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List of programming occupations

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This is a list of programming occupations involving computer programming, software development, and related work in which writing, testing, maintaining, or reviewing source code is a significant part of the occupation. The titles used for programming work vary by industry, employer, country, and seniority, and may overlap with broader occupations such as software developer, software engineer, systems analyst, and web developer.[1]

General programming occupations

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Application and platform development

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AI and machine learning

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Quantum programming

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Cybersecurity and cryptography

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Game programming

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Embedded and systems software

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Data and scientific

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Software testing and quality

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Infrastructure and developer operations

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See also

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References

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  1. ↑ "Computer and Information Technology Occupations". Occupational Outlook Handbook. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  2. ↑ "Computer Programmers". Occupational Outlook Handbook. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. August 28, 2025. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  3. ↑ "Job description Programmer Analyst in Canada". Job Bank. Government of Canada. June 2, 2026. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  4. ↑ "Software Developers". My Next Move. National Center for O*NET Development. May 19, 2026. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  5. ↑ "Software Engineering Professional Practice". IEEE Computer Society. 2024. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  6. ↑ Lientz, Bennet P.; Swanson, E. Burton (November 1981). "Problems in application software maintenance". Communications of the ACM. 24 (11): 763–769. doi:10.1145/358790.358796.
  7. ↑ "Computer Systems Analysts". Occupational Outlook Handbook. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. August 28, 2025. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  8. ↑ "Who is the system programmer?". IBM Documentation. IBM. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  9. ↑ "Software Developers, Quality Assurance Analysts, and Testers". Occupational Outlook Handbook. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  10. ↑ "What is mobile application development?". Think. IBM. September 16, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2026.
  11. ↑ "15-1254.00 - Web Developers". O*NET OnLine. National Center for O*NET Development. 2026. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  12. ↑ Damevski, Kostadin; Shepherd, David; Kraft, Nicholas; Pollock, Lori (2015). "Supporting Developers in Porting Software via Combined Textual and Structural Analysis of Software Artifacts". arXiv:1508.04044 [cs.SE].
  13. ↑ Hirning, David (December 12, 2024). "How to Become a Front-End Developer". UW Professional & Continuing Education. University of Washington. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  14. ↑ "How to Become a Back-End Developer". Career Guide. Western Governors University. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  15. ↑ Champlain Media (April 1, 2026). "Front, Back, or Full-Stack? Finding Your Fit in Software". The View. Champlain College. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  16. ↑ "8 Job Roles in Machine Learning". Wake Forest University School of Business. June 29, 2022. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  17. ↑ Yasar, Kinza (June 3, 2024). "What is a machine learning engineer (ML engineer)?". Search Enterprise AI. TechTarget. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  18. ↑ "AI Skills Needs Analysis" (PDF). ARISA. May 31, 2023. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  19. ↑ Prasad, Grusha; Davis, Forrest (2024). "Training an NLP Scholar at a Small Liberal Arts College: A Backwards Designed Course Proposal". arXiv:2408.05664 [cs.CL].
  20. ↑ "Linguistics as a Profession". Linguistic Society of America. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  21. ↑ "LLM Application Developer Programme". AI Apprenticeship Programme. AI Singapore. August 31, 2024. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  22. ↑ Windiatmoko, Yurio; Hidayatullah, Ahmad Fathan; Rahmadi, Ridho (2020). "Developing Facebook Chatbot Based on Deep Learning Using RASA Framework for University Enquiries". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 1077 012060. arXiv:2009.12341. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1077/1/012060.
  23. ↑ "AI Solutions Engineer". CERN Careers. CERN. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  24. ↑ Vu, An; Oppenlaender, Jonas (2025). "Prompt Engineer: Analyzing Skill Requirements in the AI Job Market". arXiv:2506.00058 [cs.CY].
  25. ↑ "Robotics Software Engineer Career". Career Guide. Western Governors University. Retrieved June 27, 2026.
  26. ↑ Akbar, Muhammad Azeem; Khan, Arif Ali; Mahmood, Sajjad; Rafi, Saima (2022). "Quantum Software Engineering: A New Genre of Computing". arXiv:2211.13990 [cs.SE].
  27. ↑ Nandapurkar, Deven; Bhabad, Samruddhi (November 19, 2025). "The Coolest Tech Jobs You Haven't Heard Of: Quantum Algorithm Developer". ENTECH Online. Coneixement INDIA (OPC) Pvt Ltd. Retrieved June 27, 2026.
  28. ↑ Happe, Andreas; Cito, Jürgen (2023). "Understanding Hackers' Work: An Empirical Study of Offensive Security Practitioners". Proceedings of the 31st ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering. pp. 1669–1680. arXiv:2308.07057. doi:10.1145/3611643.3613900. ISBN 979-8-4007-0327-0.
  29. ↑ "15-1299.04 - Penetration Testers". O*NET OnLine. National Center for O*NET Development. 2026. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  30. ↑ "Engaging with Security Researchers: Embracing a "See Something, Say Something" Culture". CISA. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency. October 23, 2024. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  31. ↑ Wachs, Johannes (2022). "Making Markets for Information Security: The Role of Online Platforms in Bug Bounty Programs". arXiv:2204.06905 [cs.CR].
  32. ↑ "15-1299.05 - Information Security Engineers". O*NET OnLine. National Center for O*NET Development. 2026. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  33. ↑ "Information Security Analysts". Occupational Outlook Handbook. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. August 28, 2025. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  34. ↑ "Cyber security". Australian Signals Directorate. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  35. ↑ Votipka, Daniel; Rabin, Seth M.; Micinski, Kristopher; Foster, Jeffrey S.; Mazurek, Michelle L. (2019). "An Observational Investigation of Reverse Engineers' Processes". arXiv:1912.00317 [cs.CR].
  36. ↑ "Cryptographer". Science & Engineering Career Discovery. Science Buddies. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  37. ↑ "Become a cryptanalyst: Decode your career path". Cybersecurity Guide. March 13, 2026. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  38. ↑ "Programmer in the games industry". ScreenSkills. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  39. ↑ "Gameplay programmer in the games industry". ScreenSkills. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  40. ↑ "Engine programmer in the games industry". ScreenSkills. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  41. ↑ Moore, Michael E.; Novak, Jeannie (2010). Game Industry Career Guide (2nd ed.). Delmar Cengage Learning. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-4283-7647-2.
  42. ↑ "Physics programmer in the games industry". ScreenSkills. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  43. ↑ "Audio Programmer (Video Games)". Berklee Career Communities. Berklee College of Music. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  44. ↑ "How to Become an Embedded Software Engineer". UW Professional & Continuing Education. University of Washington. March 25, 2026. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  45. ↑ "Computer Engineering Job Titles and Job Descriptions". University of Virginia School of Engineering and Applied Science. University of Virginia. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  46. ↑ Corbet, Jonathan; Rubini, Alessandro; Kroah-Hartman, Greg (2005). Linux Device Drivers (3rd ed.). O'Reilly Media. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  47. ↑ "A Beginner's Guide to Linux Kernel Development (LFD103)". Linux Foundation Education. Linux Foundation. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  48. ↑ Trofin, Mircea; Qian, Yundi; Brewer, Eugene; Lin, Jing; Zheng, Hongyan; Subramaniam, Karthik; Simon, Douglas; Kaufman, Albert; Teixeira, Edd (2021). "MLGO: a Machine Learning Guided Compiler Optimizations Framework". arXiv:2101.04808 [cs.PL].
  49. ↑ "Algorithm Developer". CareerExplorer. Retrieved June 27, 2026.
  50. ↑ "Data engineer". Government Digital and Data Profession Capability Framework. GOV.UK. May 29, 2026. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  51. ↑ "15-1243.01 - Data Warehousing Specialists". O*NET OnLine. National Center for O*NET Development. 2026. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  52. ↑ Parmar, Jupinder; Prabhumoye, Shrimai; Jennings, Joseph; Liu, Bo; Jhunjhunwala, Aastha; Wang, Zhilin; Patwary, Mostofa; Shoeybi, Mohammad; Catanzaro, Bryan (2024). "Data, Data Everywhere: A Guide for Pretraining Dataset Construction". Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Miami, Florida: Association for Computational Linguistics. pp. 10671–10695. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  53. ↑ "Database Administrators and Architects". Occupational Outlook Handbook. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. August 28, 2025. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  54. ↑ "19-1029.01 - Bioinformatics Scientists". O*NET OnLine. National Center for O*NET Development. 2026. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  55. ↑ Arvanitou, Elvira-Maria; Ampatzoglou, Apostolos; Chatzigeorgiou, Alexander; Carver, Jeffrey C. (2020). "Software Engineering Practices for Scientific Software Development: A Systematic Mapping Study". arXiv:2010.09914 [cs.SE].
  56. ↑ Goth, Florian; Alves, Renato; Braun, Matthias; Castro, Leyla Jael; Chourdakis, Gerasimos; Christ, Simon; Cohen, Jeremy; Druskat, Stephan; Erxleben, Fredo; Lamprecht, Anna-Lena (2024). "Foundational Competencies and Responsibilities of a Research Software Engineer". F1000Research. 13: 1429. arXiv:2311.11457. doi:10.12688/f1000research.157778.1.
  57. ↑ "15-1253.00 - Software Quality Assurance Analysts and Testers". O*NET OnLine. National Center for O*NET Development. 2026. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  58. ↑ "Software Testing Knowledge Area". SFIA. SFIA Foundation. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  59. ↑ "Certified Tester Advanced Level Test Automation Engineering (CTAL-TAE) v2.0". ISTQB. International Software Testing Qualifications Board. November 8, 2024. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  60. ↑ "Development operations (DevOps) engineer". Government Digital and Data Profession Capability Framework. GOV.UK. Retrieved June 27, 2026.
  61. ↑ Beyer, Betsy; Jones, Chris; Petoff, Jennifer; Murphy, Niall Richard (2016). Site Reliability Engineering: How Google Runs Production Systems. O'Reilly Media. Retrieved June 27, 2026.
  62. ↑ "New and expanded: SFIA 9 - illustrative skills profiles". SFIA. SFIA Foundation. Retrieved June 27, 2026.
  63. ↑ Phillips, Shaun; Zimmermann, Thomas; Bird, Christian (2014). "Understanding and Improving Software Build Teams". Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Software Engineering. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 735–744. doi:10.1145/2568225.2568274.
  64. ↑ "Computer and Information Research Scientists". Occupational Outlook Handbook. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved June 27, 2026.
  65. ↑ "Computer Hardware Engineers". Occupational Outlook Handbook. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved June 27, 2026.
  66. ↑ "Software Architecture". Software Engineering Institute. Carnegie Mellon University. August 19, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2026.
  67. ↑ "Welcome to our community!". Write the Docs. Retrieved June 27, 2026.
  68. ↑ "27-3042.00 - Technical Writers". O*NET OnLine. National Center for O*NET Development. 2026. Retrieved June 27, 2026.
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