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Butyrivibrio

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Butyrivibrio
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Kingdom: Bacillati
Phylum: Bacillota
Class: Clostridia
Order: Eubacteriales
Family: Lachnospiraceae
Genus: Butyrivibrio
Bryant and Small 1956[1]
Type species
Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens
corrig. Bryant & Small 1956
Species
Synonyms
  • Vibrio ("Butyrivibrio") (Bryant & Small 1956) Prévot 1961

Butyrivibrio is a genus of bacteria in Class Clostridia. Bacteria of this genus are common in the gastrointestinal systems of many animals. Genus Butyrivibrio was first described by Bryant and Small (1956) as anaerobic, butyric acid-producing, curved rods (or vibroids). Butyrivibrio cells are small, typically 0.4 – 0.6 μm by 2 – 5 μm. They are motile, using a single polar or subpolar monotrichous flagellum. They are commonly found singly or in short chains but it is not unusual for them to form long chains. Despite historically being described as Gram-negative,[2] their cell walls contain derivatives of teichoic acid,[3] and electron microscopy indicates that bacteria of this genus have a Gram-positive cell wall type.[3][4] It is thought that they appear Gram-negative when Gram stained because their cell walls thin to 12 to 18 nm as they reach stationary phase.[4]

Butyrivibrio species are common in the rumens of ruminant animals such as cows, deer and sheep, where they are involved in a number of ruminal functions of agricultural importance in addition to butyrate production.[5] These include fibre degradation, protein breakdown, biohydrogenation of lipids and the production of microbial inhibitors.[6][7][8][9][10] Of particular importance to ruminant digestion, and therefore productivity, is their contribution to the degradation of plant structural carbohydrates, principally hemicellulose.[9][11]

Metabolism

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Butyrivibrio species are metabolically versatile and are able to ferment a wide range of sugars[12] and cellodextrins.[13] Some strains have been reported to break down cellulose,[14] although their ability to sustain growth on cellulose appears to be lost during in vitro culturing. Most isolates are amylolytic[15] and are able to degrade xylan by producing xylanolytic[16][17] and esterase enzymes.[18][19] The induction of xylanase enzymes varies between strains; in group D1 strains (49, H17c, 12) xylanase expression appears to be constitutively expressed, while groups B1 (113) and C (CF3) are induced only by growth on xylan, and those of group B2 are induced by growth on xylan or arabinose.[20]

A number of genes encoding glycoside hydrolases (GH) have been identified in Butyrivibrio species including endocellulase (GH family 5 and 9); β-Glucosidase (GH family 3); endoxylanase (GH family 10 and 11); β-Xylosidase (GH family 43); and α-Amylase (GH family 13) enzymes. Several carbohydrate binding modules (CBM) have also been identified that are predicted to bind glycogen (CBM family 48); xylan or chitin (CBM family 2); and starch (CBM family 26).[21][22]

Taxonomic history

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Many phenotypically and metabolically similar rumen isolates were historically assigned to Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens despite considerable genetic diversity.[23] Comparative analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences subsequently showed that strains assigned to B. fibrisolvens were phylogenetically heterogeneous and formed several distinct lineages within clostridial cluster XIVa, now associated with the family Lachnospiraceae.[24]

Subsequent taxonomic studies distinguished B. hungatei and the related genus Pseudobutyrivibrio, which contains Pseudobutyrivibrio ruminis and Pseudobutyrivibrio xylanivorans.[25] Clostridium proteoclasticum was later transferred to Butyrivibrio as B. proteoclasticus.[26] The human intestinal species formerly classified as Butyrivibrio crossotus was transferred to the separate genus Eshraghiella as Eshraghiella crossota in 2024.[27]

Phylogeny

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The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[1] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)[28]

16S rRNA based LTP_10_2024[29][30][31] 120 marker proteins based GTDB 09-RS220[32][33][34]
Butyrivibrio

B. fibrisolvens corrig. Bryant & Small 1956

B. hungatei Kopecny et al. 2003

B. proteoclasticus (Attwood, Reilly & Patel 1996) Moon et al. 2008

See also

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References

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  1. 1 2 A.C. Parte; et al. "Butyrivibrio". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2022-09-09.
  2. ↑ BRYANT MP; SMALL N (1956). "The anaerobic monotrichous butyric acid-producing curved rod-shaped bacteria of the rumen". Journal of Bacteriology. 72 (1): 16–21. Bibcode:1956JBact..72...16B. doi:10.1128/JB.72.1.16-21.1956. PMC 289715. PMID 13345769.
  3. 1 2 Cheng, K. J.; Costerton, J. W. (1977). "Ultrastructure of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens: A gram-positive bacterium". Journal of Bacteriology. 129 (3): 1506–12. doi:10.1128/JB.129.3.1506-1512.1977. PMC 235129. PMID 845122.
  4. 1 2 Beveridge, 1990
  5. ↑ Miller & Jenesel, 1979
  6. ↑ Blackburn & Hobson, 1962
  7. ↑ Kalmokoff & Teather, 1997
  8. ↑ Kepler et al., 1966
  9. 1 2 Dehority & Scott, 1967
  10. ↑ Polan et al., 1964
  11. ↑ Morris & Van Gylswyk, 1980
  12. ↑ Stewart et al., 1997
  13. ↑ Russell, 1985
  14. ↑ Shane et al., 1969
  15. ↑ Cotta, 1988
  16. ↑ Hespell et al., 1987
  17. ↑ Sewell et al., 1988
  18. ↑ Hespell & O'Bryan-Shah, 1988
  19. ↑ Lin & Thomson, 1991
  20. ↑ Hespell & Whitehead, 1990
  21. ↑ Krause et al., 2003
  22. ↑ Cantarel et al., 2008
  23. ↑ Pidcock, Sara E.; Skvortsov, Timofey; Santos, Fernanda G.; Courtney, Stephen J.; Sui-Ting, Karen; Creevey, Christopher J.; Huws, Sharon A. (2021). "Phylogenetic systematics of Butyrivibrio and Pseudobutyrivibrio genomes illustrate vast taxonomic diversity, open genomes and an abundance of carbohydrate-active enzyme family isoforms". Microbial Genomics. 7 (10). 000638. doi:10.1099/mgen.0.000638. PMC 8627218. PMID 34605764.
  24. ↑ Willems, A.; Amat-Marco, M.; Collins, M. D. (1996). "Phylogenetic analysis of Butyrivibrio strains reveals three distinct groups of species within the Clostridium subphylum of the Gram-positive bacteria". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 46 (1): 195–199. doi:10.1099/00207713-46-1-195. PMID 8573495.
  25. ↑ Kopečný, Jan; Zorec, Maša; Mrázek, Jakub; Kobayashi, Yasuo; Marinšek-Logar, Romana (2003). "Butyrivibrio hungatei sp. nov. and Pseudobutyrivibrio xylanivorans sp. nov., butyrate-producing bacteria from the rumen". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 53 (1): 201–209. Bibcode:2003IJSEM..53..201K. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02345-0. PMID 12656174.
  26. ↑ Moon, Christina D.; Pacheco, Diana M.; Kelly, William J.; Leahy, Sinead C.; Li, Dong; Kopečný, Jan; Attwood, Graeme T. (2008). "Reclassification of Clostridium proteoclasticum as Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus comb. nov., a butyrate-producing ruminal bacterium". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 58 (9): 2041–2045. Bibcode:2008IJSEM..58.2041M. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.65845-0. PMID 18768601.
  27. ↑ Fatahi-Bafghi, Mehdi (2024). "Reclassification of Butyrivibrio crossotus Moore et al. 1976 (Approved Lists 1980) into a novel genus as Eshraghiella crossota gen. nov., comb. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 74 (9). 006509. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.006509. PMID 39226088.
  28. ↑ Sayers; et al. "Butyrivibrio". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2022-09-09.
  29. ↑ "The LTP". Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  30. ↑ "LTP_all tree in newick format". Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  31. ↑ "LTP_10_2024 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  32. ↑ "GTDB release 09-RS220". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  33. ↑ "bac120_r220.sp_labels". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  34. ↑ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2024.

Further reading

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Butyrivibrio&oldid=1367231737"