Template:Period start ratification

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The Period start ratification template extracts the date and proper reference for when a unit in the geological timeline was ratified by the International Union of Geological Sciences.

Usage

This template can be used to avoid the repetition of Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) ratification information when a collection of geological units share the same lower boundary. For example, the Mesozoic, Jurassic, Early Jurassic, and Hettangian all share the same GSSP. Thus, this template can display the same information for each unit, and can be edited without having to repeatedly edit each article.

The following code represents the full syntax of this template:

Full parameter set in horizontal format
{{period start ratification \|1= \|in-name-only= \|reference-only= }}

Additionally, some of the template's references can be recalled to, as they're rendered under a predetermined name. The following reference names are supported by this template:

"GSSP" – links to the International Commission on Stratigraphy's GSSP page.
"EP-[Period name]" – refers to the reference for that certain chronological unit. Please note that, as a means to prevent overwriting and reference redundancy, not all units are supported, and that the names generally refer to the most subdivided unit (e.g., use "EP-Hettangian" when referring to the Hettangian, Early Jurassic, or Jurassic).

Parameters

The following parameters are used to edit how this template displays its ratification information:

in-name-only: Switches the information of a certain period to the date and reference of when its name was ratified, but not its GSSP. This parameter only works for certain chronological units that support such information.
reference-only: Displays only the reference of the ratification, rather than the supplimented year or date. This omits the direct notation to the references page number, if any. If the ratification is not formally defined, or is otherwise presented without a date, a hyphen ("-") is displayed in its place.

Examples

The following examples use the Fortunian Stage for their demonstration and alternate values.

{{period start ratification |1=fortunian}}

September 2007 (as base of Terreneuvian and Fortunian)^[1]^: 287

{{period start ratification |1=fortunian |reference-only=yes}}

^[1]

{{period start ratification |1=fortunian |in-name-only=yes}}

September 2007^[1]

{{period start ratification |1="unsupported value"}}

Cite error: Invalid |1="unsupported value"

References

1 2 3 Landing, Ed; Peng, Shanchi; Babcock, Loren E.; Geyer, Gerd; Moczydlowska-Vidal, Malgorzata (December 2007). "Global standard names for the Lowermost Cambrian Series and Stage" (PDF). Episodes. 30 (4): 287–289. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2007/v30i4/004. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 21, 2025.

Full list of GSSP ratification dates using this template

The following is a list of dates representing when the GSSP for each chronological unit were ratified. Please note that the GSSP for each unit does NOT correlate to the start time and precision of its lower boundary, but rather the existence and geographical definition of the unit itself.

List of GSSP ratification dates

Precambrian

Precambrian/Hadean: October 5, 2022^[1]^[2]
Archean/Eoarchean: 2023^[3]
Paleoarchean: Not formally defined
Mesoarchean: Not formally defined
Neoarchean: Not formally defined
Proterozoic/Paleoproterozoic/Siderian: 1990^[4]
Rhyacian: 1990^[4]
Orosirian: 1990^[4]
Statherian: 1990^[4]
Mesoproterozoic/Calymmian: 1990^[4]
Ectasian: 1990^[4]
Stenian: 1990^[4]
Neoproterozoic/Tonian: 1990^[4]
Cryogenian: Not formally defined
Ediacaran: March 12, 2004^[5]^: 30

Cambrian

Phanerozoic/Paleozoic/Cambrian: August 1992 (as base of Cambrian)^[6]^: 5
Terreneuvian/Fortunian: September 2007 (as base of Terreneuvian and Fortunian)^[7]^: 287
Cambrian Stage 2: Not formally defined
Cambrian Series 2/Stage 3: Not formally defined
Cambrian Stage 4: Not formally defined
Miaolingian/Wuliuan: June 25, 2018^[8]
Drumian: 2006^[9]
Guzhangian: 2008^[3]
Furongian/Piabian: 2003^[10]^[11]
Jiangshanian: 2011^[3]
Cambrian Stage 10: Not formally defined

Ordovician

Ordovician/Early Ordovician/Tremadocian: January 2000^[12]^: 19
Floian: 2002^[13]
Middle Ordovician/Dapingian: 2007^[3]
Darriwilian: January 1997^[14]^: 159
Late Ordovician/Sandbian: 2002^[3]^[15]
Katian: 2006^[16]^: 258
Hirnantian: May 2006^[17]^: 183

Silurian

Silurian/Llandovery/Rhuddanian: 1984^[3]
Aeronian: 2024^[3]
Telychian: 2024^[3]
Wenlock/Sheinwoodian: October 6, 1980^[18]
Homerian: October 6, 1980^[18]
Ludlow/Gorstian: October 6, 1980^[18]
Ludfordian: October 6, 1980^[18]
Pridoli: 1984^[3]

Devonian

Devonian/Early Devonian/Lochkovian: 1972^[3]
Pragian: January–February 1989^[19]^: 109
Emsian: August 1996^[20]^: 235
Middle Devonian/Eifelian: 1985^[3]
Givetian: January 1994^[21]^: 107
Late Devonian/Frasnian: February 1987^[22]^: 101
Famennian: January 1993^[23]^: 434

Carboniferous

Carboniferous/Mississippian/Early Mississippian/Tournaisian: February 1990^[24]^: 331
Middle Mississippian/Visean: 2008^[3]
Late Mississippian/Serpukhovian: Not formally defined
Pennsylvanian/Early Pennsylvanian/Bashkirian: January 1996^[25]^: 272
Middle Pennsylvanian/Moscovian: Not formally defined
Late Pennsylvanian/Kasimovian: Not formally defined
Gzhelian: Not formally defined

Permian

Permian/Cisuralian/Asselian: 1996^[3]
Sakmarian: July 2018^[26]^: 961
Artinskian: February 2, 2022^[27]^: 623
Kungurian: Not formally defined
Guadalupian/Roadian: 2001^[3]
Wordian: 2001^[3]
Capitanian: 2001^[3]
Lopingian/Wuchiapingian: July 2023^[28]^: 149
Changhsingian: 2005^[3]

Triassic

Mesozoic/Triassic/Early Triassic/Induan: March 2001^[29]^: 102
Olenekian: Not formally defined
Middle Triassic/Anisian: Not formally defined
Ladinian: Spring 2005^[30]^: 233
Late Triassic/Carnian: Spring 2008^[31]^: 414
Norian: Not formally defined
Rhaetian: Not formally defined

Jurassic

Jurassic/Early Jurassic/Hettangian: April 2010^[32]^{: 162–163}
Sinemurian: August 2000^[33]^: 22
Pliensbachian: March 2005^[34]^: 93–94
Toarcian: December 2014^[35]^: 461
Middle Jurassic/Aalenian: 2000^[3]
Bajocian: January 1996^[36]^: 16
Bathonian: July 2008^[37]^: 222
Callovian: Not formally defined
Late Jurassic/Oxfordian: Not formally defined
Kimmeridgian: 2021^[3]
Tithonian: Not formally defined

Cretaceous

Cretaceous/Early Cretaceous/Berriasian: Not formally defined
Valanginian: December 2024^[38]^: 479
Hauterivian: December 2019^[39]^: 129
Barremian: March 2023^[40]^: 335
Aptian: Not formally defined
Albian: April 8, 2016^[41]^: 177
Late Cretaceous/Cenomanian: December 10, 2001^[42]^: 21
Turonian: September 2003^[43]^: 93
Coniacian: May 1, 2021^[44]
Santonian: January 2013^[45]^: 2
Campanian: October 2022^[46]^: 451
Maastrichtian: February 2001^[47]^: 230

Paleogene

Cenozoic/Paleogene/Paleocene/Danian: 1991^[3]
Selandian: September 23, 2008^[48]
Thanetian: September 23, 2008^[48]
Eocene/Ypresian: August 2004^[49]^: 271
Lutetian: April 2011^[50]^: 86
Bartonian: Not formally defined
Priabonain: February 17, 2020^[51]^: 168
Oligocene/Rupelian: 1992^[3]
Chattian: September 2016^[52]^: 17

Neogene

Neogene/Miocene/Aquitanian: 1996^[3]
Burdigalian: Not formally defined
Langhian: May 29, 2023^[53]^: 312
Serravallian: 2007^[3]
Tortonian: 2003^[3]
Messinian: January 2000^[54]^: 172
Pliocene/Zanclean: 2000^[3]
Piacenzian: January 1997^[55]^: 88

Quaternary

Quaternary/Pleistocene: June 29, 2009 (as base of Quaternary and Pleistocene)^[56]^: 154
Gelasian: August 1996 (as base of Gelasian)^[57]^: 82
Calabrian: December 5, 2011^[58]^: 388
Chibanian: January 17, 2020^[59]^: 317
Late Pleistocene: Not formally defined
Holocene: 2008 (as base of Holocene)^[3]
Greenlandian: June 14, 2018 (as base of Greenlandian)^[60]^: 213
Northgrippian: June 14, 2018^[60]^: 213
Meghalayan: June 14, 2018^[60]^: 213

References

↑ Halla, Janna; Noffke, Nora; Reis, Humberto; Awramik, Stanley; et al. (June 2024). "Ratification of the base of the ICS Geological Time Scale: the Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) for the Hadean lower boundary". Episodes. 47 (2): 381–389. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2024/024002. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038.
↑ Cohen, Kim (October 11, 2022). "New edition of the Chart - 2022-10". International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved October 9, 2025. 2022/10 - Hadean: GSSA instated as ratified by IUGS (5-10-2022). The GSSA is 4,567.30 ± 0.16 Ma.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 "Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points". International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved October 23, 2025.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Plumb, Kenneth A. (June 1991). "New Precambrian time scale". Episodes. 14 (2): 139–140. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1991/v14i2/005. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. S2CID 126954461.
↑ Knoll, Andrew H.; Walter, Malcolm R.; Narbonne, Guy M.; Christie-Blick, Nicholas (March 2006). "The Ediacaran Period: a new addition to the geologic time scale" (PDF). Lethaia. 39 (1). Taylor & Francis: 13–30. doi:10.1080/00241160500409223. eISSN 1502-3931. ISSN 0024-1164. LCCN 72456902. OCLC 2277593. Retrieved October 9, 2025.
↑ Brasier, Martin; Cowie, John W.; Taylor, Michael (March–June 1994). "Decision on the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary stratotype" (PDF). Episodes. 17 (1–2): 3–8. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1994/v17i1.2/002. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved October 9, 2025.
↑ Landing, Ed; Peng, Shanchi; Babcock, Loren E.; Geyer, Gerd; Moczydlowska-Vidal, Malgorzata (December 2007). "Global standard names for the Lowermost Cambrian Series and Stage" (PDF). Episodes. 30 (4): 287–289. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2007/v30i4/004. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 21, 2025.
↑ "The Trilobite Papers Twenty" (PDF). PaleoNet. August 2018. p. 28. Retrieved October 20, 2025.
↑ Babcock, Loren E.; Robison, Richard A.; Rees, Margaret N.; Peng, Shanchi; Saltzman, Matthew R. (June 2007). "The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Drumian Stage (Cambrian) in the Drum Mountains, Utah, USA" (PDF). Episodes. 30 (2): 85–95. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2007/v30i2/003. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 10, 2025.
↑ Peng, Shanchi; Babcock, Loren E.; Robison, Richard A.; Lin, Hualing; Rees, Margaret N.; Saltzman, Matthew R. (December 2004). "Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) of the Furongian Series and Paibian Stage (Cambrian)" (PDF). Lethaia. 37 (4). Taylor & Francis: 365–379. doi:10.1080/00241160410002081. eISSN 1502-3931. ISSN 0024-1164. LCCN 72456902. OCLC 2277593. Retrieved October 10, 2025.
↑ Peng, Shanchi; Babcock, Loren E. (December 2003). "The first "Golden Spike" within Cambrian". Episodes. 26 (4): 326. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2003/v26i4/009. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038.
↑ Cooper, Roger A.; Nowlan, Godfrey S.; Williams, S. Henry (March 2001). "Global Stratotype Section and Point for base of the Ordovician System" (PDF). Episodes. 24 (1): 19–28. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i1/005. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 10, 2025.
↑ Bergström, Stig M.; Löfgren, Anita; Maletz, Jörg (December 2004). "The GSSP of the Second (Upper) Stage of the Lower Ordovician Series: Diabasbrottet at Hunneberg, Province of Västergötland, Southwestern Sweden" (PDF). Episodes. 27 (4): 265–272. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2004/v27i4/005. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 10, 2025.
↑ Mitchell, Charles E.; Xu, Chen; Bergström, Stig M.; Yuan-dong, Zhang; Zhi-hao, Wang; Webby, Barry D.; Finney, Stanley C. (September 1997). "Definition of a global boundary stratotype for the Darriwilian Stage of the Ordovician System" (PDF). Episodes. 20 (3): 158–166. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1997/v20i3/003. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 16, 2025.
↑ IUGS Secretariat (March 2002). "IUGS Executive Committee meets". Episodes. 25 (1): 44. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2002/v25i1/007. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038.
↑ Goldman, Daniel; Leslie, Stephen A.; Nõlvak, Jaak; Young, Seth; Bergström, Stig M.; Huff, Warren D. (December 2007). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Katian Stage of the Upper Ordovician Series at Black Knob Ridge, Southeastern Oklahoma, USA" (PDF). Episodes. 30 (4): 258–270. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2007/v30i4/002. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 16, 2025.
↑ Chen, Xu; Rong, Jiayu; Fan, Junxuan; Zhan, Renbin; Mitchell, Charles E.; Harper, David A.T.; Melchin, Michael J.; Ping'an, Peng; Finney, Stanley C.; Xiaofeng, Wang (September 2006). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Hirnantian Stage (the uppermost of the Ordovician System)" (PDF). Episodes. 29 (3): 183–196. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2006/v29i3/004. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 16, 2025.
1 2 3 4 Martinsson, A.; Bassett, M. G.; Holland, Charles Hepworth (July 1981). "Ratification of Standard Chronostratigraphical Divisions and Stratotypes for the Silurian System". Lethaia. 14 (2). Taylor & Francis: 168. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1981.tb01923.x. eISSN 1502-3931. ISSN 0024-1164. LCCN 72456902. OCLC 2277593.
↑ Chlupáč, Ivo; Oliver Jr., William A. (June 1989). "Decision on the Lochkovian-Devonian Boundary Statotype (Lower Devonian)" (PDF). Episodes. 12 (2): 109–114. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1989/v12i2/014. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 17, 2025.
↑ Yolkin, Eugeny A.; Kim, A. I.; Weddige, Karsten; Talent, John A.; House, Michael R. (December 1997). "Definition of the Pragian/Emsian Stage boundary" (PDF). Episodes. 20 (4): 235–240. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1997/v20i4/005. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 17, 2025.
↑ Walliser, Otto H.; Bultynck, Pierre; Weddige, Karsten; Becker, R. Thomas; House, Michael R. (September 1995). "Definition of the Eifelian-Givetian Stage boundary" (PDF). Episodes. 18 (3): 107–115. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1995/v18i3/002. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 17, 2025.
↑ Klapper, Gilbert; Feist, Raimund; House, Michael R. (June 1987). "Decision on the Boundary Stratotype for the Middle/Upper Devonian Series Boundary" (PDF). Episodes. 10 (2): 97–101. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1987/v10i2/004. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 18, 2025.
↑ Klapper, Gilbert; Feist, Raimund; Becker, R. Thomas; House, Michael R. (December 1993). "Definition of the Frasnian/Famennian Stage boundary" (PDF). Episodes. 16 (4): 433–441. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1993/v16i4/003. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 18, 2025.
↑ Paproth, Eva; Feist, Raimund; Flajs, Gerd (December 1991). "Decision on the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary stratotype" (PDF). Episodes. 14 (4): 331–336. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1991/v14i4/004. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 13, 2025.
↑ Lane, H. Richard; Brenckle, Paul L.; Baesemann, J. F.; Richards, Barry C. (December 1999). "The IUGS boundary in the middle of the Carboniferous: Arrow Canyon, Nevada, USA" (PDF). Episodes. 22 (4): 272–283. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1999/v22i4/003. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 13, 2025.
↑ Chernykh, Valery V.; Chuvashov, Boris I.; Shen, Shu-Zhong; Henderson, Charles M.; Yuan, Dong-Xun; Stephenson, Michael H. (December 2020). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base-Sakmarian Stage (Cisuralian, Lower Permian)". Episodes. 43 (4): 961–979. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020059. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038.
↑ Chernykh, Valery V.; Henderson, Charles M.; Kutygin, Ruslan V.; et al. (December 2023). "Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base-Artinskian Stage (Lower Permian)". Episodes. 46 (4): 623–651. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2023/023015. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038.
↑ Shen, Shu-zhong; Yuan, Dong-xun; Zhang, Yi-chun; Henderson, Charles M.; Zheng, Quan-feng; Zhang, Hua; Zhang, Min; Dai, Yu; Xu, Hai-peng; Wang, Wen-qian; Li, Qian; Wang, Yue; Wang, Xiang-dong; Mu, Lin; Ramezani, Jahandar; Erwin, Douglas H.; et al. (March 2024). "Redefinition of the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) and new Standard Auxiliary Boundary Stratotype (SABS) for the base of Wuchiapingian Stage (Lopingian Series, Permian) in South China". Episodes. 47 (1): 147–177. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2023/023023. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038.
↑ Hongfu, Yin; Kexin, Zhang; Jinnan, Tong; Zunyi, Yang; Shunbao, Wu (June 2001). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic Boundary" (PDF). Episodes. 24 (2): 102–114. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i2/004. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 18, 2025.
↑ Brack, Peter; Rieber, Hans; Nicora, Alda; Mundil, Roland (December 2005). "The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Ladinian Stage (Middle Triassic) at Bagolino (Southern Alps, Northern Italy) and its implications for the Triassic time scale" (PDF). Episodes. 28 (4): 233–244. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2005/v28i4/001. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 18, 2025.
↑ Mietto, Paolo; Manfrin, Stefano; Preto, Nereo; Rigo, Manuel; Roghi, Guido; Furin, Stefano; Gianolla, Piero; Posenato, Renato; Muttoni, Giovanni; Nicora, Alda; Buratti, Nicoletta; Cirilli, Simonetta; Spötl, Christoph; Ramezani, Jahandar; Bowring, Samuel A. (September 2012). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Carnian Stage (Late Triassic) at Prati Di Stuores/Stuores Wiesen Section (Southern Alps, NE Italy)" (PDF). Episodes. 35 (3): 414–430. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2012/v35i3/003. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 18, 2025.
↑ Hillebrandt, Axel von; Krystyn, Leo; Kürschner, Wolfram Michael; et al. (September 2013). "The Global Stratotype Sections and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Jurassic System at Kuhjoch (Karwendel Mountains, Northern Calcareous Alps, Tyrol, Austria)" (PDF). Episodes. 36 (3): 162–198. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2013/v36i3/001. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 20, 2025.
↑ Bloos, Gert; Page, Kevin N. (March 2002). "Global Stratotype Section and Point for base of the Sinemurian Stage (Lower Jurassic)" (PDF). Episodes. 25 (1): 22–28. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2002/v25i1/003. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 20, 2025.
↑ Meister, Christian; Aberhan, Martin; Blau, Joachim; et al. (June 2006). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Pliensbachian Stage (Lower Jurassic), Wine Haven, Yorkshire, UK" (PDF). Episodes. 29 (2): 93–106. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2006/v29i2/003. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 20, 2025.
↑ Rocha, Rogério Bordalo da; Mattioli, Emanuela; Duarte, Luís Vítor; et al. (September 2016). "Base of the Toarcian Stage of the Lower Jurassic defined by the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) at the Peniche section (Portugal)" (PDF). Episodes. 39 (3): 460–481. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2016/v39i3/99741. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 20, 2025.
↑ Pavia, Giulio; Enay, Raymond (March 1997). "Definition of the Aalenian-Bajocian Stage boundary" (PDF). Episodes. 20 (1): 16–22. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1997/v20i1/004. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 20, 2025.
↑ Fernández-López, Sixto Rafael; Pavia, Giulio; Erba, Elisabetta; Guiomar, Myette; Henriques, Maria Helena; Lanza, Roberto; Mangold, Charles; Morton, Nicol; Olivero, Davide; Tiraboschi, Daniele (December 2009). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Bathonian Stage (Middle Jurassic), Ravin du Bès Section, SE France" (PDF). Episodes. 32 (4): 222–248. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2009/v32i4/001. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 20, 2025.
↑ Reboulet, Stéphane; Company, Miguel; Adatte, Thierry; Aguado, Roque; Baudin, François; Deconinck, Jean-François; Duxbury, Stan; Gea, Ginés de; Grabowski, Jacek; Granier, Bruno; Ivanova, Daria; Janssen, Nico M. M.; Klein, Jaap; Lakova, Iskra; Leng, Melanie G.; Lodowski, Damian G.; Martinez, Mathieu; Mattioli, Emanuela; McArthur, John M.; Olivero, Davide; Reháková, Daniela; Tavera, José María (December 2025). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Valanginian Stage, the Vergol section (Montbrun-les-Bains, Drôme, SE France) and its Standard Auxiliary Boundary Stratotype (SABS), Cañada Luenga section (Cehegín, SE Spain)". Episodes. 48 (4): 479–563. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2025/025028. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038.
↑ Mutterlose, Jörg; Rawson, Peter F.; Reboulet, Stéphane (June 2021). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Hauterivian Stage (Lower Cretaceous), La Charce, southeast France". Episodes. 44 (2): 129–150. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020072. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038.
↑ Company, Miguel; Aguado, Roque; Baudin, François; Coccioni, Rodolfo; Martinez, Mathieu; Rawson, Peter F.; Weissert, Helmut; Deconinck, Jean-François; Frontalini, Fabrizio; Giusberti, Luca; Granier, Bruno; et al. (June 2024). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Barremian Stage at Río Argos (Caravaca, SE Spain)". Episodes. 47 (2): 335–379. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2023/02330. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038.
↑ Kennedy, Jim W.; Gale, Andy S.; Huber, Brian T.; Petrizzo, Maria R.; Bown, Paul; Jenkyns, Hugh C. (September 2017). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Albian Stage, of the Cretaceous, the Col de Pré-Guittard section, Arnayon, Drôme, France". Episodes. 40 (3): 177–188. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2017/v40i3/017021. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038.
↑ Kennedy, Jim W.; Gale, Andy S.; Lees, Jackie A.; Caron, Michèle (March 2004). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Cenomanian Stage, Mont Risou, Hautes-Alpes, France" (PDF). Episodes. 27 (1): 21–32. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2004/v27i1/003. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 20, 2025.
↑ Kennedy, Jim W.; Walaszczyk, Irek; Cobban, W. A. (June 2005). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the base of the Turonian Stage of the Cretaceous: Pueblo, Colorado, U.S.A." (PDF). Episodes. 28 (2): 93–104. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2005/v28i2/003. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 20, 2025.
↑ Walaszczyk, Ireneusz; Čech, Stanislav; Crampton, James S.; et al. (June 2022). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Coniacian Stage (Salzgitter-Salder, Germany) and its auxiliary sections (Słupia Nadbrzeżna, central Poland; Střeleč, Czech Republic; and El Rosario, NE Mexico)" (PDF). Episodes. 45 (2): 181–220. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2021/021022. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 20, 2025.
↑ Lamolda, M. A.; Paul, C. R. C.; Peryt, D.; Pons, J. M. (March 2014). "The Global Boundary Stratotype and Section Point (GSSP) for the base of the Santonian Stage, "Cantera de Margas", Olazagutia, northern Spain" (PDF). Episodes. 37 (1): 2–13. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2014/v37i1/001. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 20, 2025.
↑ Gale, Andy S.; Batenburg, Sietske; Coccioni, Rodolfo; et al. (September 2023). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Campanian Stage at Bottaccione (Gubbio, Italy) and its Auxiliary Sections: Seaford Head (UK), Bocieniec (Poland), Postalm (Austria), Smoky Hill, Kansas (U.S.A), Tepayac (Mexico)" (PDF). Episodes. 46 (3): 451–490. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2022/022048. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 20, 2025.
↑ Odin, Gilles S.; Lamaurelle, Michèle A. (December 2001). "The global Campanian-Maastrichtian stage boundary" (PDF). Episodes. 24 (4): 229–238. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i4/002. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 20, 2025.
1 2 Schmitz, Birger; Pujalte, Victoriano; Molina, Eustoquio; Monechi, Simonetta; Orue-Etxebarria, Xabier; Speijer, Robert P.; Alegret, Laia; Apellaniz, Estibaliz; Arenillas, Ignacio; Aubry, Marie-Pierre; Baceta, Juan-Ignacio; Berggren, William A.; Bernaola, Gilen; Caballero, Fernando; Clemmensen, Anne; Dinarès-Turell, Jaume; Dupuis, Christian; Heilmann-Clausen, Claus; Orús, Asier Hilario; Knox, Robert; Martín-Rubio, Maite; Ortiz, Silvia; Payros, Aitor; Petrizzo, Maria Rose; Salis, Katharina von; Sprong, Jorinde; Steurbaut, Etienne; Thomsen, Erik (December 2011). "The Global Stratotype Sections and Points for the bases of the Selandian (Middle Paleocene) and Thanetian (Upper Paleocene) stages at Zumaia, Spain" (PDF). Episodes. 34 (4): 220–243. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2011/v34i4/002. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
↑ Aubry, Marie-Pierre; Ouda, Khaled; Dupuis, Christian; et al. (December 2007). "The Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Eocene Series in the Dababiya section (Egypt)" (PDF). Episodes. 30 (4): 271–286. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2007/v30i4/003. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
↑ Molina, Eustoquio; Alegret, Laia; Apellaniz, Estibaliz; et al. (June 2011). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Lutetian Stage at the Gorrondatxe section, Spain" (PDF). Episodes. 34 (2): 86–108. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2011/v34i2/006. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
↑ Agnini, Claudia; Backman, Jan; Boscolo-Galazzo, Flavia; Condon, Daniel J.; Fornaciari, Eliana; Galeotti, Simone; Giusberti, Luca; Grandesso, Paolo; Lanci, Luca; Luciani, Valeria; Monechi, Simonetta; Muttoni, Giovanni; Pälike, Heiko; Pampaloni, Maria Letizia; Papazzoni, Cesare A.; Pearson, Paul N.; Pignatti, Johannes; Silva, Isabella Premoli; Raffi, Isabella; Rio, Domenico; Rook, Lorenzo; Sahy, Diana; Spofforth, David J.A.; Stefani, Cristina; Wade, Bridget S. (June 2021). "Proposal for the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the Priabonian Stage (Eocene) at the Alano section (Italy)". Episodes. 44 (2): 151–173. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020074. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038.
↑ Coccioni, Rodolfo; Montanari, Alessandro; Bice, David; et al. (March 2018). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Chattian Stage (Paleogene System, Oligocene Series) at Monte Cagnero, Italy". Episodes. 41 (1): 17–32. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2018/v41i1/018003. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038.
↑ Turco, Elena; Hilgen, Frits; Raffi, Isabella; Stefano, Agata Di; Foresi, Luca Maria; Holbourn, Ann; Iaccarino, Silvia Maria; Lirer, Fabrizio (June 2024). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Langhian Stage and of the Middle Miocene Subseries". Episodes. 47 (2): 311–333. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2023/023024. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038.
↑ Hilgen, Frederik J.; Iaccarino, Silvia Maria; Krijgsman, Wout; Villa, Giuliana; Langereis, Cor G.; Zachariasse, Willem J. (September 2020). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Messinian Stage (uppermost Miocene)" (PDF). Episodes. 23 (3): 172–178. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2000/v23i3/004. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
↑ Castradori, Davide; Rio, Domenico; Hilgen, Frederik J.; Lourens, Lucas J. (June 1998). "The Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) of the Piacenzian Stage (Middle Pliocene)" (PDF). Episodes. 21 (2): 88–93. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i2/003. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
↑ Gibbard, Philip L.; Head, Martin J. (September 2010). "The newly-ratified definition of the Quaternary System/Period and redefinition of the Pleistocene Series/Epoch, and comparison of proposals advanced prior to formal ratification" (PDF). Episodes. 33 (3): 152–158. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2010/v33i3/002. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 12, 2025.
↑ Rio, Domenico; Sprovieri, R.; Castradori, Davide; Stefano, Enrico Di (June 1998). "The Gelasian Stage (Upper Pliocene): A new unit of the global standard chronostratigraphic scale" (PDF). Episodes. 21 (2): 82–87. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i2/002. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 12, 2025.
↑ Cita, Maria Bianca; Gibbard, Philip L.; Head, Martin J.; ICS Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (September 2012). "Formal ratification of the GSSP for the base of the Calabrian Stage (second stage of the Pleistocene Series, Quaternary System)" (PDF). Episodes. 35 (3): 388–397. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2012/v35i3/001. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 12, 2025.
↑ Suganuma, Yusuke; Okada, Makoto; Head, Martin J.; et al. (September 2021). "Formal ratification of the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the Chibanian Stage and Middle Pleistocene Subseries of the Quaternary System: the Chiba Section, Japan" (PDF). Episodes. 44 (3): 317–347. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020080. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 12, 2025.
1 2 3 Walker, Mike; Head, Martin J.; Berkelhammer, Max; Björck, Svante; Cheng, Hai; Cwynar, Les; Fisher, David; Gkinis, Vasilios; long, Antony; Lowe, John; Newnham, Rewi; Rasmussen, Sune Olander; Weiss, Harvey (December 2018). "Formal ratification of the subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period): two new Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSPs) and three new stages/subseries" (PDF). Episodes. 41 (4): 213–223. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2018/018016. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 11, 2025.

Template data

Lists the ratification date of a certain chronological unit.

Template parameters[Edit template data]
This template prefers inline formatting of parameters.
Parameter		Description	Type	Status
Chronological Unit	`1`	The name of the period to extract the ratification date from.	String	required
In Name Only	`in-name-only`	Determines whether to extract the ratification of a period's name or GSSP. Default false Auto value `false`	Boolean	suggested
Reference Only	`reference-only`	Determines whether to display the reference by itself without the date. Default false Auto value `false`	Boolean	optional

External links

International Commission on Stratigraphy – the official website for information pertaining to the GSSPs
Episodes – a journal documenting articles from the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS)
Lethaia – another journal outlet for publications under the IUGS

The above documentation is transcluded from Template:Period start ratification/doc.
Editors can experiment in this template's sandbox and testcases pages.
Add categories to the /doc subpage. Subpages of this template.

[EP-Fortunian-1] 1 2 3 Landing, Ed; Peng, Shanchi; Babcock, Loren E.; Geyer, Gerd; Moczydlowska-Vidal, Malgorzata (December 2007). "Global standard names for the Lowermost Cambrian Series and Stage" (PDF). Episodes. 30 (4): 287–289. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2007/v30i4/004. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 21, 2025.

[EP-Hadean-2] Halla, Janna; Noffke, Nora; Reis, Humberto; Awramik, Stanley; et al. (June 2024). "Ratification of the base of the ICS Geological Time Scale: the Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) for the Hadean lower boundary". Episodes. 47 (2): 381–389. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2024/024002. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038.

[3] Cohen, Kim (October 11, 2022). "New edition of the Chart - 2022-10". International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved October 9, 2025. 2022/10 - Hadean: GSSA instated as ratified by IUGS (5-10-2022). The GSSA is 4,567.30 ± 0.16 Ma.

[GSSP-4] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 "Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points". International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved October 23, 2025.

[EP-Proterozoic-5] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Plumb, Kenneth A. (June 1991). "New Precambrian time scale". Episodes. 14 (2): 139–140. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1991/v14i2/005. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. S2CID 126954461.

[EP-Ediacaran-6] Knoll, Andrew H.; Walter, Malcolm R.; Narbonne, Guy M.; Christie-Blick, Nicholas (March 2006). "The Ediacaran Period: a new addition to the geologic time scale" (PDF). Lethaia. 39 (1). Taylor & Francis: 13–30. doi:10.1080/00241160500409223. eISSN 1502-3931. ISSN 0024-1164. LCCN 72456902. OCLC 2277593. Retrieved October 9, 2025.

[EP-Cambrian-7] Brasier, Martin; Cowie, John W.; Taylor, Michael (March–June 1994). "Decision on the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary stratotype" (PDF). Episodes. 17 (1–2): 3–8. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1994/v17i1.2/002. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved October 9, 2025.

[EP-Fortunian-8] Landing, Ed; Peng, Shanchi; Babcock, Loren E.; Geyer, Gerd; Moczydlowska-Vidal, Malgorzata (December 2007). "Global standard names for the Lowermost Cambrian Series and Stage" (PDF). Episodes. 30 (4): 287–289. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2007/v30i4/004. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 21, 2025.

[EP-Wuliuan-9] "The Trilobite Papers Twenty" (PDF). PaleoNet. August 2018. p. 28. Retrieved October 20, 2025.

[EP-Drumian"-10] Babcock, Loren E.; Robison, Richard A.; Rees, Margaret N.; Peng, Shanchi; Saltzman, Matthew R. (June 2007). "The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Drumian Stage (Cambrian) in the Drum Mountains, Utah, USA" (PDF). Episodes. 30 (2): 85–95. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2007/v30i2/003. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 10, 2025.

[EP-Piabian-11] Peng, Shanchi; Babcock, Loren E.; Robison, Richard A.; Lin, Hualing; Rees, Margaret N.; Saltzman, Matthew R. (December 2004). "Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) of the Furongian Series and Paibian Stage (Cambrian)" (PDF). Lethaia. 37 (4). Taylor & Francis: 365–379. doi:10.1080/00241160410002081. eISSN 1502-3931. ISSN 0024-1164. LCCN 72456902. OCLC 2277593. Retrieved October 10, 2025.

[12] Peng, Shanchi; Babcock, Loren E. (December 2003). "The first "Golden Spike" within Cambrian". Episodes. 26 (4): 326. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2003/v26i4/009. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038.

[EP-Tremadocian-13] Cooper, Roger A.; Nowlan, Godfrey S.; Williams, S. Henry (March 2001). "Global Stratotype Section and Point for base of the Ordovician System" (PDF). Episodes. 24 (1): 19–28. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i1/005. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 10, 2025.

[EP-Floian-14] Bergström, Stig M.; Löfgren, Anita; Maletz, Jörg (December 2004). "The GSSP of the Second (Upper) Stage of the Lower Ordovician Series: Diabasbrottet at Hunneberg, Province of Västergötland, Southwestern Sweden" (PDF). Episodes. 27 (4): 265–272. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2004/v27i4/005. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 10, 2025.

[EP-Darriwilian-15] Mitchell, Charles E.; Xu, Chen; Bergström, Stig M.; Yuan-dong, Zhang; Zhi-hao, Wang; Webby, Barry D.; Finney, Stanley C. (September 1997). "Definition of a global boundary stratotype for the Darriwilian Stage of the Ordovician System" (PDF). Episodes. 20 (3): 158–166. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1997/v20i3/003. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 16, 2025.

[EP-Sandbian-16] IUGS Secretariat (March 2002). "IUGS Executive Committee meets". Episodes. 25 (1): 44. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2002/v25i1/007. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038.

[EP-Katian-17] Goldman, Daniel; Leslie, Stephen A.; Nõlvak, Jaak; Young, Seth; Bergström, Stig M.; Huff, Warren D. (December 2007). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Katian Stage of the Upper Ordovician Series at Black Knob Ridge, Southeastern Oklahoma, USA" (PDF). Episodes. 30 (4): 258–270. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2007/v30i4/002. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 16, 2025.

[EP-Hirnantian-18] Chen, Xu; Rong, Jiayu; Fan, Junxuan; Zhan, Renbin; Mitchell, Charles E.; Harper, David A.T.; Melchin, Michael J.; Ping'an, Peng; Finney, Stanley C.; Xiaofeng, Wang (September 2006). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Hirnantian Stage (the uppermost of the Ordovician System)" (PDF). Episodes. 29 (3): 183–196. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2006/v29i3/004. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 16, 2025.

[EP-Wenlock-19] 1 2 3 4 Martinsson, A.; Bassett, M. G.; Holland, Charles Hepworth (July 1981). "Ratification of Standard Chronostratigraphical Divisions and Stratotypes for the Silurian System". Lethaia. 14 (2). Taylor & Francis: 168. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1981.tb01923.x. eISSN 1502-3931. ISSN 0024-1164. LCCN 72456902. OCLC 2277593.

[EP-Pragian-20] Chlupáč, Ivo; Oliver Jr., William A. (June 1989). "Decision on the Lochkovian-Devonian Boundary Statotype (Lower Devonian)" (PDF). Episodes. 12 (2): 109–114. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1989/v12i2/014. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 17, 2025.

[EP-Emsian-21] Yolkin, Eugeny A.; Kim, A. I.; Weddige, Karsten; Talent, John A.; House, Michael R. (December 1997). "Definition of the Pragian/Emsian Stage boundary" (PDF). Episodes. 20 (4): 235–240. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1997/v20i4/005. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 17, 2025.

[EP-Eifelian-22] Walliser, Otto H.; Bultynck, Pierre; Weddige, Karsten; Becker, R. Thomas; House, Michael R. (September 1995). "Definition of the Eifelian-Givetian Stage boundary" (PDF). Episodes. 18 (3): 107–115. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1995/v18i3/002. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 17, 2025.

[EP-Frasnian-23] Klapper, Gilbert; Feist, Raimund; House, Michael R. (June 1987). "Decision on the Boundary Stratotype for the Middle/Upper Devonian Series Boundary" (PDF). Episodes. 10 (2): 97–101. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1987/v10i2/004. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 18, 2025.

[EP-Famennian-24] Klapper, Gilbert; Feist, Raimund; Becker, R. Thomas; House, Michael R. (December 1993). "Definition of the Frasnian/Famennian Stage boundary" (PDF). Episodes. 16 (4): 433–441. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1993/v16i4/003. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 18, 2025.

[EP-Tournaisian-25] Paproth, Eva; Feist, Raimund; Flajs, Gerd (December 1991). "Decision on the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary stratotype" (PDF). Episodes. 14 (4): 331–336. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1991/v14i4/004. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 13, 2025.

[EP-Bashkirian-26] Lane, H. Richard; Brenckle, Paul L.; Baesemann, J. F.; Richards, Barry C. (December 1999). "The IUGS boundary in the middle of the Carboniferous: Arrow Canyon, Nevada, USA" (PDF). Episodes. 22 (4): 272–283. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1999/v22i4/003. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 13, 2025.

[EP-Sakmarian-27] Chernykh, Valery V.; Chuvashov, Boris I.; Shen, Shu-Zhong; Henderson, Charles M.; Yuan, Dong-Xun; Stephenson, Michael H. (December 2020). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base-Sakmarian Stage (Cisuralian, Lower Permian)". Episodes. 43 (4): 961–979. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020059. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038.

[EP-Artinskian-28] Chernykh, Valery V.; Henderson, Charles M.; Kutygin, Ruslan V.; et al. (December 2023). "Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base-Artinskian Stage (Lower Permian)". Episodes. 46 (4): 623–651. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2023/023015. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038.

[EP-Wuchiapingian-29] Shen, Shu-zhong; Yuan, Dong-xun; Zhang, Yi-chun; Henderson, Charles M.; Zheng, Quan-feng; Zhang, Hua; Zhang, Min; Dai, Yu; Xu, Hai-peng; Wang, Wen-qian; Li, Qian; Wang, Yue; Wang, Xiang-dong; Mu, Lin; Ramezani, Jahandar; Erwin, Douglas H.; et al. (March 2024). "Redefinition of the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) and new Standard Auxiliary Boundary Stratotype (SABS) for the base of Wuchiapingian Stage (Lopingian Series, Permian) in South China". Episodes. 47 (1): 147–177. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2023/023023. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038.

[EP-Induan-30] Hongfu, Yin; Kexin, Zhang; Jinnan, Tong; Zunyi, Yang; Shunbao, Wu (June 2001). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic Boundary" (PDF). Episodes. 24 (2): 102–114. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i2/004. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 18, 2025.

[EP-Ladinian-31] Brack, Peter; Rieber, Hans; Nicora, Alda; Mundil, Roland (December 2005). "The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Ladinian Stage (Middle Triassic) at Bagolino (Southern Alps, Northern Italy) and its implications for the Triassic time scale" (PDF). Episodes. 28 (4): 233–244. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2005/v28i4/001. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 18, 2025.

[EP-Carnian-32] Mietto, Paolo; Manfrin, Stefano; Preto, Nereo; Rigo, Manuel; Roghi, Guido; Furin, Stefano; Gianolla, Piero; Posenato, Renato; Muttoni, Giovanni; Nicora, Alda; Buratti, Nicoletta; Cirilli, Simonetta; Spötl, Christoph; Ramezani, Jahandar; Bowring, Samuel A. (September 2012). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Carnian Stage (Late Triassic) at Prati Di Stuores/Stuores Wiesen Section (Southern Alps, NE Italy)" (PDF). Episodes. 35 (3): 414–430. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2012/v35i3/003. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 18, 2025.

[EP-Hettangian-33] Hillebrandt, Axel von; Krystyn, Leo; Kürschner, Wolfram Michael; et al. (September 2013). "The Global Stratotype Sections and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Jurassic System at Kuhjoch (Karwendel Mountains, Northern Calcareous Alps, Tyrol, Austria)" (PDF). Episodes. 36 (3): 162–198. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2013/v36i3/001. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 20, 2025.

[EP-Sinemurian-34] Bloos, Gert; Page, Kevin N. (March 2002). "Global Stratotype Section and Point for base of the Sinemurian Stage (Lower Jurassic)" (PDF). Episodes. 25 (1): 22–28. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2002/v25i1/003. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 20, 2025.

[EP-Pliensbachian-35] Meister, Christian; Aberhan, Martin; Blau, Joachim; et al. (June 2006). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Pliensbachian Stage (Lower Jurassic), Wine Haven, Yorkshire, UK" (PDF). Episodes. 29 (2): 93–106. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2006/v29i2/003. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 20, 2025.

[EP-Toarcian-36] Rocha, Rogério Bordalo da; Mattioli, Emanuela; Duarte, Luís Vítor; et al. (September 2016). "Base of the Toarcian Stage of the Lower Jurassic defined by the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) at the Peniche section (Portugal)" (PDF). Episodes. 39 (3): 460–481. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2016/v39i3/99741. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 20, 2025.

[EP-Bajocian-37] Pavia, Giulio; Enay, Raymond (March 1997). "Definition of the Aalenian-Bajocian Stage boundary" (PDF). Episodes. 20 (1): 16–22. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1997/v20i1/004. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 20, 2025.

[EP-Bathonian-38] Fernández-López, Sixto Rafael; Pavia, Giulio; Erba, Elisabetta; Guiomar, Myette; Henriques, Maria Helena; Lanza, Roberto; Mangold, Charles; Morton, Nicol; Olivero, Davide; Tiraboschi, Daniele (December 2009). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Bathonian Stage (Middle Jurassic), Ravin du Bès Section, SE France" (PDF). Episodes. 32 (4): 222–248. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2009/v32i4/001. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 20, 2025.

[EP-Valanginian-39] Reboulet, Stéphane; Company, Miguel; Adatte, Thierry; Aguado, Roque; Baudin, François; Deconinck, Jean-François; Duxbury, Stan; Gea, Ginés de; Grabowski, Jacek; Granier, Bruno; Ivanova, Daria; Janssen, Nico M. M.; Klein, Jaap; Lakova, Iskra; Leng, Melanie G.; Lodowski, Damian G.; Martinez, Mathieu; Mattioli, Emanuela; McArthur, John M.; Olivero, Davide; Reháková, Daniela; Tavera, José María (December 2025). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Valanginian Stage, the Vergol section (Montbrun-les-Bains, Drôme, SE France) and its Standard Auxiliary Boundary Stratotype (SABS), Cañada Luenga section (Cehegín, SE Spain)". Episodes. 48 (4): 479–563. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2025/025028. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038.

[EP-Hauterivian-40] Mutterlose, Jörg; Rawson, Peter F.; Reboulet, Stéphane (June 2021). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Hauterivian Stage (Lower Cretaceous), La Charce, southeast France". Episodes. 44 (2): 129–150. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020072. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038.

[EP-Barremian-41] Company, Miguel; Aguado, Roque; Baudin, François; Coccioni, Rodolfo; Martinez, Mathieu; Rawson, Peter F.; Weissert, Helmut; Deconinck, Jean-François; Frontalini, Fabrizio; Giusberti, Luca; Granier, Bruno; et al. (June 2024). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Barremian Stage at Río Argos (Caravaca, SE Spain)". Episodes. 47 (2): 335–379. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2023/02330. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038.

[EP-Albian-42] Kennedy, Jim W.; Gale, Andy S.; Huber, Brian T.; Petrizzo, Maria R.; Bown, Paul; Jenkyns, Hugh C. (September 2017). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Albian Stage, of the Cretaceous, the Col de Pré-Guittard section, Arnayon, Drôme, France". Episodes. 40 (3): 177–188. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2017/v40i3/017021. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038.

[EP-Cenomanian-43] Kennedy, Jim W.; Gale, Andy S.; Lees, Jackie A.; Caron, Michèle (March 2004). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Cenomanian Stage, Mont Risou, Hautes-Alpes, France" (PDF). Episodes. 27 (1): 21–32. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2004/v27i1/003. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 20, 2025.

[EP-Turonian-44] Kennedy, Jim W.; Walaszczyk, Irek; Cobban, W. A. (June 2005). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the base of the Turonian Stage of the Cretaceous: Pueblo, Colorado, U.S.A." (PDF). Episodes. 28 (2): 93–104. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2005/v28i2/003. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 20, 2025.

[EP-Coniacian-45] Walaszczyk, Ireneusz; Čech, Stanislav; Crampton, James S.; et al. (June 2022). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Coniacian Stage (Salzgitter-Salder, Germany) and its auxiliary sections (Słupia Nadbrzeżna, central Poland; Střeleč, Czech Republic; and El Rosario, NE Mexico)" (PDF). Episodes. 45 (2): 181–220. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2021/021022. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 20, 2025.

[EP-Santonian-46] Lamolda, M. A.; Paul, C. R. C.; Peryt, D.; Pons, J. M. (March 2014). "The Global Boundary Stratotype and Section Point (GSSP) for the base of the Santonian Stage, "Cantera de Margas", Olazagutia, northern Spain" (PDF). Episodes. 37 (1): 2–13. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2014/v37i1/001. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 20, 2025.

[EP-Campanian-47] Gale, Andy S.; Batenburg, Sietske; Coccioni, Rodolfo; et al. (September 2023). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Campanian Stage at Bottaccione (Gubbio, Italy) and its Auxiliary Sections: Seaford Head (UK), Bocieniec (Poland), Postalm (Austria), Smoky Hill, Kansas (U.S.A), Tepayac (Mexico)" (PDF). Episodes. 46 (3): 451–490. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2022/022048. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 20, 2025.

[EP-Maastrichtian-48] Odin, Gilles S.; Lamaurelle, Michèle A. (December 2001). "The global Campanian-Maastrichtian stage boundary" (PDF). Episodes. 24 (4): 229–238. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i4/002. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 20, 2025.

[EP-Selandian-49] 1 2 Schmitz, Birger; Pujalte, Victoriano; Molina, Eustoquio; Monechi, Simonetta; Orue-Etxebarria, Xabier; Speijer, Robert P.; Alegret, Laia; Apellaniz, Estibaliz; Arenillas, Ignacio; Aubry, Marie-Pierre; Baceta, Juan-Ignacio; Berggren, William A.; Bernaola, Gilen; Caballero, Fernando; Clemmensen, Anne; Dinarès-Turell, Jaume; Dupuis, Christian; Heilmann-Clausen, Claus; Orús, Asier Hilario; Knox, Robert; Martín-Rubio, Maite; Ortiz, Silvia; Payros, Aitor; Petrizzo, Maria Rose; Salis, Katharina von; Sprong, Jorinde; Steurbaut, Etienne; Thomsen, Erik (December 2011). "The Global Stratotype Sections and Points for the bases of the Selandian (Middle Paleocene) and Thanetian (Upper Paleocene) stages at Zumaia, Spain" (PDF). Episodes. 34 (4): 220–243. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2011/v34i4/002. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 19, 2025.

[EP-Ypresian-50] Aubry, Marie-Pierre; Ouda, Khaled; Dupuis, Christian; et al. (December 2007). "The Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Eocene Series in the Dababiya section (Egypt)" (PDF). Episodes. 30 (4): 271–286. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2007/v30i4/003. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 19, 2025.

[EP-Lutetian-51] Molina, Eustoquio; Alegret, Laia; Apellaniz, Estibaliz; et al. (June 2011). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Lutetian Stage at the Gorrondatxe section, Spain" (PDF). Episodes. 34 (2): 86–108. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2011/v34i2/006. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 19, 2025.

[EP-Priabonian-52] Agnini, Claudia; Backman, Jan; Boscolo-Galazzo, Flavia; Condon, Daniel J.; Fornaciari, Eliana; Galeotti, Simone; Giusberti, Luca; Grandesso, Paolo; Lanci, Luca; Luciani, Valeria; Monechi, Simonetta; Muttoni, Giovanni; Pälike, Heiko; Pampaloni, Maria Letizia; Papazzoni, Cesare A.; Pearson, Paul N.; Pignatti, Johannes; Silva, Isabella Premoli; Raffi, Isabella; Rio, Domenico; Rook, Lorenzo; Sahy, Diana; Spofforth, David J.A.; Stefani, Cristina; Wade, Bridget S. (June 2021). "Proposal for the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the Priabonian Stage (Eocene) at the Alano section (Italy)". Episodes. 44 (2): 151–173. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020074. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038.

[EP-Chattian-53] Coccioni, Rodolfo; Montanari, Alessandro; Bice, David; et al. (March 2018). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Chattian Stage (Paleogene System, Oligocene Series) at Monte Cagnero, Italy". Episodes. 41 (1): 17–32. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2018/v41i1/018003. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038.

[EP-Langhian-54] Turco, Elena; Hilgen, Frits; Raffi, Isabella; Stefano, Agata Di; Foresi, Luca Maria; Holbourn, Ann; Iaccarino, Silvia Maria; Lirer, Fabrizio (June 2024). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Langhian Stage and of the Middle Miocene Subseries". Episodes. 47 (2): 311–333. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2023/023024. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038.

[EP-Messinian-55] Hilgen, Frederik J.; Iaccarino, Silvia Maria; Krijgsman, Wout; Villa, Giuliana; Langereis, Cor G.; Zachariasse, Willem J. (September 2020). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Messinian Stage (uppermost Miocene)" (PDF). Episodes. 23 (3): 172–178. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2000/v23i3/004. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 19, 2025.

[EP-Piacenzian-56] Castradori, Davide; Rio, Domenico; Hilgen, Frederik J.; Lourens, Lucas J. (June 1998). "The Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) of the Piacenzian Stage (Middle Pliocene)" (PDF). Episodes. 21 (2): 88–93. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i2/003. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 19, 2025.

[EP-Pleistocene-57] Gibbard, Philip L.; Head, Martin J. (September 2010). "The newly-ratified definition of the Quaternary System/Period and redefinition of the Pleistocene Series/Epoch, and comparison of proposals advanced prior to formal ratification" (PDF). Episodes. 33 (3): 152–158. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2010/v33i3/002. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 12, 2025.

[EP-Gelasian-58] Rio, Domenico; Sprovieri, R.; Castradori, Davide; Stefano, Enrico Di (June 1998). "The Gelasian Stage (Upper Pliocene): A new unit of the global standard chronostratigraphic scale" (PDF). Episodes. 21 (2): 82–87. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i2/002. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 12, 2025.

[EP-Calabrian-59] Cita, Maria Bianca; Gibbard, Philip L.; Head, Martin J.; ICS Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (September 2012). "Formal ratification of the GSSP for the base of the Calabrian Stage (second stage of the Pleistocene Series, Quaternary System)" (PDF). Episodes. 35 (3): 388–397. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2012/v35i3/001. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 12, 2025.

[EP-Chibanian-60] Suganuma, Yusuke; Okada, Makoto; Head, Martin J.; et al. (September 2021). "Formal ratification of the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the Chibanian Stage and Middle Pleistocene Subseries of the Quaternary System: the Chiba Section, Japan" (PDF). Episodes. 44 (3): 317–347. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020080. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 12, 2025.

[EP-Greenlandian-61] 1 2 3 Walker, Mike; Head, Martin J.; Berkelhammer, Max; Björck, Svante; Cheng, Hai; Cwynar, Les; Fisher, David; Gkinis, Vasilios; long, Antony; Lowe, John; Newnham, Rewi; Rasmussen, Sune Olander; Weiss, Harvey (December 2018). "Formal ratification of the subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period): two new Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSPs) and three new stages/subseries" (PDF). Episodes. 41 (4): 213–223. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2018/018016. eISSN 2586-1298. ISSN 0705-3797. LCCN 78646808. OCLC 4130038. Retrieved October 11, 2025.

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v t e Geological period templates
General templates	{{Next period}} {{Period color}} {{Period end}} {{Period end error}} {{Period end ratification}} {{Period id}} {{Period span}} {{Period span/brief}} {{Period start}} {{Period start error}} {{Period start ratification}}
Reference templates	{{Ref gssp}} {{Ref icc}}