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Indus Valley Civilization (c. 2600–1900 BCE): One of the world’s earliest urban civilizations, centered in Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro (modern-day Pakistan). Known for advanced urban planning, drainage systems, and trade.
Aryan and Vedic Period (c. 1500–500 BCE): Indo-Aryan tribes settled in the region, laying foundations for later cultural and religious traditions.
Persian & Greek Invasions (c. 500–326 BCE): Parts of present-day Pakistan were ruled by Achaemenid Persia. Later, Alexander the Great invaded in 326 BCE after defeating King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes (River Jhelum).
Mauryan & Kushan Empires (c. 322 BCE–300 CE): The region became part of Ashoka’s Mauryan Empire, spreading Buddhism. The Kushans, especially King Kanishka, later promoted trade and Buddhism.
Islamic Rule (711–1526 CE): Islam was introduced when Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh in 711 CE. Later, Ghaznavids, Ghurids, and Delhi Sultanate ruled various parts of the region.
Mughal Empire (1526–1857): The Mughal period brought architectural, cultural, and administrative advancements. Lahore and Multan were major centers of art and learning.
