Mayang River
| Mayang River Sungai Mayang | |
|---|---|
  Location on Java  Mayang River (Indonesia) | |
| Native name | Kali Mayang (Indonesian) |
| Location | |
| Country | Indonesia |
| Province | East Java |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | |
| • location | Southwest slope of Mount Raung, Ledokombo, Jember Regency, East Java |
| • coordinates | 8°07′32″S 114°02′48″E / 8.12557°S 114.04667°E |
| • elevation | 1,500 m (4,900 ft) |
| Mouth | |
• location | Indian Ocean at Batuulo, Jember Regency, East Java |
• coordinates | 8°26′24″S 113°35′23″E / 8.44°S 113.5896°E |
| Length | 146 km (91 mi) |
Basin size | 1,113 km2 (430 sq mi) |
| Basin features | |
| River system | Mayang basin |
The Mayang River (Indonesian: Sungai Mayang or Kali Mayang) is a river located in the southern part of East Java, Indonesia.[1] It flows through Jember Regency and empties into the Indian Ocean at a cape in Batuulo, on the southern coast of Java.[2] With a length of approximately 146 kilometres (91 mi), it is the longest river in Jember Regency and serves as a vital water source for irrigation and domestic use.[3][4]
The river originates on the southwestern slopes of Mount Raung, near Ledokombo, and flows southward, passing through the southeastern side of Jember city before reaching the coast. Its watershed covers an area of 1,113 square kilometres (430 sq mi), making it one of the major river systems in the region.[2][5]
Geography
[edit]The Mayang River originates on the southwestern slopes of Mount Raung, an active stratovolcano in East Java, near the village of Ledokombo. From its source at an elevation of approximately 1,500 metres (4,900 ft), the river flows southward across Jember Regency, passing through the southeastern side of Jember city. It is joined by the Sanen River (Kali Sanen) from the east before reaching its mouth at Batuulo, where it empties into the Indian Ocean. At the river's mouth, a small hill called Pulau Sroyo marks the end of the river's course.
The river has a total length of approximately 146 kilometres (91 mi), making it the longest river in Jember Regency.[4][3] The watershed, or drainage basin, covers an area of 1,113 square kilometres (430 sq mi).[2][5] The elevation within the watershed ranges from 95 metres (312 ft) to 3,175 metres (10,417 ft) above sea level, with more than 95% of the watershed area located within Jember Regency.[6]
Watershed
[edit]The Mayang River is the primary river of the Mayang watershed (Daerah Aliran Sungai Mayang), which is one of the major river basins in East Java. The watershed is characterized by a tropical monsoon climate, with distinct wet and dry seasons.[6] The upper reaches of the watershed are located in the mountainous region near Mount Raung, with steep slopes and dense forest cover.[7] The middle and lower reaches pass through agricultural and urban areas, including the southeastern outskirts of Jember city.
The Mayang River is fed by several tributaries, the most significant of which is the Sanen River (Kali Sanen), which joins the Mayang from the east before it reaches the coast. Other tributaries include smaller streams that drain the surrounding hills and agricultural areas.
Hydrology
[edit]The Mayang River has a seasonal flow regime, with high discharge during the rainy season and low flow during the dry season.[6] From December to May, the river and its tributaries are able to supply water for all demand sites up to 100%.[6] However, during the dry season, the river can experience water shortages, leading to drought conditions in some areas.[7]
The river's flow is influenced by rainfall patterns, land use, and the topography of the watershed. The steep slopes in the upper catchment contribute to rapid runoff during heavy rainfall, which can lead to flooding downstream.[8]
Economy
[edit]The Mayang River plays a crucial role in the economy of Jember Regency, primarily through irrigation and agriculture.
Irrigation
[edit]The river is a major source of water for irrigation, serving 79 irrigation areas with a total area of 16,471 hectares.[9] It can irrigate approximately 5,860 hectares of agricultural land, making it essential for rice cultivation and other crops.[3] The Talang Barrage (weir) on the Mayang River has a service discharge of 16.3 m³/s, serving 8,162 hectares of rice fields.[10]
The river's water is used for various cropping patterns, with rice being the dominant crop. In some areas, farmers practice a rice-rice-palawija (secondary crops) rotation.[11]
Domestic use
[edit]In addition to irrigation, the river is used by local communities for domestic purposes, including washing, bathing, and drinking water supply.[3] Many villages along the river rely on it as their primary source of fresh water.
Environmental issues
[edit]The Mayang River faces several environmental challenges, including pollution, flooding, and drought.
Pollution
[edit]The river receives waste from domestic, agricultural, and livestock sources, which can degrade water quality.[3] A study using the Streeter-Phelps method found that the river can accommodate a pollution load of 1.5 kg/day and can carry out proper purification.[3] However, the average pollution load was measured at 219,483 kg/day, indicating significant pollution pressure.[3] Parameters used to determine the river's carrying capacity include the deoxygenation rate (0.137 mg/L) and reaeration rate (1.097 mg/L).[3]
Water quality analysis has shown that the river still meets Class II water quality standards in some segments, but pollution from domestic and agricultural waste remains a concern.[12] Illegal logging in the watershed has also contributed to increased erosion and sedimentation.[8]
Flooding
[edit]The Mayang watershed is prone to flooding during the rainy season, particularly in the lower reaches near the coast.[6] Insufficient land cover to counterbalance high rainfall results in water overflow.[8] Flooding has caused damage to infrastructure and agricultural land in the region.[8]
Drought
[edit]During the dry season, the river and its tributaries can experience reduced flow, leading to drought conditions in some areas.[7] This can affect irrigation and domestic water supply, impacting local livelihoods.[7]
Recreation
[edit]The Mayang River and its surroundings offer opportunities for recreation, including fishing and boating. The river's mouth at Batuulo, with its hill Pulau Sroyo, is a notable landmark. The area is also used for tourism, with visitors enjoying the scenic views of the river and the Indian Ocean coast.
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ↑ "Kali Mayang". GeoNames. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
- 1 2 3 "Peta Interaktif". WebGIS MenLHK (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2023-10-25.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "The Mayang River in Jember Regency". Garuda. Retrieved 2026-08-07.
- 1 2 Aprilianti, Adityarini (2019-04-30). Penentuan Daya Tampung Sungai Mayang terhadap Beban Pencemaran menggunakan Persamaan Streeter-Phelps (Thesis). Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian Universitas Jember. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
- 1 2 "Klasifikasi DAS". Geoportal MenLHK. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Preliminary assessment of water balance at Mayang watershed, East Java". IOP Conference Series. 2021. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/708/1/012057.
- 1 2 3 4 "Assessment of Water Balance at Mayang Watershed, East Java". Core.ac.uk. 2021.
- 1 2 3 4 "Pemodelan Hujan Aliran Menggunakan Software HEC-HMS Berdasarkan Data Curah Hujan Satelit CHIRPS Pada DAS Mayang". Repository.unej.ac.id. 2024.
- ↑ "Analisis ketersediaan air terhadap pola tanam di Daerah Aliran Sungai Mayang, Kabupaten Jember, Jawa Timur". Semantic Scholar. 2023.
- ↑ "The Talang Barrage / Dam". International Commission on Irrigation & Drainage. Retrieved 2026-08-07.
- ↑ "Analisis ketersediaan air terhadap pola tanam di Daerah Aliran Sungai Mayang". Jurnal Irigasi. 2023.
- ↑ Penentuan Daya Tampung Sungai Mayang terhadap Beban Pencemaran (Thesis). 2019.
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