Dermatocranium
The dermatocranium is the portion of the vertebrate skull that is composed of dermal bone, as opposed to the chondrocranium and splanchnocranium, which are composed of endochondral bone. Bones of the dermatocranium originate from integumentary bony armour in the earliest fishes, only later fusing to the endochondral skull bones.[1]
The dermatocranium comprises the skull roof, the facial skeleton (usually excluding the dentary), and—in fishes—the opercular bones.[2] During the early evolution of tetrapods, a number of the bones in the posterior skull separated to become the dermal portions of the shoulder girdle.[3]
Divisions
[edit]The dermatocranium is divided into the following series. Few if any taxa have every bone of the dermatocranium; some represent bones present ancestrally in osteichthyans but later lost in various groups, while others represent neomorphs only present in some groups.[3]
Facial series
[edit]Bones of the facial series make up the snout.
Orbital series
[edit]Bones of the orbital series encircle and define the orbit.
- Lacrimal
- Prefrontal
- Postfrontal
- Postorbital
- Jugal (Zygomatic)
- Palpebral/Supraorbitals (in some taxa)[6]
- Dermosphenotic[7]
Temporal series
[edit]Bones of the temporal series make up the region behind the orbit (i.e., the temple). These bones frequently encircle the temporal fenestrae, if present.
Vault series
[edit]Also known as roofing bones, the vault series forms the dorsal surface of the braincase. This area also encloses the parietal eye, if present.
Palatal series
[edit]The palatal series encloses most of the roof of the mouth.
Mandibular series
[edit]The bones of the mandibular series enclose Meckel's cartilage and form most of the lower jaw. In mammals, the angular becomes part of the structure of the ear.
Opercular series
[edit]Among actinopterygian and sarcopterygian fishes,[1] the bones of the opercular series cover the gills. They serve to protect the gills and support the rearmost part of the face; they also serve in respiration and feeding.[11][12]
Basibranchial region
[edit]Bones of the basibranchial region occur ventral to the opercular series, posterior to the mandibular series.[1][13]
Pectoral series
[edit]In basal osteichthyans as well as in many extant fishes, these bones are affixed to the posterior of the skull. In modern tetrapods they are either lost or, when present, form part of the pectoral girdle. Other parts of the girdle, such as the scapula and coracoid, develop from endochondral bone and were never part of the dermatocranium.[1]
- Cleithrum
- Postcleithrum (Anocleithrum)
- Supracleithrum
- Posttemporal
- Clavicle
- Interclavicle
References
[edit]- 1 2 3 4 Kardong, Kenneth (2015). Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
- ↑ Kent, George C.; Carr, Robert K. (2001). Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates (9th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-303869-5.
- 1 2 Kardong, Kenneth (2015). Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
- ↑ Xiong, Jianli; Liu, Xiuying; Zeng, Xiaomao (2011-06-01). "Discovery of an Internasal Bone in Hynobius maoershanensis (Urodela: Hynobiidae)". Asian Herpetological Research. 2 (2): 87–90. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1245.2011.00087. ISSN 2095-0357.
- ↑ Kriwet, Jürgen (2005). "A comprehensive study of the skull and dentition of pycnodont fishes". Zitteliana: 135–188. doi:10.5282/ubm/epub.11955. ISSN 1612-412X.
- ↑ Maidment, Susannah C. R.; Porro, Laura B. (March 2010). "Homology of the palpebral and origin of supraorbital ossifications in ornithischian dinosaurs". Lethaia. 43 (1): 95–111. Bibcode:2010Letha..43...95M. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00172.x. ISSN 0024-1164.
- ↑ Poplin, Cécile (2004). "The dermosphenotic in early actinopterygians, a nomenclatural problem" (PDF). In Arratia, G.; Tintori, A. (eds.). Mesozoic Fishes 3 – Systematics, Paleoenvironments and Biodiversity. München, Germany: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. pp. 65–178. ISBN -89937-053-8.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: length (help) - 1 2 3 4 Block, A. J.; Mabee, P. M. (July 2012). "Development of the mandibular, hyoid arch and gill arch skeleton in the Chinese barb Puntius semifasciolatus : comparisons of ossification sequences among Cypriniformes". Journal of Fish Biology. 81 (1): 54–80. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03307.x. ISSN 0022-1112.
- 1 2 Arratia, Gloria; Schultze, Hans-Peter (1991). "Palatoquadrate and its ossifications: Development and homology within osteichthyans". Journal of Morphology. 208 (1): 1–81. doi:10.1002/jmor.1052080102. ISSN 1097-4687.
- ↑ Zhu, Min; Zhao, Wenjin; Jia, Liantao; Lu, Jing; Qiao, Tuo; Qu, Qingming (March 2009). "The oldest articulated osteichthyan reveals mosaic gnathostome characters". Nature. 458 (7237): 469–474. doi:10.1038/nature07855. ISSN 1476-4687.
- ↑ Beraldo, Paola; Pinosa, Maurizio; Tibaldi, Emilio; Canavese, Bartolomeo (2003-04-14). "Abnormalities of the operculum in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata): morphological description". Aquaculture. 220 (1): 89–99. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00416-7. ISSN 0044-8486.
- ↑ Charles B. Kimmel; Windsor E. Aguirre; Bonnie Ullmann; Mark Currey; William A. Cresko (2008). "Allometric change accompanies opercular shape evolution in Alaskan threespine sticklebacks" (PDF). Behaviour. 145 (4/5): 669–691. Bibcode:2008Behav.145..669C. doi:10.1163/156853908792451395. JSTOR 40295944.
- ↑ Arratia, Gloria; Schultze, Hans-Peter (1990-03-01). "The urohyal: Development and homology within osteichthyans". Journal of Morphology. 203 (3): 247–282. doi:10.1002/jmor.1052030302. ISSN 1097-4687.
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