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Draft:Derivative works of Touhou Project

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Screenshot of Taisei Project. Marisa is attacking emeny while evading bullet hell
Taisei Project is a free derivative work of Touhou Project

Touhou Project is a bullet hell video game series created by independent Japanese doujin soft developer Team Shanghai Alice run by ZUN, who wanted to publish his music works that won't be limited by existing games. The first game in the series was Highly Responsive to Prayers in 1996, while it has became popular in 2002 after the release of Embodiment of Scarlet Devil. The series has been promoted to the world against the backdrop of the rise of the Internet and digital platforms. Serveral fan-made works related with Touhou Project have released. It is believed that ZUN's tolerant attitude on derivative works is the factor building the popularity of Touhou Project.

There are many "Touhou-Only" (東方オンリー) events besides Comic Market. Reitaisai in Kanto and Kouroumu in Kansai are most popular Touhou-Only events.

Background

[edit]

The Japanese video game industry rose to prominence following the emergence of personal computer in the 1980s. In the 1990s, ZUN, who was a college student, wanted to publish his music works that won't be limited by existing games, and thus decided to develop his Doujin soft. In 1996, ZUN released Highly Responsive to Prayers, the first first game in Touhou Project.[1]

ZUN formed his one-man doujin circle named "Team Shanghai Alice" and published the series's sixth entry, Embodiment of Scarlet Devil, at Comiket 62 in 2002. It is also the first work that was released for Microsoft Windows. With the Internet's rapid development in the 2000s, the series enjoyed a rising popularity, while its fandom culture also begun to spread to the world.[1] In the 2010s, under the wave of internationalisation brought by digital platforms, doujin games also becoming popular overseas. ZUN stated that doujin games are "starting to become indie".[2]

In Japan, works are protected by copyright law, and derivative works may be liable for infringing the original work's copyright. Team Shanghai Alice, on the other hand, allows anyone to release the series's derivative works without granting permission from the circle as long as obeying their official guide, including obeying public policy doctrine or under "a customary means for the same person and the content". The official guide allowed the series's Let's Play videos in 2016.[3] Some believed that the circle's tolerant attitude on Touhou's derivative works builds the fandom flourishing.[4]

Community

[edit]
Cosplay of characters from the series: Reimu Hakurei (left), Momiji Inubashiri (center), and Reisen Udongein Inaba (right) (On mobile, Reimu Hakurei: left, Momiji Inubashiri: right, and Reisen Udongein Inaba: down)
A graph comparing the participation of doujin circles at Comiket 85 (December 2013)[5]

Many derivative works based on Touhou Project have been created since the release of Embodiment of Scarlet Devil, including doujinshi, doujin music,[a] doujin anime, and doujin games.[b] The vast scope of Touhou Project derivatives prompted commentary, noting that Touhou Project became an unmissable aspect of Japanese consumer generated media.[6]

Nowadays, Touhou Project is regarded as a typical example of database consumption.[7] These doujin activities are mostly responsible for adding original attributes to characters that ZUN may not have intended. ZUN, for the most part, had acknowledged, appreciated, and even encouraged these derivative works by imposing very few restrictions on the use of his works.[8]

The major restrictions are on unauthorized commercial distribution as opposed to doujin, and the spoiling of endings; proper attribution to Team Shanghai Alice is a requirement;[9] creators of derivative works are asked to refrain from crowdfunding their projects.[10] ZUN stated himself that he did not want Touhou Project series to be officially commercialized.[11]

Participating circlesComiket no.050010001500200025003000C76C81C86C91C96C101Participating circlesComiket Touhou dōjin circles
View source data.
Doujin circles registered under the Touhou Project genre since Comiket 76 (August 2009), the first time Touhou Project is counted as its own genre separate from the main "doujin soft" category, to Comiket 97 (December 2019)[12]

The first publication of Touhou Project derivative doujinshi occurred during December 2003, following the release of Perfect Cherry Blossom; seven circles sold Touhou Project derivative works at Comiket 65 in December 2003. At Comiket 74 in August 2008, a total of 885 circles had Touhou Project derivative works on display or for sale, out of a total of 35,000 circles participating at Comiket.[13][14] At Comiket 77 (December 2009), 2,372 circles were dedicated to Touhou Project, breaking the previous record held by The Prince of Tennis at Comiket 66 (August 2004), which had 2,130 circles.[15] At Comiket 85 (December 2013), Touhou Project was still in the lead, with 2,272 participating circles selling Touhou Project derivatives, compared to Kuroko's Basketball, the second most popular franchise at that year's Comiket, which had 1,462 circles.[5] Throughout the mid-2010s, Touhou Project's popularity at Comiket began to wane. From 2015 to 2017, Kantai Collection was consistently the most popular series at Comiket.[16][17] By 2019, Touhou Project was the fourth most popular series at Comiket, with less than half the circles at Comiket than the Fate series.[18]

Touhou Project was nominated for the 11th annual Media Arts Awards held by Japan's Agency for Cultural Affairs, under the Entertainment category,[19] where Touhou Project eventually lost to Nintendo's Wii Sports for the Grand Prize award.[20] The series was inducted into the Guinness World Records in October 2010 as the "most prolific fan-made shooter series".[21][22] A survey conducted by the Comic Market Committee in 2009 lists the average age of Touhou Project fans among Comiket attendees as 24.8 years of age.[23] According to the results of the Touhou Project Popularity Poll 2023, almost 40% of respondents to the poll were aged 15 to 19 years old, while people over 25 years old made up only about 20%.[24] A later survey conducted by Nikkei Entertainment from December 16, 2023, with a sample size of 50,000 participants across various different fandoms, showed that respondents who considered themselves devoted fans of Touhou Project within Japan had an average age of 23 years, and a male-to-female ratio that skews 85:15.[25]

Activities

[edit]

東方存在不少專門的同人誌即賣會。2004年，第一屆博麗神社例大祭於日本關東地區開辦。該年約有百餘個社團參展。關西則有舉辦東方紅樓夢。另外，日本還有部份都市舉辦了數十場其他「東方Project Only」（東方オンリー）的活動。在所有東方相關的社團中，約四成的社團會參加例大祭與紅樓夢這兩個活動。東方相關活動在2008年至2010年開始急速增加。隨著2010年代，漫展特色開始穩定的背景，例大祭與紅樓夢的規模，開始在2011年起穩定下來；其他東方Project Only的社團參加數開始減緩，甚至萎縮。到了2014年，例大祭與紅樓夢的社團參加數也開始下滑。[26]

Reitaisai

[edit]

The Hakurei Shrine Reitaisai (博麗神社例大祭, Hakurei Jinja Reitaisai; Hakurei Shrine's Regular Grand Festival) is the largest of the many doujin conventions hosting exclusively Touhou Project content. Although the coordinator of this convention is unrelated to Team Shanghai Alice officially, the name "Hakurei Shrine Reitaisai" was given by ZUN himself. It first started in 2004 as a way for Team Shanghai Alice to publicly distribute the trial version for their upcoming games, Imperishable Night and Immaterial and Missing Power.[27] In addition, the 2004 Reitaisai featured a total of 114 participating circles. Since then, many Touhou Project derivative works are gathered and sold there. Commencing every year in April or May, the convention has been hosted in Ōta, Tokyo, in 2004; Naka-ku, Yokohama, in 2005; Sunshine City, Tokyo, in 2006 and 2007; and the Tokyo Big Sight from 2008 onwards. In 2010 Reitaisai SP, an additional Reitaisai to be held every autumn due to increasing popularity, was started, but it was cancelled after 2011, and later brought back and rebranded as Autumn Reitaisai from 2014 onwards. The 2011 Reitaisai was originally cancelled due to safety concerns after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami,[28] and the release of Ten Desires was also postponed. It was later rescheduled and held on May 8, 2011, with approximately 4,940 participating circles. In addition to events in Japan, there is another Reitaisai held in Taiwan that started in 2015.[29] The 17th Reitaisai in 2020, which was originally going to run on March 22 before being postponed to May 17, was ultimately cancelled due to safety concerns over the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the first Reitaisai to be cancelled.[30]

博麗神社例大祭

[edit]
例大祭中的一東方社團攤位
2011年的例大祭SP2

博麗神社例大祭（Japanese: 博麗神社例大祭）是每年春季在日本關東舉行的東方Project專門同人誌即賣會[31]，為目前最大的東方Project專題活動，參與者的數目也是專題活動中最多的。上海愛麗絲幻樂團也曾在此活動中發表過官方作品的體驗版。「博麗神社例大祭」一名是由ZUN定下的[32][33]，不過主辦單位「博麗神社社務所」只是專門舉辦此活動的一個組織，與上海愛麗絲幻樂團官方並無直接關係[34]。第一回博麗神社例大祭於2004年4月18日在日本東京舉辦，之後每年四月或五月都會舉辦例大祭[c]。2014年開始，主辦方還追加了博麗神社秋季例大祭，在每年的十月舉辦。第一回博麗神社秋季例大祭則于2014年11月舉辦。

除例大祭外，博麗神社社務所前负责人铃木龙道曾於2010年主持博麗神社例大祭SP，但次年例大祭SP2之後就已經停止舉辦[35]。從2015年開始，例大祭也在臺灣追加了展會，主辦方仍為博麗神社社務所。

東方紅樓夢

[edit]

東方紅樓夢（Japanese: 東方紅楼夢）是每年秋季在日本關西舉行的東方Project專門同人誌即賣會[36]，規模僅次於例大祭，與例大祭合稱為「東方Project專題活動兩大巨頭」（東方Projectオンリーイベンドの二大巨頭）[37]。

Relative works

[edit]

Music

[edit]
Shelves of Touhou derivative fanwork music album CDs at a store in Akihabara, with laminated dividers categorising CDs by doujin circle

The music of Touhou Project has been a particular source of interest, and many arrangement CDs are sold at Comiket and other Japanese conventions.[38][39] Among the most popular derivatives are the series of Flash music videos created by the doujin music circle IOSYS, which are often shared on otaku internet forums and Niconico. One such song, "Marisa Stole the Precious Thing", has been heavily referenced and parodied in derivative anime music videos and Internet memes.[40] "Marisa Stole the Precious Thing", alongside "Cirno's Perfect Math Class", "Night of Nights", and "Bad Apple!!" were included in the video game Touhou Spell Bubble.[41] Toby Fox, the creator of Undertale, cited Touhou Project as one of his musical influences.[42][43]

"Bad Apple!!", one of the most famous pieces of Touhou music, was originally composed by ZUN as the Stage 3 theme for the fourth game, Touhou Gensokyo ~ Lotus Land Story., released on August 14, 1998. According to ZUN, he aimed for a song that sounded "as old-fashioned as possible".[44] It was later included in the soundtrack collection Akyu's Untouched Score vol.1, released at the third Hakurei Shrine Reitaisai in 2006.[45]

The song saw a massive surge in popularity following a 2007 arrangement by the doujin circle Alstroemeria Records titled "Bad Apple!! feat. nomico". Arranged by Masayoshi Minoshima with vocals by the singer nomico, this version was released on the album Lovelight on May 20, 2007, at the 4th Hakurei Shrine Reitaisai.[46][47] The lyrics, written by Haruka, utilize the English idiom "bad apple" (referring to a rotten apple that spoils the barrel) to depict a protagonist struggling with apathy, introspection, and a desire to completely "change to white" or "turn to black."[48] The single reportedly reached #1 on the Japanese iTunes Store dance charts.[49] Between May 2017 and August 2018, Alstroemeria Records released three commemorative albums—10th Anniversary Bad Apple!!, PHASE 2, and PHASE 3—featuring various remixes and covers of the track.[50]

The visual component that cemented the song's internet fame began on June 8, 2008, when a user named Μμ uploaded a crude storyboard video to Niconico based on a shortened version of the song, asking for someone to animate it.[51] On October 27, 2009, a Niconico user named Anira (Japanese: あにら) published a completed black-and-white shadow play animation based on the storyboard.[52] The video, which features characters such as Reimu Hakurei and Marisa Kirisame transitioning fluidly while dancing, quickly gained popularity, reaching #1 on the Niconico daily rankings on November 15, 2009. Alstroemeria Records themselves praised the video, describing the motion as beautiful.[53] By March 2023, Anira's shadow art video had achieved over 30 million views on Niconico alone, making it the most-viewed Touhou-related video on the site.[54] In January 2025, a YouTube upload of the shadow art video surpassed 100 million views; however, as the video was an unauthorized reprint, the community encouraged viewers to support the official version uploaded by Alstroemeria Records to assert ownership.[55] The video's global impact has been significant enough to warrant coverage by major international media such as CNN.[55]

Following the success of the shadow art video, "Bad Apple!! feat. nomico" was integrated into various official rhythm games and karaoke services. A limited version of Taiko no Tatsujin featuring the song was exhibited at Niconico Chokaigi 2 in 2013.[56] In 2019, DAM began distributing the song for karaoke,[57] followed by JOYSOUND in 2020, which included the music video.[58] In 2020, the mobile game BanG Dream! Girls Band Party! added a cover version by the in-game band Roselia (vocals by Aina Aiba).[59] The song was also added to Muse Dash in September 2021 as part of a collaboration pack.[60] In 2022, the rhythm game Touhou Danmaku Kagura included both the standard arrangement and a "Tetsuya Komuro Remix".[61][62] In May 2024, the game Project Sekai: Colorful Stage! feat. Hatsune Miku released a cover by the unit "25-ji, Nightcord de." accompanied by a 2D music video paying homage to the original shadow art.[63]

The song and its shadow art video also became a staple in the demoscene and retrocomputing communities, often used to demonstrate the capabilities of hardware presumed incapable of playing back full-motion video. Peter Dell, a programmer who contributed to a port, described the video as having become a graphical equivalent to "Hello, World!" programs for retro platforms.[64] Notable recreations include:

Game

[edit]

The doujin games based on Touhou Project include adaptations of other game series' mechanics with Touhou Project characters, such as Kōmajō Densetsu: Scarlet Symphony (a parody of the Castlevania games with the title being a play on the Japanese game of the series, Akumajō Dracula), Age of Ethanols (based on the Age of Empires series), and Touhou Puppet Dance Performance (based on the Pokémon games).[79][unreliable source?]

東方同人遊戲包括把該系列角色代入其他模式中的遊戲，例如代入《瑪利歐》系列的《超級魔理沙GB》和《超級魔理沙世界》（分別代入《超級瑪利歐GB》和《超級瑪利歐世界》中）、 《魔理沙的野望》（代入《洛克人元祖系列》中）、以及《東方足球》（代入《足球小將》中）[80]。

在2014年东京电玩展中，ZUN宣佈將與PlayStation進行合作，把非官方的東方同人遊戲移植到PlayStation 4和PlayStation Vita平臺上面。到了2014年9月，AQUA STYLE開發的《不思議的幻想鄉3》、莓坊主開發的《東方蒼神緣起》和領域ZERO開發的《東方スカイアリーナ祭》都發佈了PS4平臺版本[81][82]。這三部遊戲由Mediascape發行，並與索尼和ZUN訂立合約，這也是支持獨立遊戲在PlayStation平臺實現商業化的一部分[83]，當時的企劃名字為ZUN×PlayStation，該企劃于2014年12月18日更名為Play,Doujin!，并於2017年登錄了Nintendo Switch平臺。

At Tokyo Game Show 2014, ZUN announced a collaborative project with PlayStation bringing unofficial, fan-made Touhou Project doujin games to the PlayStation 4 (PS4) and PlayStation Vita platforms. Yuyuko Saigyouji and Reimu Hakurei also made cameo character appearances in Square Enix's game Lord of Vermilion Re:2.[84]

東方Project角色博麗靈夢和西行寺幽幽子亦於史克威爾艾尼克斯的遊戲《Template:Tsl》中客串演出[85]。2018年，LINE啟動「LINE Creators Collaboration」計畫，以解決二創作品的權利相關問題。其第一彈的合作計畫就是東方。[86]

東方Project的二次創作遊戲
遊戲名稱開發者簡介來源
東方夜雀食堂二色幽紫蝶居酒屋经营模拟游戏[87]
泰西ProjectTaisei Project東方Project的開源作品[88]
幻走空中賽車illuCalab赛车游戏[89]
东方咒术泡泡太東节奏类竞技街机游戏[90]
东方归言录NextNinja2020年推出的回合制抽卡游戏[91]
東方月神夜Team Ladybug動作遊戲[92]
东方梦符祭Unknown基于Dota2的塔防类游戏模组[93]
东方海惠堂 ～ Marine Benefit.原色空间弹幕射击游戏[94]
幻想乡萃夜祭tea_basira（煮茶）、Vaka Game Magazine動作遊戲[95]
紅魔城傳說緋色交響曲Frontier Aja2009年的动作冒险游戏[96]
東方幻想 ECLIPSE宇峻奧汀彈幕射擊遊戲[97]
東方幻想麻雀D.N.A.Softwares2020年的日式麻將游戏[98]

Anime

[edit]

Several fanmade anime have been created for Touhou Project. ZUN stated that no official anime would be made since the concern of altering the series's target audience from STG gamers. Even for fanmade anime, ZUN suggested that creators should not have excessive advertising, and restrict distributing.[99] Due to the official author's position, little progess were made of these fanmade anime.

Albeit created by amateur studios, the projects have sometimes included appearance by professional voice actors, such as Rie Tanaka. Doujin anime of note include Fantasy Kaleidoscope ~ The Memories of Phantasm (幻想万華鏡) by the circle Manpuku Jinja in 2011,[100] A Summer Day's Dream (夢想夏郷) by the doujin circle Maikaze,[101] and Hifuu Club Activity Record ~ The Sealed Esoteric History (秘封活动记录) by the Chinese doujin circle Kyoto Fantasy Troupe.[102]

A derivative anime from a commercial anime studio came in the form of Anime Tenchou x Touhou Project (アニメ店長 x 東方Project) by Ufotable to celebrate the 10th anniversary of Japanese goods chain Animate as a promotional video for the store combining Touhou Project with Animate's mascot, Meito Anizawa.[103]

Internet memes

[edit]
Wikipe-tan drawn in the yukkuri style

A major Internet meme based on Touhou Project is "Yukkuri shite itte ne!!!" (ゆっくりしていってね!!!; often translated as "You should be taking it easy!!!"), which centers around the disembodied, deformed heads of Touhou Project characters, often referred to as "yukkuris". This meme originated from a crude attempt to draw the main characters Reimu and Marisa with Shift JIS art in late 2007. Yukkuris became so popular that the phrase "Yukkuri shite itte ne!!!" won bronze for 2008's "Net Slang of the Year" in Japan. Yukkuris also appear in Internet advertisements, the anime Natsu no Arashi! and Pani Poni, and games like Needy Streamer Overload and most notably, the front page of 2channel, one of the most visited Japanese websites.[104] The yukkuris are often given voices by the text-to-speech synthesizer SofTalk,[105] and it has become popular in Japan to use yukkuris to stand-in and narrate online videos to the point that they became known as a genre called Yukkuri videos (ゆっくり動画).[106]

一個名為《ゆっくりしていってね!!!》（一般譯作「慢慢來，不用著急！！！」）的東方Project同人作品成為了網絡迷因。該作品以一種變形的方式繪製東方Project角色的頭部，這也被稱為「油庫里」或「饅饅來」（ゆっくり）。「慢慢來，不用著急！！！」一句亦贏得了2008年日本「年度淨俚語」銅獎。而兩位主角「饅頭狀」的外形更出現於互聯網廣告中、動畫《夏日風暴！》和《不可思議的課堂》上，以及世界上網路論壇5ch的首頁中[107]。

A Reimu cosplayer holding a Reimu Fumo doll

Another popular internet meme is FumoFumo (ふもふも), referring to a line of plush dolls of characters from Touhou Project, which are designed by the Japanese illustrator Neji and manufactured by the Japanese merchandise company Gift.[108] The plush series features emotionless faces, scornful eyes, and the standard size is about two heads tall. After becoming popular, the dolls have since caused panic buying.[109]

Other

[edit]

In 2017, a crape myrtle cultivar, Lagerstroemia indica 'Lingmeng' (Chinese: 灵梦) was bred by Beijing Forestry University students and named after Reimu for its similarities to her outfit.[110]

Incidents

[edit]

2022年，有YouTuber表示已為屬於東方二次創作的油庫里註冊「油庫里茶番劇」ゆっくり茶番劇商標，並將收取授權費，引起東方系列愛好者的Template:Tsl。隨後Niconico動畫的母公司多玩國向特許廳請求撤銷該註冊商標。[111]。特許廳之後宣佈該註冊無效，商標權也跟著消滅。[112]

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ↑ Many of the songs had been made remixing the original games' music.
  2. ↑ Touhou Project games themselves are also doujin games.
  3. ↑ 第六回和第七回博麗神社例大祭分別於2009年3月和2010年3月舉辦。

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. 1 2 Chang 2024.
  2. ↑ Pablos 2024.
  3. ↑ Yao 2018, pp. 127–128; Satomi 2025, pp. 16 (144).
  4. ↑ Yao 2018, pp. 127–128.
  5. 1 2 "Top Doujinshi Events Most Popular By The Numbers". Crunchyroll. November 1, 2013. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  6. ↑ 1000万IDの巨大サイトも創作の連鎖反応を引き起こす 音楽や映像で自由に表現 [The gigantic site of 10 million users sets off a chain reaction of creativity: The freedom of expression through music and video] (in Japanese). Weekly BCN. October 20, 2008. Archived from the original on March 30, 2012. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
  7. ↑ Satoshi Maejima (2010). 『セカイ系とは何か ポスト・エヴァのオタク史』 (in Japanese). SB Creative. p. 244. ISBN 978-4797357165.
  8. ↑ Tomohiro, Katada (October 3, 2008). ニコ動、2ちゃんねるで人気の｢東方Project｣って何だ? [What is this Touhou Project popular on Nicovideo and 2ch?] (in Japanese). R25.jp. Archived from the original on July 29, 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
  9. ↑ Speranza, Nick (October 26, 2021). "Gaming the System: The most popular game you've never heard of thrives off of a respect for fanmade work". The Daily Free Press. Archived from the original on April 21, 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  10. ↑ AMBER V (May 31, 2024). "Touhou Project creator updates fan game guideline, asks indie creators to refrain from crowdfunding". AUTOMATON. Archived from the original on August 23, 2024. Retrieved August 23, 2024.
  11. ↑ Szczepaniak, John. The Untold History of Japanese Game Developers. p. 368.
  12. ↑ (同人誌と図書館)ジャンルコード別サークル数一覧（C82〜C88）と夏コミ告知 (in Japanese). Myrmecoleon (Researcher at the Meiji University Yoshihiro Yonezawa Memorial Library). August 6, 2015. Archived from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
    (同人誌と図書館)ジャンルコード別サークル数一覧（C85〜C91）と冬コミ告知 (in Japanese). Myrmecoleon (Researcher at the Meiji University Yoshihiro Yonezawa Memorial Library). December 15, 2016. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
    (同人誌と図書館)ジャンルコード別サークル数一覧（〜C81）と冬コミ告知 (in Japanese). Myrmecoleon (Researcher at the Meiji University Yoshihiro Yonezawa Memorial Library). December 27, 2011. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
    ジャンルコード別サークル数一覧（C91〜C97）と冬コミ告知 (in Japanese). Myrmecoleon (Researcher at the Meiji University Yoshihiro Yonezawa Memorial Library). December 19, 2019. Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
  13. ↑ "August Dojin Data Base" (in Japanese). Addb.jp. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
  14. ↑ "What is the Comic Market? February 2008" (PDF) (in Japanese). Comiket. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 9, 2011. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  15. ↑ Fujimoto, Yukari (2014). "2. Naruto as Cultural Crossroads". In Berndt, Jaqueline; Kümmerling-Meibauer, Bettina (eds.). Manga's Cultural Crossroads. Cambridge Eng. New York: Routledge. p. 188 note 27. ISBN 9781134102839. Archived from the original on December 8, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
  16. ↑ "Kantai Collection Comiket Circles Edge Ahead of Touhou Project Again". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
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