 (UTC)

The Virtual Population (ViP) is a collection of anatomical computational models of humans[1][2] and animals developed collaboratively by the Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society (IT'IS), a research institute in Zurich, Switzerland and the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA).[3] The models are designed for use in computational simulations involving biological tissues and are used in biomedical research, medical device evaluation, and assessments of human exposure to electromagnetic (EM) fields.

Overview

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The Virtual Population (ViP) comprises anatomical computational phantoms used to represent biological tissues in numerical simulations. Applications include electromagnetic exposure assessment, wireless technology testing, medical device evaluation, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) safety and compatibility, neurostimulation, and tissue engineering. The collection includes whole-body computational phantoms, specific organ phantoms, and whole-body models of animals and animal tissues from species used in preclinical studies.

As part of the ViP, the IT'IS Foundation maintains a database of tissue properties — such as EM, thermal, fluid, acoustic, and MRI characteristics — to support parameter assignment in simulations. The database is curated from tissue-property measurements reported in the scientific literature and is regularly updated as new data become available.

Development

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The first ViP models, referred to as the Virtual Family, included two adults and two children based on high-resolution MRI data.[4] These "Version 1.x" models have been made available to the scientific community free-of-charge.[5]

The ViP collection has grown to include a broader age and sex range and higher anatomical detail with the expansion of the Virtual Family into the Virtual Population, which includes models of both sexes ranging in age from 5 to 84 years old,[3] used to evaluate the safety of diagnostic and therapeutic applications,[6] including assessments of medical implant safety.[7]

Notable collaborative developments include:

  • The MIDA model of the head and neck[8] was co-developed with the US FDA and segmented from a multi-modal image dataset.[9] The MIDA model was developed for computational studies of the head and neck, including EM simulations and investigations of the safety and efficacy of medical devices, with applications including non-invasive and invasive neurostimulation.
  • The Korean Virtual Population models were developed in collaborative project[10] between the IT'IS Foundation and Korean research teams using cryosection images from the Visible Korean Human (VKH) project.[11] The models include detailed whole-body segmentation of the peripheral nervous system for neuronal interaction studies. The ViP model “Eddie” is similarly based on high-resolution cryosection images obtained from the Visible Human Project of the US National Library of Medicine (NLM).

Models of specific body regions have been developed. The IXI head models, including two female and two male subjects, were developed to extend population coverage for computational brain-stimulation investigations. These models, segmented from the IXI dataset,[9] offer detailed representations of eyes, deep brain structures, scalp layers, blood vessels, and salivary glands.

The Ella Breast Coil model is a modified version of the "Ella" model used in applications such as safety assessments prone MRI scanning and the design of specialized MRI coils for breast tissue scanning.[12]

Posing, morphing, and variability

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Methods for generation of unstructured meshes with geometrically and topologically compatible interfaces from the segmented cross-sections of the ViP models were developed for the purpose of large-scale whole-body simulations.[13] Finite element method (FEM) simulations, whereby the body is treated as a deformable hyperelastic material with rigid bones for variable posing, were used to enable adaptive posture adjustment. The models were also made morphable to allow simulation of weight gain or loss through changes in the distribution of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and enable variation in body mass index (BMI).[14] The introduction of combined morphing and posing of computational models may allow in silico methods to be used to improve the accuracy of estimating exposure to radiofrequency (RF) fields during MRI scanning.[15]

The ViP models have also been functionalized to account for physiology-related changes in shape[16] – e.g., breathing and blood flow[17] or aspects such as tissue thermoregulation.[18] Poseable ViP models were used, for example, in simulations to study the influence of anatomy and posture on exposure to induction cooktops,[19] with the conductivities of the human tissues exposed assigned according to the Tissue Properties database.

Applications

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Use cases of the ViP in computational life sciences (CLS) include:

Hosted and derived human models

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The ViP collection also hosts anatomical models developed by external research groups, including the models MARTIN and ATHENA developed by the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School. These are detailed computational models of a 29-month-old boy and a 3 1/2 year old girl. Other hosted models include the Population Head Model (PHM), developed at Iowa State University, and the Breast Tumor Patient Models Repository (BTPM), containing 22 breast models developed at the Erasmus University Medical Center. The generation of the 3D models of breast tissues contained in the repository was performed in Sim4Life.

ViP human models

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Image showing several of the Virtual Population (ViP) computational anatomical models, including morphed versions
Several of the Virtual Population (ViP) computational anatomical models, including morphed versions

The specifications of the full-body human models are listed here.

Model Sex Age (y) Height (m)1 Weight (kg)1 BMI (kg/m²)1
Duke male 34 1.77 70.2 22.4
Ella female 26 1.63 57.3 21.6
Billie female 11 1.49 34.0 15.3
Thelonious male 6 1.16 18.6 13.8
Glenn male 84 1.73 61.1 20.4
Fats male 37 1.82 119 36
Louis male 14 1.68 49.7 17.6
Eartha female 8 1.36 29.9 16.2
Dizzy male 8 1.37 25.3 13.5
Roberta female 5 1.09 17.8 14.9
Nina2 female 3 0.92 13.9 16.4
Charlie2 female 8 weeks N/A 4.3 N/A
Pregnant woman I2,3 N/A 3 months (in utero) N/A 0.015 N/A
Pregnant woman II2,3 N/A 7 months (in utero) N/A 1.4 N/A
Pregnant woman III2,3 female 9 months (in utero) N/A 2.7 N/A
Jeduk male 33 1.62 64.5 24.6
Yoon-sun female 26 1.52 54.6 23.6
Eddie male 38 1.81 106.0 32.4
MARTIN male 29 months 0.86 13.0 17.6
ATHENA female 3.5 0.95 14.7 16.3

1 Height, weight, and BMI values are based on the latest versions of the models and of the tissue properties database. 2 These models are available only as Version 1.x. 3 The pregnant woman models are based on the Ella model; the specifications listed are those of the fetus.

ViZoo animal models

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Image showing ViZoo computational models of a laboratory rat and pig
ViZoo computational models of a laboratory rat and pig

In addition to human computational models, the IT'IS Foundation developed the Virtual Zoo (ViZoo) – a collection of high-resolution anatomical animal models created from MRI or cryosection image data. These computational animal phantoms are used in in silico biophysical simulations to reproduce and analyze results from in vivo animal experiments, with the aim to reduce the need to use laboratory animals. The ViZoo models include mouse and rat models of both sexes at various developmental stages, a male pig, and a female Rhesus macaque (developed as part of the NEUROMAN project). A special rat model with neuro-functionalized nerve trajectories – known as the "NeuroRat" – has also been released.

Name Sex Type Length (mm, without tail) Weight (g)
"Miss Able" Female Monkey female Rhesus macaque 740 4900
Male Pig male Domestic Pig 977 35000
NeuroRat male Dark Agouti 150 150
Big Male Rat male Sprague Dawley 260 567
Small Male Rat male Sprague Dawley 185 198
Female Rat with Tumors female Sprague Dawley 225 503
Pregnant Rat female Sprague Dawley 170 275
Rat Pup undefined Sprague Dawley 93 (with tail) 14.3
Male PIM1 Mouse male PIM1 98 44.7
Male OF1 Mouse male OF1 95 35.5
Female OF1 Mouse female OF1 78 17.3
Pregnant Mouse female B6C3F1 72 28.7
"Diggy" Male Nude Normal Mouse male Nude Normal 86 28
Pregnant Mouse female C57BL/6N 160 38
3 Week Male Mouse male B6C3F1 70 12.3
12 Week Female Mouse female B6C3F1 80 22.3
12 Week Male Mouse male B6C3F1 90 27.4

Adoption and Integration

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The ViP human phantoms and Virtual Zoo (ViZoo) animal phantoms are integrated in the Sim4Life computational simulation platform. The ViP models are also available for use through o²S²PARC,[34] an open-source computational platform developed as part of the "Stimulating Peripheral Activity to Relieve Conditions" (SPARC)[35] program of the National Institutes of Health Common Fund.

References

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  1. ↑ "An exponential growth of computational phantom research in radiation protection, imaging, and radiotherapy: a review of the fifty-year history". Physics in Medicine & Biology. 59 (18): Article number R233. 21 August 2014 – via IOP Science.
  2. ↑ "Advances in computational human phantoms and their applications in biomedical engineering—a topical review". IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences. 3 (1): 1–23. January 2019 – via IEEE Xplore.
  3. 1 2 "Development of a new generation of high-resolution anatomical models for medical device evaluation: the Virtual Population 3.0". Physics in Medicine & Biology. 59 (18): 5287. 21 August 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2026.
  4. ↑ "The Virtual Family—development of surface-based anatomical models of two adults and two children for dosimetric simulations". Physics in Medicine & Biology. 55 (2): N23. 17 December 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2026.
  5. ↑ "The Virtual Family: A set of anatomically correct whole-body computational models". U. S. Food & Drug Administration. 8 August 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2025.
  6. ↑ "From Image-Based Modeling to the Modeling of Imaging with the Virtual Population". Simulation and Synthesis in Medical Imaging. Cham: Springer International Publishing: 45–54. 2016. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46630-9_5. ISBN 978-3-319-46630-9 – via Springer Nature Link.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
  7. ↑ People with Implants: A Neglected Population by EM Exposure Regulation?. IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Bio Conference ((IMBIOC), Montreal, QC, Canada, 11–13 June 2024. 15 July 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2026 – via IEEE Xplore.
  8. ↑ "MIDA: A Multimodal Imaging-Based Model of the Human Head and Neck". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 8 August 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2026.
  9. 1 2 "IXI Dataset". www.brain-development.org. 27 August 2026. Retrieved 27 August 2026.
  10. ↑ "ARAMIS". Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft. 17 July 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2025.
  11. ↑ "Visible Korean Human: Its techniques and applications". Clinical Anatomy. 19 (3): 216–224, DOI 10.1002/ca.20275. 27 February 2006. doi:10.1002/ca.20275. PMID 16506204 – via Wiley Online Library.
  12. ↑ "Toward 7T breast MRI clinical study: safety assessment using simulation of heterogeneous breast models in RF exposure". Magnetic Resonance in Imaging. 81 (2): 1307–1321. 14 September 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2026 – via Wiley Online Librarry.
  13. ↑ "Unstructured mesh generation from the Virtual Family models for whole body biomedical simulations". Procedia Computer Science. 1 (1): 837–844. 1 June 2010 – via ScienceDirect.
  14. ↑ Lloyd, Bryn; Cherubini, Emilio; Farcito, Silvia; Neufeld, Esra; Baumgartner, Christian; Kuster, Niels (23 September 2016). "Covering Population Variability: Morphing of Computation Anatomical Models". Simulation and Synthesis in Medical Imaging. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 9968. Springer Nature Link. pp. 13–22. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46630-9_2. ISBN 978-3-319-46629-3. Retrieved 10 September 2025.
  15. ↑ "Morphing and Posing of Computational Anatomical Models: Enhanced Patient-Specific MRI RF Exposure Prediction". ISMRM.org. 2017. Retrieved September 9, 2025.
  16. ↑ "Functionalized Anatomical Models for Computational Life Sciences". Frontiers in Physiology. 9: 1594. 16 November 2018 – via Frontiers.
  17. ↑ "Towards blood flow in the virtual human: efficient self-coupling of HemeLB". Interface Focus. 11 (1): 1120190119. 11 December 2020. doi:10.1098/rsfs.2019.0119. PMC 7739917. PMID 33335704.
  18. ↑ "Virtual population-based assessment of the impact of 3 Tesla radiofrequency shimming and thermoregulation on safety and B1+ uniformity". Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 76 (3): 986–997. 24 September 2015. doi:10.1002/mrm.25986. PMID 26400841 – via Wiley Online Library.
  19. ↑ "Evaluation of Exposure Assessment Methods and Procedures for Induction Hobs". Bioelectromagnetics. 46 (7): e70024. 29 September 2025 – via Wiley Online Library.
  20. ↑ "A numerical investigation on the effect of RF coil feed variability on global and local electromagnetic field exposure in human body models at 64 MHz". Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 79 (2): 1135–1144. 18 April 2017 – via Wiley Online Library.
  21. ↑ "Advancing Regulatory Science With Computational Modeling for Medical Devices at the FDA's Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories". Frontiers in Medicine. 5: Article number 241. 25 September 2018 – via www.frontiersin.org.
  22. ↑ "Assessing RF-Induced Heating of Active Implantable Medical Devices Near Orthopedic Implants During 1.5 T MRI". IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility. 67 (5): 1510–1519. 24 July 2025 – via IEEE Xplore.
  23. ↑ "Dosimetry of electromagnetic field exposure of an active armlet and its electromagnetic interference to the cardiac pacemakers using adult, child and infant models". Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 35 (2): 120–125 – via Taylor & Francis Online.
  24. ↑ "Numerical compliance testing of human exposure to electromagnetic radiation from smart-watches". Physics in Medicine & Biology. 61 (19): 6975. 19 September 2016 – via IOP Publishing.
  25. ↑ "Assessment of the Induced Electric Fields in a Carbon-Fiber Electrical Vehicle Equipped with a Wireless Power Transfer System". Energies. 11 (3): Article number 684. 18 March 2018 – via www.mdpi.com.
  26. ↑ "Assessing Human Exposure With Medical Implants to Electromagnetic Fields From a Wireless Power Transmission System in an Electric Vehicle". IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility. 62 (2): 338–345. 1 April 2019 – via IEEE Xplore.
  27. ↑ "Virtual Human Models for Electromagnetic Studies and Their Applications". IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering. 10: 95–121. 30 June 2017 – via IEEE Xplore.
  28. ↑ "Advantages of soft subdural implants for the delivery of electrochemical neuromodulation therapies to the spinal cord". Journal of Neural Engineering. 15 (2): Article number 026024. 16 February 2018 – via IOP Science.
  29. ↑ "Non-invasive temporal interference electrical stimulation of the human hippocampus". Nature Neuroscience. 26: 1994–2004. 19 October 2023 – via www.nature.com.
  30. ↑ "SAR Comparison of SAM Phantom and Anatomical Head Models for a Typical Bar-Type Phone Model". IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility. 57 (5): 1281–1284. 2 June 2015 – via IEEE Xplore.
  31. ↑ "A framework for prediction of personalized pediatric nuclear medical dosimetry based on machine learning and Monte Carlo techniques". Physics in Medicine & Biology. 68 (8): 084004. 7 April 2023 – via IOPscience.
  32. ↑ "Tumour-specific amplitude-modulated radiofrequency electromagnetic fields induce differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma via targeting Cav3. 2 T-type voltage-gated calcium channels and Ca2+ influx". eBioMedicine. 44: 209–224. 25 June 2019 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  33. ↑ "Impact of Number of Segmented Tissues on SAR Prediction Accuracy in Deep Pelvic Hyperthermia Treatment Planning". Cancers. 12 (9): Article number 2646. 16 September 2020 – via www.mdpi.com.
  34. ↑ "o²S²PARC". www.sparc.science. 27 August 2026. Retrieved 27 August 2026.
  35. ↑ "Stimulating Peripheral Activity to Relieve Conditions (SPARC)". National Institutes of Health. 26 May 2026. Retrieved 5 July 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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