Edge Rewrite
translate Source code View original
Jump to content

Filo

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Filo
Baklava, made with filo pastry
Alternative namesPhyllo, fillo, fila[1]
TypeDough
Main ingredientsFlour, water, oil

Filo[a] (Greek: φύλλο; [ˈfilo]) or yufka (Turkish: [jufˈka]) is a very thin unleavened pastry dough used for making baked goods. Filo-based products are made by layering many sheets of filo brushed with oil or butter; the pastry is then baked.

The paper-thin form of modern filo was developed in the Ottoman Empire by the 15th century.[2][3][4][5] During this period, it became the foundation for a variety of sweet or savoury pastries, such as baklava and börek, which further diversified in shape over the centuries.[3][4] Commercially manufactured filo became widely available in supermarkets during the 1970s.[5]

Etymology

[edit]

The term filo is borrowed from the Greek word fýllo (φύλλο), meaning "leaf".[6] The earliest known use of filo is from the American newspaper Atlanta Constitution in 1946.[6]

In Turkish, filo is referred to as yufka,[2][4][7] which means "thin".[8] It derives from Old Turkic yuvka, meaning "slender", "insubstantial", or "thin".[8][9] The earliest known use of yufka as a reference to thin sheets of dough appears in the 17th-century multilingual lexicon Thesaurus Linguarum Orientalium, Turcicæ, Arabicæ, Persicæ (1680) by Franciscus a Mesgnien Meninski, where the Ottoman Turkish word jufka (Ottoman Turkish: یوفقه) is defined in several languages as "subtle", "thin", and "like paper", and "dough or cake", "leafy or layered cake", and "foliated pastry".[10]

The word yufka was initially used as a thin physical descriptor, where its earliest mention dates back to the 7th century, when the Chinese Buddhist monk and scholar Xuanzang defined az yuka as "scanty and meagre".[9] By the 8th century, the term appeared in the Tonyukuk inscriptions.[11][12] Yufka as a culinary term was first established in the 11th-century Turkic dictionary Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk, in which the Karakhanid scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari detailed several variations of thin and folded bread, including yubqa, yuqa, or yuwqa ("thin loaves"), yarma yuvġa ("folded bread"), qatma yuvġa ("folded bread cooked in butter"), and yalāči yuvġa ("a type of folded bread") that "when the slightest thing touches it, it crumbles because of its thinness".[9][13][14][15]

History

[edit]

Origin

[edit]

Modern filo was invented in the palace kitchens of Istanbul during the Ottoman Empire, when Ottoman pastry chefs perfected a method for stretching sheets of dough into extreme thinness by the 15th century.[2][3][4][5] On this basis, The Oxford Companion to Food argues that the dough is of Turkish origin.[2]

The earlier origin of filo is unclear.[16] Several food historians suggest that filo evolved from yufka, a thin, layered flatbread that was developed by Turkic peoples of Central Asia during the medieval period, often served folded or piled up in stacks with butter or other fillings between the layers in a pastry-like manner.[2][7][4][17][5][3][18][16] It is argued that traditional yufka served as the base for the paper-thin refinements perfected by Ottoman pastry chefs.[5][4]

According to The Washington Post, some credit the Greeks, saying that it was first mentioned as a bread and walnut sweet in Homer's Odyssey, written around 800 BC.[16] Thomas Day Seymour, however, states that walnuts, along with almonds and pistachios, were not known among the foods of the Homeric Greeks.[19] Susanna Hoffmann notes the existence of pies among Ancient Greeks, including the description of a cheesecake made with honey and milk in the poem "Banquet" by Philoxenos from the fifth century BC, although Hoffmann emphasizes that ancient sources gave no details on how such pies were made.[20] Historian Speros Vryonis describes the Byzantine sweet koptoplakous (κοπτοπλακοῦς) as "the same as Turkish baklava",[21][22] which was two sheets of pastry filled in between with finely chopped walnuts, almonds, sesame, and honey, itself descending from the placenta cake.[22] Food writer Aglaia Kremezi contends that the placenta cake was "probably very different" from the modern Eastern Mediterranean pies and börek, and that it would have required transformation before becoming the crunchy, paper-thin filo of today.[23]

Ottoman period

[edit]

According to Priscilla Mary Işın, flatbreads and sheets of dough underwent a transformation in the Ottoman kitchens, where chefs constantly refined techniques for rolling and stretching dough into silky translucent sheets of filo.[3] Sousanis and Gil Marks similarly argue that Ottoman pastry chefs perfected a method for stretching the traditional yufka into extreme thinness, using it to produce an array of baked goods, such as baklava and börek.[4][5] Baklava appears to be the first dish made of filo.[4]

Işın notes that filo is traditionally rolled using a long, thin rolling pin known in Turkish as an oklava.[7] In the 19th century, Ottoman pastry chefs developed a faster method of rolling out walnut-sized balls of pastries into large circles, in which they rolled a dozen of starch-dusted layers simultaneously, producing 10–20 tissue-like sheets.[7][3] Today, this method is mainly used by professional baklava-makers and sometimes by home cooks.[3] Rolling out filo was widely practiced among rural Turks, according to a Turkish cookbook written in 1900 by the Ottoman army officer Mahmud Nedim, who advised unmarried officers that if they could not roll out pastry themselves they should ask one of the soldiers, "most of whom know how to make yufka".[7]

Popularization

[edit]

The Ottomans prepared paper-thin dough throughout the Ottoman Empire, including the Balkans, where it was known as phyllo ("leaf" in Greek) and fila in Arabic.[5] Following the Ottoman conquest of Hungary under Suleiman the Great in the 16th century, Hungarian sources began referring to a pastry known as rétes, the first recorded name for strudel, whose development has been influenced by the concept of yufka.[4][5] This dough became integrated in many local pastry traditions of Europe, as well as its Asian and African colonies.[4]

Beginning in the 1960s, Greek immigrants began to popularize hand-made filo in parts of the United States.[5] With the invention of a practical filo machine in 1971, commercial filo dough was suddenly available frozen in American supermarkets, making it accessible to everyone.[5]

Preparation

[edit]
Preparation of custard bougatsa in an Athens cafe

Filo dough is made with flour, water and a small amount of oil.[24] Homemade filo takes time and skill, requiring progressive rolling and stretching to a single thin and very large sheet. A very big table is used, preferably with a marble top. If the dough is stretched by hand, a long, thin rolling pin is used, with continual flouring between layers to prevent the sheets from sticking to one another.[25] In modern times, mechanical rollers are also used. Prior to World War I, households in Istanbul typically had two filo makers to prepare razor thin sheets for baklava, and the relatively thicker sheets used for börek. Fresh and frozen versions are prepared for commercial markets.[25]

Use

[edit]

When using filo to make pastries, the thin layers are made by first rolling out the sheets of dough to the final thickness, then brushing them with oil, or melted butter for some desserts, and stacking them. This contrasts with puff pastry and croissant doughs, where the layers are stacked into a thick layer of dough, then folded and rolled out multiple times to produce a laminated dough containing thin layers of dough and fat.[citation needed]

Filo can be used in many ways: layered, folded, rolled, or ruffled, with various fillings.

List of filo-based pastries

[edit]

Filo is used in a wide variety of dishes, including:

  • Baklava – dessert made with layers of filo, chopped nuts, and syrup or honey.
  • Banitsa – A Bulgarian dish consisting of eggs, cheese and filo baked in the oven.
  • Börek – A savory filo pie.
  • Bougatsa – A type of Greek breakfast pastry.
  • Bülbül yuvası – A Middle eastern dessert with pistachios and syrup.
  • Bundevara – A Serbian sweet pie filled with pumpkin.
  • Flia – An Albanian dish consisting of multiple crêpe-like layers brushed with cream and served with sour cream.
  • Galaktoboureko – A dessert consisting of filo and muhallebi.
  • Gibanica – A Balkan dish made from filo, white cheese, and eggs.
  • Pastizz – A savory pastry from Malta filled with ricotta or mushy peas.
  • Savory spinach pie – pastry layered with spinach, egg, and cheese, eaten throughout the Balkans, Greece, and Turkey
  • Tiropita – A Greek dish similar to Börek, filled with a cheese–egg mixture.
  • Zelnik – A savory pie from the Balkans.
  • Jabukovača – Bosnian pastry made of filo dough stuffed with apples.
  • Pastilla – Moroccan pie made of thin Warqa dough stuffed with either chicken, seafood or lamb.[26]
  • Warbat – Jordanian and Syrian dessert consisting of layers of dough and semolina custard.

Comparison to similar pastries

[edit]

There are several similar foods similar to filo that are frequently confused with filo:[27][28]

  • Maghrebi malsouka (AKA warqa or brik sheets): Malsouka thicker than filo and is made by cooking a semolina-based dough on a hot pan.[28][29][30][31]
  • Turkish yufka: Yufka is an unleavened bread cooked on a saj, thicker than filo sheets, and may sometimes differ in ingredients.[32][33][34]
  • Güllaç wafers: Güllaç wafers are made by pouring a starch-based wafer of a hot saj.[35][36]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ↑ Also referred to as phyllo, fillo, or fila

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ Kaufer Greene, Gloria (1999). The New Jewish Holiday Cookbook An International Collection of Recipes and Customs. Times Books. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-8129-2977-5.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Perry, Charles (as CP) (1999). "Filo". In Davidson, Alan (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 299.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Işın, Priscilla Mary (2013). "Yufka: Food For The Cook's Imagination". In McWilliams, Mark (ed.). Wrapped & Stuffed Foods: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery. Oxford: Oxford Symposium. pp. 222–224. ISBN 978-1-903018-99-6.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Sousanis, Marti (1983). The Art of Filo Cookbook: International Entrées, Appetizers & Desserts Wrapped in Flaky Pastry. Berkeley: Aris Books. pp. 13–14.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Marks, Gil (2010). Encyclopedia of Jewish Food. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-544-18631-6.
  6. 1 2 "filo". Oxford English Dictionary.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Işın, Priscilla Mary (2015). "filo". In Goldstein, Darra (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 256. ISBN 978-0-19-931339-6.
  8. 1 2 Çağbayır, Yaşar (2017). Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük 5 Cilt Ötüken Turkish Dictionary [Ötüken Turkish Dictionary Volume 5] (in Turkish). Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat. p. 5375.
  9. 1 2 3 Clauson, Gerard (1972). An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 874.
  10. ↑ Meninski, Franciscus a Mesgnien (1680). Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae ... et grammatica Turcica cum adjectis ad singula ejus capita praeceptis grammaticis Arabicae et Persicae linguae etc (in Latin). Vienna. p. 5625.
  11. ↑ Atay, Dinçer (2022). "TÜRKÇENİN TARİHÎ METİNLERİNE MODERN BİR BAKIŞ: TONYUKUK YAZITI'NDA "ÖTEKİ" ALGISI". Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (in Turkish). 23 (43). Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi: 1423–1443. doi:10.21550/sosbilder.1101699. ISSN 2564-6834.
  12. ↑ Cabacı, Emel (2021). "Orhun Yazıtlarında Halk Bilimi Unsurları". Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi (in Turkish). 8 (4). Hakan YILMAZ: 1601–1621. ISSN 2148-2292.
  13. ↑ al-Kashghari, Mahmud (1982). Tekin, Şinasi; Tekin, Goniil Alpay (eds.). Compendium of The Turkic Dialects: Part I. Translated by Dankoff, Robert; Kelly, James. Harvard University Printing Office. p. 327.
  14. ↑ al-Kashghari, Mahmud (1982). Tekin, Şinasi; Tekin, Goniil Alpay (eds.). Compendium of The Turkic Dialects: Part II. Translated by Dankoff, Robert; Kelly, James. Harvard University Printing Office. pp. 159, 160, 165.
  15. ↑ al-Kashghari, Mahmud (1982). Tekin, Şinasi; Tekin, Goniil Alpay (eds.). Compendium of The Turkic Dialects: Part III. Translated by Dankoff, Robert; Kelly, James. Harvard University Printing Office. pp. 235, 254.
  16. 1 2 3 Mayer, Caroline E. "Phyllo Facts". Washington Post. 1989. Archived.
  17. ↑ Mack, Glenn Randall; Surina, Asele (2005). Food Culture in Russia and Central Asia. Greenwood Press. p. 92.
  18. ↑ Perry, Charles. "The Taste for Layered Bread among the Nomadic Turks and the Central Asian Origins of Baklava", in A Taste of Thyme: Culinary Cultures of the Middle East (ed. Sami Zubaida, Richard Tapper), 1994. ISBN 978-1-86064-603-4, pages 87-93
  19. ↑ Seymour, Thomas Day (1963). "Homeric Food". Life in the Homeric Age. New York: Biblo and Tannen. p. 214.
  20. ↑ Hoffman, Susanna. The Olive and the Caper. Workman Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 978-1-56305-848-6
  21. ↑ Speros Vryonis The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor, 1971, p. 482
  22. 1 2 Salaman, Rena (1983). "The Case of the Missing Fish, or Dolmathon Prolegomena". In Davidson, Alan (ed.). Food in Motion: The Migration of Foodstuffs and Cookery Techniques. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-907325-16-1.
  23. ↑ Kremezi, Aglaia (2012). "The Most Frugal of the Phyllo-Wrapped Pies (or How to Feed a Crowd with a Handful of Meat)". In McWilliams, Mark (ed.). Wrapped & Stuffed Foods: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery. Oxford: Oxford Symposium. pp. 238–239. ISBN 978-1-903018-99-6.
  24. ↑ Marks, Gil (2008). Olive Trees and Honey: A Treasury of Vegetarian Recipes from Jewish Communities Around the World. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-544-18750-4.
  25. 1 2 Helou, Anissa (2015). Sweet Middle East: Classic Recipes, from Baklava to Fig Ice Cream. Chronicle Books. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-4521-3062-0.
  26. ↑ Karadsheh, Suzy (4 March 2022). "Best Pastilla (Skillet Chicken Pie)". The Mediterranean Dish. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
  27. 1 2 Davidson, Alan (2014). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford University Press. p. 307. ISBN 978-0-19-967733-7. Retrieved 6 January 2026.
  28. 1 2 "Introducing brik, the Tunisian pastry you've probably eaten but never made". SBS Food. 13 July 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2026.
  29. ↑ Marks, Gil (17 November 2010). Encyclopedia of Jewish Food. HMH. pp. 280–282, 1883–1888. ISBN 978-0-544-18631-6. Retrieved 24 December 2025.
  30. ↑ "Chef Fehmi cooks malsouka, a Tunisian-style of crepe". Wicked Local. 2011.
  31. ↑ Yotam, Ottolenghi (9 May 2017). "The Challenge of Perfect Phyllo". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 January 2026.
  32. ↑ Eckhardt, Robyn; Hagerman, David (2017). Istanbul and Beyond: Exploring the Diverse Cuisines of Turkey. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-544-44431-7. Retrieved 5 January 2026.
  33. ↑ Ballinger, Geoffrey. "Yufka, Turkey's All-Star Pastry Sheets". Culinary Backstreets. Retrieved 5 January 2026.
  34. ↑ Sivrioglu, Somer; Dale, David (3 December 2019). Anatolia: Adventures in Turkish eating. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-76087-306-6. Retrieved 5 January 2026.
  35. ↑ Isin, Mary [in Turkish] (8 January 2013). "Güllaç". Sherbet and Spice: The Complete Story of Turkish Sweets and Desserts. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 170–177. ISBN 978-1-84885-898-5. Retrieved 3 November 2025.
  36. ↑ Isin, Priscilla Mary (25 August 2011). "Gullac". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 3 November 2025.
  37. ↑ "قصة صناعة أول «لفة جلاش يوناني» بالمنصورة في محل عمره 90 عاما" [The story of making the first "Greek phyllo pastry roll" in Mansoura in a 90-year-old shop]. El Watan News (in Arabic). 17 July 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2026.

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]
  • Wiktionary logo The dictionary definition of filo at Wiktionary
  • Wikimedia Commons logo Media related to Phyllo at Wikimedia Commons
  • Wikibooks logo Phyllo dough at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filo&oldid=1377033913"