Trondheimsk

Trondheimsk
Trondheimsk
Region	Trondheim
Language family	Indo-European Germanic North Germanic West Scandinavian Trøndersk Trondheimsk; ; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	None

Trondheimsk (Urban East Norwegian: [ˈtrɔ̂nː(h)æɪmsk]), Trondheim dialect or Trondheim Norwegian is a dialect of Norwegian used in Trondheim. It is a variety of Trøndersk.

Phonology

/l/ is dental [l̪].^[1]
- After short vowels, it is realized as an approximant, either palatal [ʎ] or palatalized dental [l̪ʲ].^[2]
- When it occurs after a short vowel before a voiceless stop (particularly /t/),^[1] it is realized as a voiceless dental lateral continuant, described variously as an approximant [l̪̊]^[1] and a fricative [ɬ̪].^[2]
/r/ tends to be realized as a voiced retroflex fricative [ʐ]. It is devoiced to [ʂ] before /p/ and /k/.^[2]

/iː/ and /yː/ can be diphthongized to, respectively, [ie] and [ye].^[3]
/uː/ is diphthongized to [ue].^[4]
/eː, øː/ and /ɔː/ are diphthongized to, respectively, [eæ], [øæ] and [ɔ̝æ].^[5]
The schwa [ə] does not exist in the Trondheim dialect.^[6]
/æ, æː/ have the most open realization in all of Norway, i.e. open front [a, aː].^[7]
/ɑ, ɑː/ are fully back [ɑ, ɑː].^[8]
/ɑi/ has a back starting point [ɑi].^[9]

The tonemes of the Trondheim dialect are the same as those of the Oslo dialect; accent 1 is low-rising, whereas accent 2 is falling-rising.^[10]

Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
Ophaug, Wencke (2014), EXFAC Fonetikk og fonologi (PDF)
Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6

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