Draft:Hmar Clans
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Hmar Pahnam | |
|---|---|
| Languages | |
| Hmar language, Thiek Language & Faihriem language | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Mizo, Chin, Kuki |
The Hmar clans are the patrilineal social groups or clans and sub-clans that formed the Hmar society. The Hmar are an indigenous ethnic group living mainly in Northeast India (Manipur, Mizoram, and Assam). Hmar society is divided into several exogamous clans and sub-clans known as Pahnam or laibung. Each clan traces its origin to a common male ancestor.[1]
Overview
[edit]The Hmar follow a strict patrilineal clan system. A person belongs to the clan of their father and clan membership passes from father to children. Clans are exogamous, meaning a Hmar must marry outside his or her own clan. In the past, breaking this rule was considered a serious social offence. Clans are further divided into sub‑clans and lineages (phung or sungkuo). Clan names often refer to a real or mythical ancestor, a place, or a historical event.[2][1]
Clans and sub-clans
[edit]Ethnographers have recorded major Hmar clans and sub-clans. The most widely recognised clans include:
| Ruolngul | Faiheng | Tlau | Fatlei |
| Banzang | Sinate | Famhawite (Famhoite) | Chonghmunte |
| Lamchangte | Sanate |
| Saivate | Khawral | Khawkheng | Tuollai |
| Tuimuol | Bapui | Tusing | Khawlum |
| Sekong | Seling | Thlangnung | Salhmar |
| Dulien | Aimuol | Khawhrang | Sote |
| Thanghnieng |
| Sanate | Saingur | Zallien | Bungran |
| Chiluon | Singa | Tuolthla | Para Thla |
| Pusingathla | Saidangthla |
| Ponatu | Phuoitong | Dumker | Cholkha |
| Lungen | Thlaute | Midang | Leidir |
| Suokling | Chunthang | Lozun | Pieltel |
| Milai | Rawlsim | Khintung | Zahrin |
| Fenate (Fente) | Pangamte | Pazamte | Riengsete |
| Laising | Muolphei | Phunte (Punte) | Bunglung |
| Sierthlang | Siersak |
| Hrangchal | Laiasung | Sielasung | Darasung |
| Tungte | Sungte | Suomte | Tlawmte |
| Chawnsim |
| Pieltu | Sawrte | Buite | Arro |
| Zate | Aite | Hnungte | Seldo |
| Pusiete | Chuonkhup | Singphun | Hriler |
| Chawnghau | Chawngvawr | Buonsuong | Chawngtuol |
| Barkhawlai | Tlangte | Parate | Saihmang (Saiate, Sailung, Saite) |
| Ngaiate | Chawnhnieng | Darte | Darkhawlai |
| Vaithang | Thangsuok | Maubuk | Hrangngam |
| Hrangdo | Hrangate | Chawngsieksim | Ngaite (Hauler, Tlurha, Saichawnkhup, Sailientuol) |
| Hmangte | Chante (Chamte) | Hrangsote | Parate (Bualthang, Khawtial, Rualngai, Zani) |
| Neingaite | Puruolte | Pudaite | Pulamte |
| Puhnuongte | Thlandar |
| Zilchung | Zilhmang | Ngulthuom | Ngaithuom |
| Hrawte | Hranhnieng | Chaileng | Thangngen |
| Kellu | Armei |
| Athu | Amaw (Amo) | Tuolor | Thilsong |
| Buhril | Hekte | Ralsun | Chawnghekte |
| Thluchung (TC) | Kungate | Selate | Tuolte |
| Ṭaite | Hnamte | Kangbur | Khawzawl |
| Lalum | Laldau | Saibung | Vankal |
| Pangote | Pangulte | Khawbuol | Pakhumate |
| Khumthur | Khumsen | Thlihran | Tamte |
| Hmante | Chawnnel | Zate |
| Mihriemate | Songate | Infimate (Fimate) | Nungate |
| Intoate | Lungchuong | Inbuon | Pasulate |
| Keivawm (Keivom) | Tamhrang | Sielhnam | Theisiekate |
| Thlawngate | Khumsen | Khumthur | Sunate |
Social functions
[edit]Hmar clans regulate several aspects of daily life:
- Marriage: A Hmar cannot marry a person from the same clan. Any breach of clan exogamy was traditionally punished by social boycott.[6]
- Inheritance: Property and family name are passed through the male line. The youngest son often inherits the family house.
- Rituals: In pre‑Christian times, each clan had its own ancestral worship (Sakhuo) and specific sacrifices. Today, most Hmars are Christian, but clan identity remains strong in church and community gatherings.[2]
History and origin
[edit]Oral traditions say all Hmar clans descend from a common ancestor named Hmar. The clans then split as families grew and migrated. Some clans, like the Thiek and Lungtau, are believed to be the older ruling clans because most clans belongs to them. The clan system preserved the history and genealogy of the Hmar people before written was introduced.[2]
References
[edit]- 1 2 3 Kamkhenthang, H. (1991). The Hmar Tribe of Manipur: A Study of its Social Structure. Mittal Publications, pp. 42–48. ISBN 81-7099-293-5.
- 1 2 3 Dena, Lal (2008). In Search of Identity: Hmars of North-East India. Akansha Publishing House, pp. 34–36. ISBN 978-81-8370-163-7.
- ↑ Hrangchhuana, H.B. (1987). Hmar Chanchin (Hmar History) (1st ed.). India: Hmar Students Association Jt Hqrs Aizawl, Mizoram. pp. 4–10.
- ↑ "Hmar Clans". Retrieved 2024-08-13.
- ↑ Lalthansangi, R. (2015). "Clan System among the Hmar of Mizoram", Mizo Studies, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 60–65.
- ↑ Thangchungnunga, R. (2018). "Clan and Lineage among the Hmar: Continuity and Change", Senhri Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, Vol. 3, No. 1, p. 15.
Category:Hmar Category:Hmar people Category:Clans by nation Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India