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List of contemporary ethnic groups of Africa

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from African Tribes)

The following is a list of contemporary ethnic groups of Africa. There has been constant debate over the classification of ethnic groups. Membership of an ethnic group tends to be associated with shared ancestry, history, homeland, language or dialect and cultural heritage; where the term "culture" specifically includes aspects such as religion, mythology and ritual, cuisine, dressing (clothing) style, and other factors.

By the nature of the concept, ethnic groups tend to be divided into subgroups, may themselves be or not be identified as independent ethnic groups depending on the source consulted.

Africa here is considered to be approximately delimited from South America by the South Atlantic Ocean; from Asia by the Red Sea, Suez Canal, and Gulf of Aden; and from Europe by the Mediterranean Sea, Strait of Sicily, and Strait of Gibraltar.

Ethnic groups

[edit]
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by editing the page to add missing items, with references to reliable sources.

The following groups are commonly identified as "ethnic groups", as opposed to ethno-linguistic phyla, national groups, racial groups or similar.[1][2]

Ethnicity Language(s) Primary homeland Subgroups, tribes & castes Religion(s)
Abagusii Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Gusii Kenya (Kisii County, Nyamira County, Kericho County, Bomet County) Abagetutu, Abanyaribari, Abagirango, Abanchari, Abamachoge, Ababasi Christianity, Traditional African religion
Acholi Nilotic → Luo → Acholi South Sudan, Uganda (Acholiland) Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Lamwo, Nwoya, Pader, Omoro Christianity, Islam
Adara Niger–Congo → Plateau → Adara Nigeria (Benue State, Kaduna State) Christianity, Islam, Traditional African religions
Adjoukrou Niger–Congo → Kwa → Adjukru Ivory Coast (Dabou) Akradio, Agneby, Armébé, Gbougbo, Vieil-Aklodj, Débrimou, Lopou, Tiaha, Kpass, Orbaff, Bonn, Kaka, Kpanda, Mopoyem, Cosrou, Dabouly, Abraniamienbro, Bodou, Bouboury, Agbaille, Yassap, Vieux-Badien, Youhouli, N'gatty, Toupah Christianity
Afar Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Afar Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia (Afaria) Asaimara, Adoimara Islam, Early Cushitic
Afemai Atlantic–Congo → Edoid → Afenmai Nigeria (Edo State) Agenebode, Weppa, Oshiolo, Emokwemhe Iviagbapue, Auchi, Ihievbe, Afuze, Warrake, Iviukwe, South Ibie, Agbede, Sabongida Ora, Igarra, Ekperi, Jattu, Fugar, Aviele, Okpella, Uneme Ehrunrun, Uneme Osu, Iviukhua, Ososo, Uzanu, Uzebba, Iviukhua, Weppa, Okpella, Okpekpe, Somorika Christianity
Afrikaners Indo-European → Germanic → Dutch → Afrikaans South Africa, Namibia, Zambia, Botswana, Eswatini Afrikaner-Jews, Boers (including Trekboers and Voortrekkers), Cape Dutch, Black Afrikaners, along with significant populations in Zimbabwe Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism → Calvinism
Irreligion → Agnosticism, Atheism
Judaism
Agaw Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Agaw[note 1] Ethiopia, Eritrea[note 2] Bilen, Ximre, Awi, Qemant Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy → Ethiopian Orthodoxy
Aja Niger–Congo → Kwa → Adja Benin, Togo West African Vodun
Aka Niger–Congo → Bantu → Aka Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo Traditional Aka religion[3]
Akans Niger–Congo → Kwa → Central Tano,[note 1][note 3] Avikam–Alladian,[note 1] Potou,[note 1] Abé, Abidji, Attie, Ega[4]
Francosign → American Sign → Ghanaian Sign
Adamorobe Sign, Nanabin Sign		 Ghana (Gold Coast)[note 4] Abbé, Abidji, Ahafo, Ahanta, Akuapem, Akwamu, Akyem, Alladian, Anyi, Ashanti, Assin, Attie, Avikam, Baoulé, Bonos, Chakosi, Egas, Evalue, Fante, M'Bato, Nzema, Sefwi (including House of Israel), Tchaman, Wasa Christianity
Akie Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Akie
Maasai[5]		 Tanzania (Manyara Region) Traditional Akie religion[6]
Alur Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Alur Uganda (West Nile sub-region), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Ituri Province) Christianity
Amba Niger–Congo → Bantu → Amba Uganda (Bundibugyo District), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Ituri Province) Christianity, Traditional African religion
Ambundu Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kimbundu Angola Christianity, Traditional African religions
Amdang Furan → Amdang Sudan (West Darfur), Chad (Wadi Fira) Islam
Americo-Liberians Indo-European → Germanic → English → Standard Liberian English
Indo-European → English → Merico, Liberian Kreyol		 Liberia Christianity → Protestantism
Amhara Afroasiatic → West Semitic → Amharic Ethiopia (Amharia) Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy → Ethiopian Orthodoxy
Anglo-Africans Indo-European → Germanic → English → South African English, Zimbabwean English South Africa, Zimbabwe, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Anglo-South Africans (with diaspora in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the United States)
Anglo-Zimbabweans (with diaspora in the United Kingdom)
Saint Helenians		 Christianity
Anuak Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Anuak Ethiopia (Anuakia), South Sudan (Boma) Christianity
Arabs Afroasiatic → West Semitic → Arabic[note 1]
Arab Sign,[note 1] Sudanese sign languages[note 1]		 North Africa Bedouins (including Beni Ades), Egyptian Arabs (including Upper Egyptian Arabs[7]), Maghrebi Arabs (including the Sahrawis), Dawada, Sudanese Arabs, Arab Christians[8] (including Alexandrians), Rashaida, Baggara Arabs (including Shuweihat), Abbala Arabs, Azawagh Arabs, Diffa Arabs, Manga Arabs, Ababda, Arab-Berbers Islam
Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Greek Orthodoxy → Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria
Christianity → Catholicism → Melkite Catholicism
Argobba Afroasiatic → West → Argobba[note 5] Ethiopia (Afar, Harari, Amhara, and Oromia Regions)[note 2] Islam → Sunni Islam
Atyap Niger–Congo → Plateau → Tyap Nigeria (Kaduna State) Christianity, Abwoi
Babur and Bura Afroasiatic → Chadic → Bura Nigeria (Borno State and Adamawa State) Babur, Bura Islam
Bagirmi Nilo-Saharan → Central Sudanic → Bongo-Bagirmi → Bagirmi Chad (Chari-Baguirmi) Islam → Folk Islam
Bajju Niger–Congo → Plateau → Jju Nigeria (Middle Belt) Christianity, Abwoi
Bajuni Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Swahili → Bajuni Somalia (Bajuni Islands), Kenya (Coast Province) Islam → Sunnism → Shafi'ism
Bakossi Niger–Congo → Bantu → Akoose Cameroon (Bakossi Mountains) Christianity → Catholicism
Beidanes Afroasiatic → West Semitic → Hassaniya Arabic Mauritania Islam → Sunni Islam
Bakulu Niger–Congo → Plateau → Kulu Nigeria (Kaduna State) Christianity, Islam, Traditional African religion
Balanta Niger–Congo → West Atlantic → Balanta[note 1] Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, The Gambia Traditional African religions
Balondo-ba-Konja Niger–Congo → Bantu → Londo Cameroon Creationism → Balondo-ba-Konja religion
Bambara Niger–Congo → Mande → Manding → Bambara Mali Islam
Bamileke Niger–Congo → Grassfields → Bamileke[note 1] Cameroon (West and Northwest regions) Mengaka, Ngiemboon, Ngombale, Ngomba, Ngwe, Yemba, Fe'fe', Ghomala', Kwaʼ, Nda'nda', Medumba Christianity
Bamum Niger–Congo → Grassfields → Bamum Cameroon (West Region) Islam
Banda Niger–Congo → Ubangian → Banda[note 1] Central African Republic, South Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Congo Central Banda, South Banda, West Banda Christianity
Bangweulu Twa Niger–Congo → Bantu → Bemba Zambia (Bangweulu Wetlands) Traditional African Religion
Bari Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Bari South Sudan (Central Equatoria), Uganda Pojulu, Kakwa, Nyangwara, Mandari, Kuku, other Karo tribes Christianity, Traditional African religion, Islam → Sunni Islam (minority religion among some Kakwa bordering Uganda)
Bariba Niger–Congo → Gur → Bariba Borgu (Benin, Nigeria) Islam
Bassa Niger–Congo → Kru → Bassa Liberia (Bassaland) Christianity → Protestantism → Anglicanism
Basters Indo-European → Germanic → Dutch → Afrikaans Namibia (Rehoboth) Christianity → Protestantism
Batwa Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kirundi
Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kiga		 African Great Lakes Traditional African religion
Beja Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Beja Sudan, Egypt, Eritrea Bishari, Hadendoa, Hedareb, Amarar, Beni-Amer Islam → Sunni Islam
Bemba Niger–Congo → Bantu → Bemba Zambia (Northern, Luapula, and Copperbelt Provinces), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Katanga Province) Christianity → Protestantism
Bembe Niger–Congo → Bantu → Bembe Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania Christianity → Protestantism, Traditional African religions
Bena Niger–Congo → Bantu → Bena Tanzania (Njombe Region) Christianity → Catholicism
Berom Niger–Congo → Plateau → Berom Niger (Plateau State) Christianity
Berta Nilo-Saharan → Berta Ethiopia (Benishangul-Gumuz Region), South Sudan Islam
Beti[note 6] Niger–Congo → Bantu → Ewondo, Eton Cameroon Ewondo, Eton Christianity
Bissa Niger–Congo → Mande → Bissa Burkina Faso Islam
Boa Niger–Congo → Bantu → Boa Democratic Republic of the Congo (Bas-Uele) Christianity
Bobo Niger–Congo → Mande → Bobo Burkina Faso, Mali Traditional African religions
Bolewa Afroasiatic → Chadic → Bole Nigeria (Gombe State) Islam
Bondei Niger–Congo → Bantu → Bondei Tanzania (Pangani District) Islam, Traditional African religions
Bozo Niger–Congo → Mande → Bozo Mali Islam
Bubi Niger–Congo → Bantu → Bube Equatorial Guinea (Bioko) Christianity → Catholicism
Budu Niger–Congo → Bantu → Budu Democratic Republic of the Congo (Wamba Territory) Christianity
Buduma Afroasiatic → Chadic → Yedina Lake Chad (Chad, Nigeria, Cameroon) Islam
Bwa Niger–Congo → Gur → Bwa[note 1] Burkina Faso, Mali Traditional African religions
Bwatiye Afroasiatic → Chadic → Bacama Nigeria (Adamawa State) Christianity, Neo-Pentecostalism
Cafres Indo-European → French → Réunion Creole Réunion Christianity
Cape Muslims Indo-European → Germanic → Dutch → Afrikaans
Indo-European → Germanic → English → South African English
Historically Indo-European → Germanic → Dutch → Arabic Afrikaans
Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Malay, Makassarese		 South Africa (Western Cape) Islam
Chaga Niger–Congo → Bantu → Chaga[note 1] Tanzania Gwenos, Rombos, Central Chaga (including Kahe), Rusa, West Chaga Christianity, Islam, Traditional African religions
Chagossians Indo-European → French → Chagossian Creole Chagos Archipelago[note 7] Christianity, Rastafari
Chaoui Afroasiatic → Berber → Shawiya Algeria (Aurès) Islam → Sunnism
Chenouas Afroasiatic → Berber → Shenwa Algeria (Mount Chenoua) Islam → Sunnism
Chewa Niger–Congo → Bantu → Chewa Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique Christianity, Traditional African religions
Chinois Indo-European → French → Réunion Creole
Sino-Tibetan → Sinitic → Hakka, Cantonese		 Réunion Christianity → Catholicism
Buddhism → Mahayana Buddhism
Chokwe Niger–Congo → Bantu → Chokwe Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia Christianity
Coloureds Indo-European → Germanic → English, Dutch → Afrikaans, Kaaps South Africa (Western Cape) Cape Coloureds (South Africa) Christianity
Comorians Niger–Congo → Bantu → Comorian[note 1] Comoros, France (Mayotte) Grande Comorians, Anjouans, Mohélians, Maorais, Significant population in Metropolitan France Islam → Sunnism
Dagaaba Niger–Congo → Gur → Dagaare Ghana, Burkina Faso Christianity, Traditional African religions
Dagombas Niger–Congo → Gur → Dagbani Ghana (Kingdom of Dagbon) Islam → Sunnism
Damara Khoe → Khoekhoe Namibia (Damaraland) Christianity
Dinka Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Dinka South Sudan Christianity, Dinka religion
Dogon Niger–Congo → Dogon[note 1]
Bangime, Tebul Sign		 Mali (Bandiagara Escarpment) Ampari Dogon (including Nyamboli), Tebul U, Mombo Dogon, Escarpment Dogon (including Tommo So), Jamsai Dogon, Nanga Dogon, Yanda Dogon, Walo, Beente, Duleri Dogon, Pinia, Bondum Dogon, Dogul Dogon, Budu, Western Plains Dogon, Toro-tegu Dogon, Bangande Traditional African religions
Dwe'e Niger–Congo → Bantu → Nzime Cameroon Christianity
Dyula Niger–Congo → Mande → Manding → Dyula Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Mali Islam → Sunnism
Ebira Niger–Congo → Nupoid → Ebira Nigeria (Kogi State) Islam
Edo Niger–Congo → Edoid → Edo Nigeria (Edo State) Ika, Emai Christianity
Efik Niger–Congo → Cross River → Efik Nigeria (Cross River State) Christianity, Efik religion
Egyptians Afroasiatic → Semitic → Egyptian Arabic[note 1]
Egyptian Sign
Historically Afroasiatic → Egyptian[note 8]		 Egypt, Sudan, Libya Copts, Sa'idi people[9] Islam → Sunni Islam
Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy → Coptic Orthodoxy
Christianity → Catholicism → Eastern Catholicism → Coptic Catholicism
Ekoi Niger–Congo → Bantoid → Jagham Nigeria, Cameroon Christianity, Ekoi religion
Embu Niger-Congo ~ Bantu ~ Embu Kenya (Eastern Province) Christianity
Esan Niger–Congo → Edoid → Esan Nigeria (Esanland) Christianity
Ewe Niger–Congo → Kwa → Ewe, Waci, Kpessi Togo, Ghana Agave, Agome, Anlo, Avenor, Waci Christianity, West African Vodun
Fang Niger–Congo → Bantu → Fang Equatorial Guinea (Rio Muni), Gabon Christianity
Fipa Niger–Congo → Bantu (Zone M) → Fipa
Niger–Congo → Bantu → Mambwe-Lungu		 Rukwa Region, Tanzania (Sumbawanga Rural District, Nkasi District) Christianity → Catholicism
Fon Niger–Congo → Kwa → Gbe → Fon Benin (Dahomey) Christianity → Catholicism, West African Vodun
Franco-Mauritians Indo-European → French → Mauritian Creole Mauritius Christianity → Catholicism
Franco-Seychellois Indo-European → French → Seychellois Creole Seychelles Christianity → Catholicism
Frantsay Indo-European → Romance → French Madagascar Christianity → Catholicism, Christianity → Protestantism
Fula Atlantic–Congo → Senegambian → Fula[note 1] West Africa (Guinea, Senegal, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria, Cameroon, Niger, Burkina Faso, Benin, Chad)[note 9] Wodaabe, Maasina Fulfulde, Sierra Leonean Fula, Toucouleur Islam
Fur Furan → Fur Sudan (Darfur) Islam → Sunni Islam
Ga-Adangbe Niger–Congo → Kwa → Ga–Dangme[note 1] Greater Accra (Ghana) Ga, Adangbe Christianity
Gade Niger–Congo → Nupoid → Gade Nigeria (Niger State) Gobo
Ganda Niger–Congo → Bantu → Great Lakes → Luganda Uganda (Buganda) Christianity
Gbagyi Niger–Congo → Nupoid → Gwari Nigeria Traditional African religions
Gbaya Niger–Congo → Ubangian → Gbaya[note 1] Central African Republic, Cameroon Bokoto, Kara, Buli (including Toongo), Ali, Mandja, Gbaya-Bossangoa, Bozom, Mbodomo, Gbanu, Bangandu Islam
Gedeo Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Gedeo Ethiopia (Gedeo) Christianity → Protestantism → P'ent'ay
Ghomaras Afroasiatic → Berber → Ghomara Morocco (Western Rif) Islam → Sunni Islam
Gnawas Afroasiatic → West Semitic → Moroccan Arabic Morocco Islam and Animism → Sufism and Animism → Gnawa religion
Gogo Niger–Congo → Bantu → Gogo Tanzania (Dodoma Region) Christianity, African Traditional Religion
Gola Niger–Congo → Gola Liberia, Sierra Leone Islam
Gosha Niger-Congo → Bantu → Zigula → Mushunguli
Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Maay Maay		 Somalia Islam
Greeks Indo-European → Hellenic[note 1]
Afroasiatic → Arabic → Egyptian Arabic
Francosign → French Sign and American Sign → Greek Sign		 Egypt Egyptian Greeks (including Alexandrian Greeks), along with significant populations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Sudan, South Sudan, and Zimbabwe Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism → Greek Byzantine Catholicism, historically Hellenism, Neoplatonism, Greco-Roman Mysteries
Griquas Indo-European → Germanic → Dutch → Afrikaans South Africa (Griqualand) Christianity → Protestantism → Calvinism
Guang Niger–Congo → Kwa → Guang[note 1] Ghana (Brong-Ahafo and Volta Regions) Gonja, Kyode, Cherepon, Efutu, Anyanga, Larteh, Chumburung, Krache, Anum-Boso Christianity
Gumuz Bʼaga languages[note 1] Ethiopia (Benishangul-Gumuz Region) Traditional African religion
Gungu Niger–Congo → Bantu → Gungu Uganda (Buliisa District) Christianity, Traditional African religion
Gurage Afroasiatic → West Semitic → Gurage[note 1]
historically Afroasiatic → West Semitic → Mesmes		 Ethiopia (Guragia) Kistane, Zay, Inor, Mesqan, Muher Sebat Bet (including Chaha) Christianity
Gurma Niger–Congo → Gur → Gourmanche Gurmaland (Burkina Faso, Ghana) Ntcham, Bimoba Islam
Gurunsi Niger–Congo → Gur → Gurunsi[note 1] Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo Lukpa, Kabye, Tem, Lamba, Delo, Bago-Kusuntu, Chala, Lyele, Nuna, Kalamse, Pana, Winye, Deg, Puguli, Paasaal, Sisaala, Chakali, Siti, Tamprusi, Vagla Traditional African religions, Islam → Sunni Islam
Ha Niger–Congo → Bantu → Ha Tanzania (Kigoma Region) Animism
Hadiya Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Hadiyya Ethiopia (Hadiya) Islam
Hadza Hadza language Tanzania (Karatu District) Hadza mythology
Ham Niger–Congo → Plateau → Hyam Nigeria (Kaduna State) Christianity, Abwoi
Hangaza Niger–Congo → Bantu → Hangaza Tanzania (Kagera Region) Christianity
Harari Afroasiatic → West Semitic → Harari Ethiopia (Hararia) Islam → Sunni Islam
Haratins Afroasiatic → West Semitic → Maghrebi Arabic[note 1]
Afroasiatic → Berber[note 1]		 Mauritania Islam → Sunni Islam
Hausa Afroasiatic → Chadic → Hausa Hausaland (Niger, Nigeria, Ghana) Islam → Sunni Islam
Haya Niger–Congo → Bantu → Haya Tanzania (Kagera Region) Christianity, Ruhanga
Hawwara Afroasiatic → Berber,[note 1] Semitic → Arabic[note 1] Libya, Egypt, Sudan, Algeria and Morocco Islam → Sunni Islam
Hehe Niger–Congo → Bantu → Hehe Tanzania (Iringa Region) Christianity
Herero Niger–Congo → Bantu → Herero Namibia (Hereroland), Angola OvaHimba, Ovambanderu Christianity
Hutu[note 10] Niger–Congo → Bantu → Rwanda-Rundi[note 11] Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kivu) Christianity
Ibibio Niger–Congo → Cross River → Ibibio, Anaang, Eket, Oron Nigeria (Akwa Ibom State) Eket, Anaang, Oron Christianity
Idoma Niger–Congo → Idomoid → Idoma Nigeria (Benue State) Agatu, Alago, Yala Christianity
Igala Niger-Congo → Igala → Igala Nigeria (AneIgala) Ayangba, Igalamela, Ogugu, Akpanya, Ebu Christianity, Islam
Igbo Niger–Congo → Igbo Nigeria (Igboland) , Equatorial Guinea Anioma, Aro, Edda, Ekpeye, Etche, Ezaa, Ika, Ikwerre, Ikwo, Isu, Izzi, Mbaise, Mgbo, Ngwa, Nri-Igbo, Ogba, Ohafia, Ohuhu, Onitsha-Ado, Ukwuani, Waawa Christianity, Odinala
Igdalen Songhay → Northern Songhay → Tagdal Niger, Mali, Algeria Islam → Sunni Islam
Igede Niger–Congo → Idomoid → Igede Nigeria (Benue State) Christianity
Ijaw Niger–Congo → Ijaw[note 1] Nigeria (Rivers, Bayelsa, and Delta States) Bille, Engenni, Ibani, Kalabari, Kula, Nkoro, Nkoroo, Obolo Christianity
Imraguen Afroasiatic → Arabic → Hassaniya Arabic → Imraguen Mauritania, Western Sahara Islam → Sunni Islam
Indo-Mauritians Indo-European → French → Mauritian Creole Mauritius Bihari Mauritians, Tamil Mauritians Hinduism, Islam
Indo-Seychellois Indo-European → French → Seychellois Creole Seychelles Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Jainism
Indo-South Africans Indo-European → Germanic → English → South African English South Africa Hinduism, Islam, Sikhism, Jainism
Iraqw Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Iraqw Tanzania Christianity
Isoko Niger–Congo → Edoid → Isoko Nigeria (Isoko region) Christianity
Jerba Afroasiatic → Berber → Nafusi Tunisia Islam → Sunni Islam
Jews Afroasiatic → Canaanite → Hebrew → Modern Hebrew,[note 12] Jewish languages,[note 1][note 13] DGSic → Israeli Sign North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt)

East Africa

 Sephardim (including Moroccan Jews, Egyptian Sephardim, North African Sephardim, Maroka'im, Algerian Jews, Tunisian Jews, Libyan Jews, Berber Jews (including Mozabite Jews), Beta Israel (including Beta Abraham and Falash Mura), Rusape Jews, Abayudaya, Igbo Jews, as well as historically some Aksumites, along with significant populations in South Africa (including Afrikaner-Jews), Namibia, and Zimbabwe Judaism
Jita Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Suguti Tanzania (Mara Region) Christianity, Ethnic Religion
Jola Atlantic–Congo → Senegambian → Jola[note 1] Senegal (Jolaland) Banjaal, Bayot, Gusilay, Fogni, Karon, Kasa, Kuwaataay, Mlomp Traditional African religions
Jukun Niger–Congo → Jukun Takum[note 14] Nigeria (Wukari) Wannu Traditional African religions
Jur Nilotic → Luo → Jur South Sudan Beli, Sopi, Mödö, Nyamusa, Wira, Biti, Morokodo Christianity, Traditional African religions[13]
Kabyle Afroasiatic → Berber → Kabyle Algeria

(Kabylia)

 Islam → Sunni Islam
Kafwe Twa Niger–Congo → Bantu → Tonga Zambia (Kafue Flats) Traditional African religion
Kaguru Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kagulu Tanzania (Ukaguru Mountains) Folk religion
Kalanga Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kalanga Zimbabwe, Botswana Nambya Christianity
Kalenjin Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Kalenjin[note 1] Kenya (Rift Valley Province) Keiyo, Tugen, Marakwet, Nandi, Kipsigis, Sabaot, Pokoot, Terik Christianity
Kamba Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kamba Kenya (Ukambani) Christianity
Kanuri Nilo-Saharan → Saharan → Kanuri Kanuriland (Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Cameroon) Kanembu, Yerwa Kanuri Islam
Kapsiki Afroasiatic → Chadic → Kapsiki Mandara Mountains (Nigeria, Cameroon) Islam
Karai-Karai Afroasiatic → Chadic → Karai-Karai Nigeria (Bauchi State, Gombe State, Yobe State and Jigawa State) Islam, Christianity
Karamojong Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Karamojong Uganda Christianity, Traditional African religion
Karana Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Gujarati, Hindustani, Kutchi, Sindhi
Dravidian → Tamil, Telugu		 Madagascar Islam
Kassena Atlantic–Congo → Gur → Kasena Ghana (Kassena-Nankana), Burkina Faso Kassena religion
Kavango Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Kavango[note 1] Namibia Kwangali, Mbunza, Shambyu, Gciriku, Mbukushu Christianity, Traditional African religions
Kerewe Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Kerewe Tanzania (Ukerewe Island) Christianity, Traditional African religions
Khassonké Mande → Manding → Kassonke Mali (Kayes Region) Islam
Kiga Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Kiga Uganda, Rwanda Christianity → Catholicism, Christianity → Protestantism
Kikuyu Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Kikuyu Kenya (Central Province) Christianity
Kilba Afroasiatic → Chadic → Huba Nigeria (Hong) Christianity
Kinga Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kinga Tanzania (Kipengere Range) Christianity, Traditional African religion
Kissi Atlantic–Congo → Mel → Kissi Guinea, Sierra Leone Christianity
Kofyar Afroasiatic → Chadic → Kofyar Nigeria (Plateau State) Traditional African religions
Kongo Atlantic–Congo] → Bantu → Kongo Kongoland (Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Angola) Lari, Vili, Yombe, Suundi, Dondo, Hangala, Kugni, Manyanga, Beembe Christianity, Kongo religion
Konjo Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Konjo Rwenzori Mountains (Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda) Nande Christianity
Konkomba Atlantic–Congo → Gur → Konkomba Ghana, Togo Traditional African religions, Christianity
Kono Mande → Vai–Kono → Kono Sierra Leone (Kono District) Christianity, Islam, Traditional African religion
Konso Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Konso Ethiopia (Konso) Traditional African religions
Kpelle Mande → Southwestern Mande → Kpelle Liberia, Guinea Traditional African religions
Kposo Niger–Congo → Kwa → Ghana–Togo Mountain → Kposo Togo (Plateaux), Ghana Christianity → Catholicism
Kru Kru languages[note 1] Liberia (Grand Kru and Maryland Counties) Aizi, Bete, Bakwe, Grebo, Krahn (including Sapo), Kuwaa Christianity
Kunama Nilo-Saharan → Kunama Eritrea, Ethiopia Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy → Ethiopian Orthodoxy
Kuria Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kuria Kenya, Tanzania Traditional African religions, Christianity
Kuteb Niger–Congo → Jukunoid → Kuteb Nigeria (Taraba State) Christianity
Kwaya Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kwaya Tanzania (Mara Region) Christianity, Traditional African religion
Kwere Niger–Congo → Bantu → Kwere Tanzania (Bagamoyo District) Islam, Traditional African religion
Lega Niger–Congo → Bantu → Lega Democratic Republic of the Congo Traditional African religions
Lemba Niger–Congo → Bantu → Venda, Shona Zimbabwe, South Africa, Malawi, Mozambique Christianity, Islam, Judaism
Limba Niger–Congo → Limba Sierra Leone (Bombali and Koinadugu Districts) Christianity
Lisi Nilo-Saharan → Central Sudanic → Naba Chad (Lake Fitri) Bilala, Kuka and the Medogo Islam
Lozi Niger–Congo → Bantu → Lozi Zambia (Barotseland), Zimbabwe, Namibia (Zambezi Region), Botswana Mafwe, Mbukushu, Totela, Yeyi Christianity, Traditional African religions
Luba Niger–Congo → Bantu → Luban[note 1] Democratic Republic of the Congo (Lubaland) Luba-Kasai, Luba-Katanga, Hemba (including Bangubangu), Songe, Lulua Christianity
Lugbara Nilo-Saharan → Central Sudanic → Lugbara Democratic Republic of the Congo (Orientale Province), South Sudan, Uganda (West Nile (particularly Arua City, Arua, Maracha, Terego, Madi-Okollo, Yumbe and Koboko districts)) Ayivu, Maracha, Terego, Vurra, Aringa Christianity, Islam, Lugbara religion[14]
Luhya Niger–Congo → Bantu → Luhya Kenya (Western Province) Bukusu, Idakho, Isukha, Kabras, Khayo, Kisa, Marachi, Maragoli, Marama, Nyole, Samia, Tachoni, Tiriki, Tsotso, Wanga, Christianity
Luo Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Dholuo Kenya Christianity
Luso-Africans Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese → African Portuguese PALOP countries (Angola, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe, Equatorial Guinea), South Africa Portuguese Africans (including Luso-Angolans, Cape Verdeans, Luso-Equatoguineans, Luso-Guineans, Luso-Mozambicans, Santomeans, Luso-South Africans) Christianity → Catholicism
Maasai Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Maasai Maasailand (Tanzania, Kenya) Samburu, Arusha, Kwavi Traditional African religions
Madi Nilo-Saharan → Central Sudanic → Ma'di Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Sudan, Uganda Christianity
Mafa Afroasiatic → Chadic → Mafa Cameroon Christianity
Majang Nilo-Saharan → Surmic → Majang Ethiopia (Gambela Region) Christianity, Traditional African religion
Makaa Niger–Congo → Bantu → Makaa, Niger–Congo → Bantu → Byep Cameroon (East Region, Centre Region) South Makaa, North Makaa Christianity, Traditional African religion
Makonde Niger–Congo → Bantu → Makonde Tanzania, Mozambique (Mueda Plateau) Machinga Islam
Makua Niger–Congo → Bantu → Makhuwa Mozambique Lomwe, Chuwabu, Moniga, Koti, Nathembo Traditional African religions
Malagasy Austronesian → Greater Barito → Malagasy Madagascar, Comoros, Mayotte, Réunion, Mauritius Merina, Sihanaka, Betsileo, Zafimaniry, Antaifasy, Antemoro, Antaisaka, Antambahoaka, Tandroy, Antankarana, Antanosy, Bara, Betsimisaraka, Bezanozano, Mahafaly, Makoa, Mikea, Sakalava, Tanala, Tsimihety, Vezo Christianity, Malagasy religion
Malbars Indo-European → French → Réunion Creole
Historically Indo-European → Romance → French		 Réunion Hinduism
Mambila Niger–Congo → Mambila Mambilla Plateau (Nigeria, Cameroon) Somyev Traditional African religions
Mandinka Niger–Congo → Mande → Manding[note 1] Mali, The Gambia, Guinea, Senegal Bolon Islam
Manjak Niger–Congo → West Atlantic → Senegambian → Manjak Guinea-Bissau, Senegal Traditional African religions
Masa Afroasiatic → Chadic → Masana Cameroon, Chad Christianity, Islam[citation needed]
Masalit Nilo-Saharan → Masalit Sudan, Chad Islam → Sunni Islam
Mauritian Creoles Indo-European → French- → Mauritian Creole Mauritius Christianity → Catholicism, Rastafari
Mbaka Niger–Congo → Ubangian → Mbaka Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo Christianity → Catholicism
Mbugu Niger–Congo → Bantu → Mbugu, Pare
Niger–Congo and Afroasiatic → Bantu and Cushitic → Maʼa		 Tanzania (Usambara Mountains) Christianity, Islam, Traditional African religion
Mende Niger–Congo → Mande → Mende Sierra Leone (Southern and Eastern Provinces) Islam
Mijikenda Niger–Congo → Bantu → Mijikenda Kenya (Coast Province) Chonyi, Giriama, Digo, Segeju, Rabai Christianity
Mongo Niger–Congo → Bantu → Mongo Democratic Republic of the Congo (Equateur, Tshuapa, Mongala, Nord-Ubangi, Sud-Ubangi) Bolia, Ntomba, Ngando, Iyaelima, Mbole, Mpama, Nkutu, Sengele, Hendo, Dengese, Tetela Christianity
Moru Nilo-Saharan → Central Sudanic → Moru South Sudan (Western Equatoria) Miza, Ägyi, Moroändri, Kediro, 'Bari'ba[15] Christianity → Protestantism → Anglicanism → Episcopal Church of the South Sudan[16]
Mossi Niger–Congo → Gur → Mossi Burkina Faso (Mossiland) Islam
Mozabite Afroasiatic → Berber → Mozabite
Afroasiatic → West Semitic → Algerian Arabic		 Algeria Islam → Sunni Islam
Mumuye Niger–Congo → Adamawa → Mumuye Nigeria (Taraba State) Traditional African religions
Musgum Afroasiatic → Chadic → Musgu Cameroon (Far North Region), Chad (Chari-Baguirmi, Mayo-Kebbi Est) Islam
Mwera Niger–Congo → Bantu → Mwera Tanzania (Mtwara and Ruvuma Regions) Islam
Nama Khoe → Khoekhoe Namibia (Namaland), South Africa Oorlams Christianity
Nara Nilo-Saharan → Eastern Sudanic → Nara Eritrea Higir, Mogareb, Koyta, Santora Islam, Animism
Ndendeule Niger-Congo languages → Bantu languages → Ndendeule Tanzania Animism
Ngbandi Niger–Congo → Ubangian → Ngbandi Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic Yakoma Christianity
Ngoni Niger–Congo → Bantu → Ngoni Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, and Zambia Christianity, African Traditional Religion, Sangoma, Islam
Nkole Niger–Congo → Bantu → Nkore-Kiga → Nkore Uganda (Ankole) Christianity, Ruhanga
Northern Ndebele Niger–Congo → Bantu → Nguni → Northern Ndebele Zimbabwe (Matabeleland) Christianity, Traditional African religions
Nubians Nilo-Saharan → Nubian[note 1] Nubia (Egypt, Sudan) Nobiin, Mattokki, Dongolawi, Midob, Birgid, Hill Nubians (including Dilling, Debri, Ghulfan, Kadaru, Karko, and Wali) Islam → Sunni Islam
Nubis Afroasiatic → Arabic → Nubi Uganda, Kenya Ugandan Nubis, Kenyan Nubis Islam
Nuer Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Nuer South Sudan (Nuerland) Traditional African religions
Nupe Niger–Congo → Nupoid → Nupe Nigeria (Niger State, Kwara State) Islam, Christianity, Traditional African religions
Nyambo Niger–Congo → Bantu → Nyambo Tanzania (Karagwe District, Kagera Region) Christianity → Protestantism → Evangelicalism
Nyoro Niger–Congo → Bantu → Nyoro Uganda (Bunyoro) Christianity, Islam, Traditional African religion
Ogiek Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Ogiek Kenya (Mau Forest, Mount Elgon) Christianity, Traditional Ogiek religion[17]
Ogoni Niger–Congo → Cross River → Ogoni[note 1] Nigeria (Ogoniland) Baan, Eleme, Gokana, Tẹẹ Christianity
Ogu Niger–Congo → Kwa → Gbe → Gun Nigeria (Lagos, Ogun State), Benin Christianity, Islam, West African Vodun[18]
Oku Indo-European → English → Krio
Indo-European → Germanic → English → Sierra Leonean English		 Sierra Leone, The Gambia Islam
Oromo Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Oromo[note 1] Ethiopia (Oromia), Kenya Boorana, Barento, Salale, Machaa, Arsi, Wollo Islam → Sunni Islam
Ovambo Niger–Congo → Bantu → Ovambo Namibia (Ovamboland), Angola Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism
Ovimbundu Niger–Congo → Bantu → Umbundu Angola Christianity
Papel Niger–Congo → Senegambian → Papel Guinea-Bissau (Biombo Region) Christianity → Catholicism
Pare Niger–Congo → Bantu → Pare Tanzania (Pare Mountains) Islam
Pedi Niger–Congo → Bantu → Northern Sotho → Sepedi South Africa (Limpopo) Christianity
Pende Niger–Congo → Bantu → Pende Democratic Republic of the Congo Christianity
Rendille Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Rendille Kenya (Eastern Province) Waaq
Rifians Afroasiatic → Berber → Tarifit Morocco Islam → Sunnism
Saho Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Saho Eritrea, Ethiopia Islam → Sunnism
Sandawe Sandawe Tanzania (Chemba District) Traditional African Religion, Islam
Sara Nilo-Saharan → Central Sudanic → Sara[note 1] Chad, Central African Republic Ngambay, Doba, Laka, Kabba, Sar, Mbay, Ngam, Dagba, Gulay Traditional African religions
Senufo Atlantic–Congo → (disputed) → Senufo[note 1] Mali, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso Nafana, Minyanka Traditional African religions
Serer Atlantic–Congo → Senegambian → Serer, Cangin[note 1] Senegal Laalaa, Ndut, Niominka, Serer-Noon, Palor, Saafi Islam, Serer religion
Seychellois Creoles Indo-European → French → Seychellois Creole Seychelles Christianity → Catholicism
Sherbro Atlantic–Congo → Mel → Sherbro Sierra Leone (Sherbro Island) Traditional African religions
Shi Niger–Congo → Bantu → Great Lakes →Mashi Democratic Republic of the Congo Havu, Bahavu, Nyindu, Banyindu, Fuliru, Bafuliru Christianity → Catholic Church, Kubandwa
Shilha Afroasiatic → Berber → Shilha Morocco Islam → Sunnism
Shilluk Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Shilluk South Sudan Gule Christianity → Catholicism
Shona Niger–Congo → Bantu → Shona Zimbabwe (Mashonaland) Manyika, Ndau Christianity
Sidama Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Sidaama Ethiopia (Sidamia) Christianity
Sierra Leone Creoles Indo-European → English → Krio, Pichinglis Sierra Leone Gambian Creoles, Saros, Krio Fernandinos, with significant populations in the United States Christianity
Siltʼe Afroasiatic → West Semitic → Siltʼe Ethiopia (Siltia) Islam
Sino-Mauritians Indo-European → French → Mauritian Creole
Sino-Tibetan → Sinitic → Hakka, Cantonese		 Mauritius Christianity, Chinese folk religion, Buddhism
Sino-Seychellois Indo-European → French → Seychellois Creole
Sino-Tibetan → Sinitic → Hakka, Cantonese		 Seychelles Christianity, Chinese folk religion, Buddhism
Sinoa Sino-Tibetan → Sinitic → Cantonese, Mandarin Madagascar Christianity → Catholicism
Siwi Afroasiatic → Berber → Siwi Egypt, Libya Islam → Sunni Islam
Soga Niger–Congo → Bantu → Soga Uganda (Busoga) Christianity, Traditional African religions
Somalis Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Somali[note 1] Greater Somalia (Somalia, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Kenya) Hawiye, Darod (including Majeerteen), Isaaq, Dir, Rahanweyn, Madhiban, Yibir, Ajuran along with significant populations in the United States, the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Canada Islam → Sunnism → Shafi'ism
Songhai Songhay languages[note 1] West Africa Songhai proper, Zarma, Wogo, Kurtey, Ingalkoyyu, Arma, Belbali, Dendi Islam
Soninke Niger–Congo → Mande → Soninke Mali Islam → Sunni Islam → Malikism
Soqotris Afroasiatic → West Semitic → Soqotri Yemen (Socotra) Islam
Sotho Niger–Congo → Bantu → Sotho South Africa (Free State), Lesotho Christianity
Southern Ndebele Niger–Congo → Bantu → Nguni → Southern Ndebele South Africa (Mpumalanga, Gauteng, Limpopo) Christianity, Traditional African religions
Spaniards Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Canarian Spanish, Silbo Gomero, Isleño Spanish Spain (Canary Islands, Ceuta, Melilla) Christianity → Catholicism
Sukuma Niger–Congo → Bantu → Sukuma Tanzania Christianity → Catholicism
Surma Nilo-Saharan → Surmic[note 1] Ethiopia, South Sudan Me'en, Mursi, Kichepo Traditional African religions
Susu Niger–Congo → Mande → Susu Guinea, Sierra Leone (Kambia) Islam
Swahili Niger–Congo → Bantu → Swahili Swahili coast (Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Comoros) Shirazi (including Zanzibaris, and Maore) Islam
Swazi Niger–Congo → Bantu → Swazi South Africa (Mpumalanga), Eswatini Christianity → African Zionism
Tallensi Atlantic–Congo → Gur → Talni Ghana (Tallensi Traditional Area), Burkina Faso Tallensi religion
Tama Nilo-Saharan → Taman → Tama Chad, Sudan Islam
Tarok Niger–Congo → Plateau → Tarok Nigeria (Plateau State) Christianity
Teke Niger–Congo → Bantu → Teke Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo Traditional African religions[19]
Temne Niger–Congo → Mel → Temne Sierra Leone (Northern Sierra Leone) Islam
Tigrayans Afroasiatic → Ethiopic → Tigrinya Eritrea (Eritrean Highlands), Ethiopia (Tigrayia) Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy → Ethiopian Orthodoxy
Tigre Afroasiatic → Ethiopic → Tigre Eritrea Islam
Tiv Niger–Congo → Tiv Nigeria (Benue State) Christianity
Tonga Niger–Congo → Bantu → Tonga Zambia, Zimbabwe Traditional African Religion
Tooro Niger–Congo → Bantu → Tooro Uganda (Tooro Kingdom) Abagweri, Abasingo, Abahinda, Ababiito, Abasumbi, Abayaga, Ababwiju, Abasiita, Abasambo, Ababoopi, Ababwooro, Abagaya, Abalebeki, Abango, Abagimu, Abarungu, Abanyakyoozi, Abasoigi[20] Christianity, Ruhanga
Toubou Nilo-Saharan → Saharan → Tebu[note 1] Toubouland (Chad, Niger, Sudan, Libya) Daza, Teda Islam → Sunni Islam
Tsonga Niger–Congo → Bantu → Tsonga Mozambique (Maputo City and Maputo Province, Gaza Province), South Africa (Limpopo, Mpumalanga) Christianity → Catholicism
Tswana Niger–Congo → Bantu → Tswana Botswana, South Africa (South Tswanaland) Balete, Mangwato, Bangwaketse, Bakwena, Batlokwa, Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, Rolong Christianity
Tuareg Afroasiatic → Berber → Tuareg languages[note 1] Algeria, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria, Mali, Mauritania Islam → Sunni Islam
Tumbuka Niger-Congo → Bantu → Tumbuka Malawi, Zambia, Tanzania, Zimbabwe Senga, Henga, Yombe, Phoka, Tonga Christianity, Tumbuka mythology
Tupuri Niger–Congo → Adamawa → Tupuri Cameroon (Far North Region), Chad (Mayo-Kebbi) Christianity
Turkana Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Turkana Kenya (Turkanaland) Christianity → Catholicism
Tutsi[note 15] Niger–Congo → Bantu → Great Lakes → Rwanda-Rundi[note 11] Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kivu) Banyamulenge Christianity, Islam
Urhobos Niger–Congo → Edoid → Urhobo Nigeria (Delta State) Christianity
Vai Niger–Congo → Mande → Vai Liberia, Sierra Leone Islam, Christianity, Traditional African religions
Venda Niger–Congo → Bantu → Tshivenda South Africa (Vendaland) Christianity, Traditional African religions
Wala Niger–Congo → Gur → Wali Ghana (Upper West Region) Islam → Sunni Islam, Animism
Welayta Afroasiatic → Omotic → Wolaitta Ethiopia (Wolayitia) Christianity → Protestantism → P'ent'ay
Wolane Afroasiatic → Ethiopic → Wolane Ethiopia (Gurage) Islam[24]
Wolof Niger–Congo → Atlantic → Senegambian → Wolof Senegambia (Senegal, The Gambia) Lebu Islam → Sunni Islam → Sufism → Mouride
Xhosa Niger–Congo → Bantu → Nguni → Xhosa South Africa (Xhosaland) Fengu, Gcaleka, Gqunukhwebe, Gaika, Mpondomise, Thembu, Xesibe Christianity
Yabs Indo-European → French → Réunion Creole Réunion Christianity
Yako Niger–Congo → Cross River → Yako Nigeria (Yakurr Local Government) Christianity
Yao Niger–Congo → Bantu → Yao Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania (Ruvuma and Mtwara Regions) Islam and Animism → Yao Folk Islam
Yoa-Lokpa Niger–Congo → Gur → Oti–Volta → Yom, Niger–Congo → Gur → Gurunsi → Lukpa Benin (Donga Department) Ethnic religion[25]
Yoruba Atlantic–Congo → Yoruboid → Yoruba
Yoruba Sign		 Yorubaland (Nigeria, Benin, Togo) Ijesha, Egba, Yewa, Igbomina, Awori, Akoko, Okun, Ana, Ekiti, Ilaje, Ijebu, Oyo, Ondo, Ife, Nagos, with significant populations in the United States and Canada Christianity, Islam, Yoruba religion
Zaghawa Nilo-Saharan → Saharan → Zaghawa Chad, Sudan Islam → Sunni Islam
Zande[note 16][26] Niger–Congo → Zande Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, South Sudan Barambu Christianity
Zarabes Indo-European → French → Réunion Creole
Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Gujarati		 Réunion Islam
Zayanes Afroasiatic → Berber → Central Atlas Tamazight Morocco (Khenifra) Islam → Sunni Islam
Zulu Niger–Congo → Bantu → Nguni → Zulu South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal) Christianity
ǃKung Kxʼa → ǃKung[note 1] Namibia (Kalahari Desert) ǃXun, Ju Animism
ǂAakhoe Khoe-Kwadi → Khoe → Khoekhoe → ǂAakhoe Namibia Animism

Lists of ethnic groups

[edit]
By status:
Regional lists:

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 Language family; with some exceptions, all speakers of the various languages within this family are typically seen as one singular ethnicity.
  2. 1 2 Non-contiguous homeland. Throughout most of its history (if not its entire history), this ethnic group has lived in separate, isolated communities scattered throughout the countries/subdivisions listed.
  3. ↑ Although Akan is the principal language of the Akan people, the Akan language has only recently been standardized. The majority of Akan people still speak their local dialects, which are usually considered by linguists to be separate languages altogether.
  4. ↑ Due to historical migrations, about half of the Akan population reside in Ivory Coast.
  5. ↑ The Argobba have typically been a merchant community and usually trades with other ethnic groups; recently, these factors have resulted in the majority only speaking Amharic or Oromo.
  6. ↑ The Beti and the Fang form the Beti-Pahuin peoples. While the term Beti is sometimes used interchangeably to refer to the Beti-Pahuin people, the Beti ethnicity is specifically limited to Ewondo and Eton speakers.
  7. ↑ Due to the Expulsion of the Chagossians, there are no Chagossians living on the Chagos Archipelago. The majority of Chagossians now live in the United Kingdom, Mauritius, and Seychelles.
  8. ↑ The original Egyptian language, which morphed into the Coptic language around the 1st century AD, died out as a spoken language around the 17th century and is now only used for religious ceremonies in the form of Coptic. Today, the Egyptians, including the Copts, speak Egyptian Arabic.
  9. ↑ This ethnic group is largely a nomadic or semi-nomadic one and do not have a particular area to claim as a primary homeland; these countries are listed here due to having a significant population.
  10. ↑ Due to the history of intermingling and intermarrying of Hutu and Tutsi, some ethnographers and historians believe that the Hutu and Tutsi cannot be called distinct ethnic groups.[10][11][12]
  11. 1 2 Refers specifically to the Kinyarwanda and Kirundi dialects. The other speakers of the dialects within the Rwanda-Rundi continuum are considered to be separate from the Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa peoples.
  12. ↑ Despite the successful revival of the Hebrew language, many Jews continue to speak the various languages that have developed by the diaspora populations, including Yiddish, Ladino, and Judeo-Arabic. In addition, English serves as the lingua franca of Israel.
  13. ↑ Though many Jewish languages are not genetically related to each other, they are all known to be ethnolects developed by the Jewish diaspora.
  14. ↑ The Wapan language have largely replaced Jukun Takum as the main language.
  15. ↑ Due to the history of intermingling and intermarrying of Hutu and Tutsi, some ethnographers and historians believe that the Hutu and Tutsi cannot be called distinct ethnic groups.[21][22][23]
  16. ↑ Otherwise known as Azande.

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ Levinson, David (1998). Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-57356-019-1.
  2. ↑ Goran Burenhult, Traditional Peoples Today: Continuity and Change in the Modern World Illustrated History of Humankind, vol. 5 (1994).
  3. ↑ Williams, Victoria R. (2020). Indigenous Peoples – An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival. Vol. 4. ABC-CLIO. p. 47. ISBN 9781440861178. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  4. ↑ Olson, James Stuart (1996). The peoples of Africa: an ethnohistorical dictionary. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-313-27918-8.
  5. ↑ Williams, Victoria R. (2020). Indigenous Peoples – An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival. Vol. 4. ABC-CLIO. p. 56. ISBN 9781440861178. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  6. ↑ Williams, Victoria R. (2020). Indigenous Peoples – An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival. Vol. 4. ABC-CLIO. p. 58. ISBN 9781440861178. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  7. ↑ Abu-Lughod, Lila (2006). Local Contexts of Islamism in Popular Media. Amsterdam University Press. p. 24 pages. ISBN 90-5356-824-7.
  8. ↑ Chapman, Colin (2012). "Christians in the Middle East – Past, Present and Future". Transformation: An International Journal of Holistic Mission Studies. 29 (2): 91–110. doi:10.1177/0265378812439955. S2CID 145722860.
  9. ↑ "::الأهرام العربي - الصفحة الأولى ::". Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
  10. ↑ Philip Gourevitch, We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families. 1998.
  11. ↑ "'Indangamuntu 1994: Ten years ago in Rwanda this ID Card cost a woman her life' by Jim Fussell". www.preventgenocide.org.
  12. ↑ Gourevitch, Philip (10 December 1995). "From 1995: Rwanda, After the Genocide". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 14 May 2025.
  13. ↑ "Jur (Beli & Modo)". gurtong. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
  14. ↑ "Population Composition" (PDF). ubos.org. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  15. ↑ Tucker, A.N. (1940) The Eastern Sudanic Languages. OUP
  16. ↑ Lawiri, E.B. (1987) The Growth of the Church in Moru Country. Moru Literacy Project, Mundri, Sudan. He set the Christian foundation through his work in Lui.
  17. ↑ Williams, Victoria R. (2020). Indigenous Peoples – An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival. Vol. 4. ABC-CLIO. p. 833. ISBN 9781440861178. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  18. ↑ Segun Olatunji (27 December 2013). "Egun people blame underdevelopment on minority status". The Punch. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
  19. ↑ Ndinga Mbo, Abraham Constant (2010). "Les preludes historiques : Geneses, migrations, installation des peuples". In Obenga, Theophile (ed.). Histoire générale du Congo des origines à nos jours I. Méthodologie historique Genèse du Congo (in French). L'Harmattan. pp. 148–149.
  20. ↑ Kaji, Shigeki (2007). A Rutooro Vocabulary. PanLex Project The Long Now Foundation. アジア・アフリカ言語文化研究所. pp. 190–196. ISBN 978-4-87297-890-2.
  21. ↑ Philip Gourevitch, We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families. 1998.
  22. ↑ "'Indangamuntu 1994: Ten years ago in Rwanda this ID Card cost a woman her life' by Jim Fussell". www.preventgenocide.org.
  23. ↑ Gourevitch, Philip (10 December 1995). "From 1995: Rwanda, After the Genocide". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 14 May 2025.
  24. ↑ "Wolane in Ethiopia". Joshua Project.
  25. ↑ Toyin Falola, Daniel Jean-Jacques (2016). Africa: An Encyclopedia of Culture and Society, volume 1. Santa Barbara, California; Denver, Colorado: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781786844576.
  26. ↑ Gordon, Raymond (2005). "Lugbara language". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
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