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Abortion in Chile

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Abortion in Chile is legal only on three grounds: when the pregnant woman's life is at risk, when the fetus has a condition incompatible with life outside the womb, and in cases of rape, up to 12 weeks of gestation (14 weeks if the pregnant girl is under 14).[1][2] Outside these grounds, abortion remains a crime.[1] The law, known as Law 21,030 or the Ley IVE, took effect in September 2017 under President Michelle Bachelet after Congress passed it and the Constitutional Court upheld it.[3][4] From 1989 until then, abortion had been banned in all circumstances, a prohibition imposed by the military government of Augusto Pinochet that reversed a 1931 provision allowing therapeutic abortion.[2]

Implementation has been contested. Health workers may invoke conscientious objection, and by 2025 about 40 percent of obstetricians in the public system had declared themselves objectors in rape cases.[5] Reform efforts have continued since the law was enacted. In 2021 the Chamber of Deputies rejected a bill to decriminalize abortion up to 14 weeks,[6] and voters rejected two proposed constitutions in 2022 and 2023 that took opposite positions on the issue.[7][8] In May 2025, the government of President Gabriel Boric introduced a bill to allow abortion on request up to 14 weeks through the health system.[9][10] The bill remained in its first constitutional procedure in the Chamber of Deputies as of September 2026.[11] The Catholic Church and evangelical groups remain influential opponents of liberalization.[12][13]

History

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Before 1989

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Chile introduced family planning in the 1960s, in part because physicians were concerned about maternal illness and death from clandestine abortion.[2][14] The 1931 Health Code allowed therapeutic abortion, with the documented opinion of three physicians, when a woman's life was at risk.[15] The requirement was reduced to the documented opinion of two physicians in the 1967 reform of the Health Code.[15] During the presidency of Salvador Allende, obstetricians at Santiago's Barros Luco Hospital interpreted "therapeutic" broadly and reportedly performed about 3,000 abortions between March and September 1973.[2]

The 1989 ban

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After the 1973 coup, the military government adopted pro-natalist policies.[2] On September 15, 1989, months before the return to civilian rule, it repealed the therapeutic abortion provision, stating that advances in medicine had made it "no longer justifiable."[16] The amended Health Code barred any action intended to cause an abortion, leaving Chile without a legal exception even when pregnancy endangered the woman's life.[2]

Reform attempts, 1990–2013

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Political interest in reform was minimal in the 1990s. The only bill to restore therapeutic abortion was never debated.[2] Between 1990 and 2009, legislators submitted 15 abortion-related bills, about half of which aimed to increase penalties or create legal barriers to liberalization, and two of which proposed monuments to the "innocent victims of abortion."[17] From the early 2000s to 2012, 11 bills would have allowed abortion in some circumstances. Three such bills introduced in 2011 were rejected by the Senate in April 2012.[2] In 2013, under President Sebastián Piñera, Congress designated March 25 as the "day of those about to be born and of adoption."[18]

Emergency contraception, by contrast, was legalized in the 2000s after a public dispute,[19] and a 2008 rally in defense of the morning-after pill drew large crowds.[2]

Criminal law

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The 1980 constitution states in article 19 that "the law protects the life of the one about to be born."[20]

Abortion is regulated by articles 342 to 345 of the Penal Code, which fall under "Crimes and Offences against Family Order, Public Morality and Sexual Integrity."[21] Under these provisions, a person who intentionally causes an illegal abortion faces presidio menor en su grado medio (541 days to three years) when the pregnant woman consents, presidio menor en su grado máximo (three years and one day to five years) when she does not consent, and presidio mayor en su grado mínimo (five years and one day to ten years) when violence is used against her. A woman who, outside the cases permitted by law, causes her own abortion or consents to another person causing it may face presidio menor en su grado máximo (three years and one day to five years), subject to the distinction in Article 344 for cases involving concealment of dishonor.[22] Physicians who, abusing their profession, cause or cooperate in an illegal abortion are subject to the corresponding Article 342 penalty increased by one degree under Article 345. Thus, where Article 342(1) applies because violence was used against the pregnant woman, the physician faces presidio mayor en su grado medio (10 years and one day to 15 years), rather than a 20-year maximum.[23] Health providers have reporting duties in certain circumstances involving suspected offenses, while Chilean law also protects medical confidentiality; the interaction between these duties has been legally contested.[2][24] Under the rules governing abortions under the rape ground, the Code also expressly provides that confidentiality in the doctor–patient relationship must be respected.[25]

Legalization

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Passage of Law 21,030

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Bachelet's coalition included both members who wanted abortion on request and members who would go no further than three grounds, and the bill she sent to Congress on January 31, 2015 reflected the narrower position.[2] It covered risk to the woman's life, fatal fetal anomaly, and rape within 12 weeks of gestation (18 weeks for girls under 14).[26] Congress debated the bill for about two and a half years, and public hearings were dominated by opponents. Legislators narrowed it during the process: they limited the life ground to a current risk to life, cut the maximum gestational age for girls under 14 from 18 to 14 weeks, and required hospital directors to notify prosecutors when a woman requested an abortion after rape.[2] Congress approved the bill on August 2, 2017,[27] and on August 21 the Constitutional Court rejected the opposition's challenge by a 6–4 vote.[3][28][4] The court also held that private institutions, not only individual professionals, could claim conscientious objection, although the bill Congress passed had granted that right only to individuals.[3][28] Bachelet promulgated the law on September 14, 2017,[29] and it was published in the official gazette on September 23.[1]

Provisions

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A doctor must confirm the risk-to-life ground, and two specialist doctors must confirm a fatal fetal anomaly.[30] For rape, a specially constituted health team confirms the circumstances constituting the causal and the gestational age, based on the woman's account and its consistency with the gestational age.[30] The law sets no gestational-age limit for the first two grounds. It also created the dupla, a two-person team that provides information and, if requested, accompaniment. Abortions under the first two grounds have no statutory gestational-age limit, while the rape ground is subject to the statutory 12- or 14-week limit.[30][2]

Implementation

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Conscientious objection protocol

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The government of President Piñera, which took office in March 2018 and had opposed the law, changed the conscientious objection protocol to let private institutions receiving state funds invoke objection.[31] The Ministry of Health had published an earlier protocol on January 27, 2018, and public and private coverage began on January 29.[32][33] In May 2018 the Comptroller General declared the revised protocol illegal.[34] A new regulation issued in October 2018 again barred publicly funded private institutions from objecting,[35] but lawmakers allied with the government challenged it, and in December 2018 the Constitutional Court declared that provision unconstitutional.[36][37] The court reasoned that private entities may hold institutional values entitled to respect, so any private health institution, including one receiving public funds, may decline to provide abortions.[2]

Use of the law and access

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Health ministry projections before the law took effect anticipated 2,500 to 3,000 legal abortions a year, mostly for rape. Actual numbers were far lower: 769 from September 2017 to December 2018, of which only 115 were for rape.[2] Through mid-2026, the ministry's statistics office recorded 7,566 pregnancies that fell within one of the grounds, of which 87.5 percent ended in termination, or 6,627 procedures. The most common ground was fetal non-viability (2,668), followed by risk to the mother (1,917) and rape (1,899).[38] Rape-ground procedures rose from 117 in 2018 to 404 in 2024 and 350 in 2025.[38] Between June 2024 and June 2025 there were 1,065 procedures, and all abortions among girls under 14 who accessed an abortion under the law were on the rape ground.[5]

Conscientious objection is the most frequently cited barrier. In June 2019, 50.5 percent of obstetricians in the public system had declared themselves objectors in rape cases.[39] Ministry data from October 2025 showed 40.4 percent of public-sector obstetricians objecting on the rape ground, 20 percent on fetal non-viability, and 13.7 percent on risk to the woman's life. Thirty public hospitals had objection rates of 40 percent or more for rape, and in Cauquenes every obstetrician objected.[5] Researchers and advocacy groups have also documented limited public information, inconsistent training, pressure on women to view ultrasounds, and skepticism toward rape survivors' accounts.[2] Advocacy organizations and some legal scholars call the law inadequate, while opponents of the law, who argue that it should be repealed or narrowed, cite the same low figures to argue that demand for abortion is limited.[7]

Later reform efforts

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2021 bill

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On September 28, 2021, the Chamber of Deputies voted 75–68, with two abstentions, to take up a bill decriminalizing abortion up to 14 weeks.[40] On November 30, 2021 the full chamber rejected it 65–62, with one abstention, and the bill was archived.[6]

Constitutional proposals

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The 2022 draft constitution, written by an elected convention, would have provided unrestricted access to abortion under its article 61.[41] Voters rejected it by 61.86 percent to 38.14 percent in September 2022.[7] The 2023 draft, written by a more conservative council, retained a constitutional provision protecting the life of the unborn but changed its wording from referring to the unborn as "that" to "who." Critics argued that the wording could create grounds for challenges to Law 21,030, while supporters argued that the 2017 law would not be affected.[41] These were competing interpretations of the potential legal effect of the proposed wording, rather than an established consequence of its adoption. Voters rejected that proposal too, by 55.76 percent to 44.24 percent, in December 2023.[8] A 2024 study of voter preferences concluded that the clause on unborn life was pivotal in the defeat.[42] Chile's 1980 constitution therefore remained in force.

Boric's 2025 bill

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On May 28, 2025, the government of President Gabriel Boric presented a bill to regulate voluntary termination of pregnancy up to 14 weeks through the health system, fulfilling a commitment announced by Boric in his 2024 annual address.[9][10] Women's Minister Antonia Orellana said it aimed to prevent the criminalization of women and reduce the risks of clandestine abortion.[13] The government said the bill would establish access through the health system and retain the existing rules on conscientious objection, while adding mechanisms intended to ensure timely information and care.[43] The bill, Bulletin No. 17,564-11, remained in its first constitutional procedure in the Chamber of Deputies as of September 2026.[44] Reuters reported in 2025 that the bill did not appear to have enough support in Congress to pass at that time. Opposition leaders of both chambers initially said they would not prioritize it, and the Christian Democrats and the opposition said in September that they would not supply votes for it.[10][45][12] Catholic and evangelical groups publicly rejected it.[13]

Kast government and the 2026 "heartbeat" bill

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José Antonio Kast, who describes himself as opposed to abortion from conception, won the presidency in December 2025, though his campaign set aside socially conservative issues to focus on crime and immigration.[46] His 2021 platform had proposed prohibiting abortion in all circumstances, according to Al Jazeera.[47] In June 2026, legislators from the Partido Nacional Libertario, with signatures from members of Kast's Partido Republicano and Renovación Nacional, introduced a bill, "Escucha su corazón" ("Hear its heart"), that would require physicians to inform a woman about detectable fetal cardiac activity and offer her the chance to hear it before an abortion under the grounds covered by the proposal.[48] The proposal did not repeal the three-grounds law. The bill as initially filed applied to all three grounds, but its sponsor subsequently told BioBioChile that it had been modified to exclude the life-at-risk ground; the version displayed on the Chamber of Deputies website continued to show the earlier wording.[49] As described by the sponsor and the updated reporting, the proposal would apply to the fetal non-viability and rape grounds. It would allow a woman to decline the offer to hear the cardiac activity, but would require the physician to refuse to perform the abortion if she did so.[50] Hundreds of women protested in Santiago and about 30 other cities. Health Minister May Chomalí said there was no scientific basis for expecting such a measure to change a woman's decision, and the World Health Organization recommends that ultrasound not be mandatory. On August 10 Kast said his government would not advance the bill, while saying lawmakers could legitimately debate it; its sponsors said they would continue.[51]

Women's health

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Chile launched a publicly funded family planning program in 1964 amid concern over abortion and maternal mortality. Deaths from illegal abortion fell from 118 to 24 per 100,000 live births between 1964 and 1979.[14][52] Maternal deaths from abortion also declined significantly between 1990 and 2000,[53] which experts attributed to sterilization and antibiotics used by illegal providers, wider availability of misoprostol, and increased contraceptive use.[52] Epidemiologist Elard Koch reported in 2015 that the downward trend continued through 2009 and attributed it to rising education levels and community support for women with unplanned pregnancies, an interpretation that he argued undercuts claims that restrictive laws raise abortion mortality.[54] From 2000 to 2004, abortion was the third leading cause of maternal death, accounting for 12 percent of the total.[55] No accurate statistics exist, but one estimate put clandestine abortions at 132,000 to 160,000 between 2000 and 2002.[56] Organizations also began operating hotlines in 2010 offering information on using abortion pills at home.[2]

A 1997 study of eighty women prosecuted in Santiago found that most were young, single, and often domestic workers who had migrated from rural areas, that hospitals had reported most of them after they sought care for complications, and that most lacked legal representation or were defended by inexperienced law students.[57]

Public opinion

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Polling shows majority support for the three grounds and divided views on broader access.

  • A July 2006 MORI survey found 26 percent of Chileans believed abortion was "justified," up from 18 percent in 1990.[58]
  • A 2008 poll of women by the NGO Corporación Humanas found 79.2 percent in favor of decriminalization when the woman's life is at risk, 74.0 percent in cases of rape, 70.1 percent for fetal abnormality, and 24 percent in all cases.[56]
  • A March 2009 La Tercera poll found 67 percent against abortion generally, though 57 percent favored it in cases of rape.[59]
  • An October 2009 Universidad Diego Portales poll found majorities in favor when the woman's health was at risk (63 percent) and in cases of rape (64 percent), but majorities against for economic reasons (80 percent) and serious fetal defect (51 percent).[60]
  • A January 2017 Cadem poll found 57 percent wanted abortion allowed in only a few cases, 22 percent in all cases, and 19 percent in none. Majorities backed abortion when the woman's health was at risk (76 percent), when the fetus was unlikely to survive (72 percent), and in cases of rape (71 percent).[61]
  • An August 2021 Cadem survey found 46 percent in favor of abortion within 14 weeks and 52 percent opposed.[62]
  • A 2022 Ipsos study found 61 percent believed abortion should be legal within the first six weeks, falling to 36 percent at 14 weeks.[7]
  • In 2025, Cadem reported that 25 percent of Chileans supported abortion without restrictions up to 14 weeks.[63]

Religion and politics

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According to Chile's 2024 census, 54 percent of people aged 15 and over identified as Catholic, while 25.8 percent reported no religion or creed.[64] The Church has consistently opposed abortion while participating in broader debates over family planning; during the 1960s, Chile's public family-planning program expanded access to contraceptive methods, including the pill and intrauterine devices, while the Catholic Church and conservative sectors criticized such initiatives. In 1968, Pope Paul VI's Humanae vitae explicitly rejected artificial methods of birth control.[65][66][67] After the 1973 coup, the Church took a more conservative approach in the 1980s and 1990s, which one scholar argues remains strong.[68] Catholic arguments often draw on Pope Paul VI's Humanae vitae, though not all Chilean Catholics accept its reasoning.[68] The conservative lay organizations Opus Dei and the Legionaries of Christ are thought to influence elite opinion and policy on abortion,[68] and evangelical groups have joined Catholic leaders in opposing recent reform proposals.[13] The Catholic University and other religious institutions also defended institutional conscientious objection during the 2017 debate.[2]

International reaction

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In November 2004, the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights urged Chile to allow abortion in cases of rape and incest. In 2007 the United Nations Human Rights Council criticized the country's "improperly restrictive" legislation, especially where the mother's life was at risk, and in May 2009 the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights expressed similar concern.[69]

See also

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References

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  1. 1 2 3 "Law 21,030" (PDF) (in Spanish). Official Gazette of Chile. September 23, 2017.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Maira, Gloria; Casas, Lidia; Vivaldi, Lieta (December 2019). "Abortion in Chile: The Long Road to Legalization and its Slow Implementation". Health and Human Rights. 21 (2): 121–131. PMC 6927382. PMID 31885442.
  3. 1 2 3 "El Tribunal Constitucional de Chile da luz verde a la despenalización del aborto en tres causales en histórica decisión". BBC Mundo (in Spanish). August 21, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  4. 1 2 Bonnefoy, Pascale (August 21, 2017). "Chilean Tribunal Weighs In: Some Abortions Will Now Be Legal". The New York Times.
  5. 1 2 3 "Aborto por tres causales: el peso de la objeción de conciencia". La Tercera (in Spanish). June 3, 2026.
  6. 1 2 "Con ausencias claves de la oposición y votos en contra DC: Cámara de Diputados rechaza proyecto de despenalización del aborto hasta las 14 semanas y moción parlamentaria es archivada". La Tercera (in Spanish). November 30, 2021.
  7. 1 2 3 4 McGowan, Charis (March 10, 2023). "Chile's abortion rights movement faces uphill battle". Al Jazeera.
  8. 1 2 "Chile rejects a conservative constitution, after defeating a leftist charter last year". NPR. December 18, 2023.
  9. 1 2 "Chile Government Unveils Bill That Would Fully Legalize Abortion". Bloomberg. May 28, 2025.
  10. 1 2 3 Villegas, Alexander; Elliott, Lucinda (June 5, 2025). "Analysis-Chile abortion rights bill could shape Boric legacy as Latin American neighbors look on". Reuters.
  11. ↑ "Proyecto de Ley que regula la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo en el plazo que indica" (in Spanish). Chamber of Deputies of Chile.
  12. 1 2 "El Gobierno de Boric busca acelerar su nueva ley de aborto en el Congreso, pero enfrenta a una dura oposición". Infobae (in Spanish). September 5, 2025.
  13. 1 2 3 4 "As Chile debates legalizing abortion on demand, Christian groups reject President Boric's proposals". Christian Daily International.
  14. 1 2 United Nations Population Division. (2002). Abortion Policies: A Global Review. Retrieved 14 July 2006.
  15. 1 2 "Historia de la legislación chilena sobre aborto terapéutico" (in Spanish). Senado de Chile.
  16. ↑ "Aborto terapéutico: Demanda de las mujeres". Revista Punto Final (in Spanish). April 11, 2003. Archived from the original on April 10, 2009. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  17. ↑ "Chamber of Deputies" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on June 3, 2012. Retrieved March 23, 2009.
  18. ↑ "Law 20.699" (in Spanish). Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile.
  19. ↑ Mooney, Jadwiga E. Pieper (November 3, 2015). "Family Planning and Reproductive Rights in Chile". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.103. ISBN 978-0-19-936643-9. Retrieved March 10, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
  20. ↑ "CONSTITUCION POLITICA DE LA REPUBLICA DE CHILE" (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 19, 2012. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  21. ↑ "CODIGO PENAL" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  22. ↑ "Código Penal" (in Spanish). Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile.
  23. ↑ "Código Penal" (in Spanish). Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile.
  24. ↑ "Abortion in Chile: the practice under a restrictive regime". Reproductive Health Matters. doi:10.1016/S0968-8080(14)44811-0.
  25. ↑ "Código Sanitario" (in Spanish). Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile.
  26. ↑ "Presidenta Bachelet presenta proyecto sobre despenalización del aborto terapéutico hasta las 12 semanas de gestación". Archived from the original on March 10, 2015. Retrieved April 16, 2015.
  27. ↑ S.A.P., El Mercurio (August 2, 2017). "Gobierno logra la aprobación del proyecto de aborto en el Congreso pero deberá enfrentar al TC - Emol.com".
  28. 1 2 "Aborto será ley: TC rechaza requerimiento de Chile Vamos y da luz verde al proyecto". EMOL.com (in Spanish). August 21, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  29. ↑ S.A.P., El Mercurio (September 14, 2017). "Bachelet promulga ley de aborto en tres causales en uno de los actos más masivos en La Moneda - Emol.com".
  30. 1 2 3 "Ley 21.030" (in Spanish). Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile.
  31. ↑ "Diario Oficial" (PDF). interior.gob.cl. March 23, 2018. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  32. ↑ "Aborto en tres causales: Isapres comienzan a cubrir nuevas prestaciones relacionadas a esta norma" (in Spanish). Emol. January 28, 2018.
  33. ↑ "RES-23 EXENTA 27-ENE-2018 MINISTERIO DE SALUD" (in Spanish). Ley Chile - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional. January 27, 2018.
  34. ↑ "Contraloría declara ilegal el protocolo de objeción de conciencia para aborto". BioBioChile. May 9, 2018.
  35. ↑ "Gobierno publica reglamento a casi un año de promulgación de ley de aborto en tres causales". Diario y Radio Universidad de Chile. October 23, 2018.
  36. ↑ "TC declara inconstitucional el reglamento de objeción de conciencia de la ley de aborto". December 6, 2018.
  37. ↑ "TC entregó fundamentos de sentencia que acogió requerimientos que impugnaron Reglamento sobre objeción de conciencia de aborto en tres causales". January 22, 2019.
  38. 1 2 "Interrupciones de embarazo por tres causales llegan a 6.627 desde la entrada en vigencia de la ley". DOE Actualidad Jurídica (in Spanish). August 4, 2026.
  39. ↑ "Aborto: 50% de los obstetras de la red pública se declara objetor de conciencia en casos de violación". La Tercera (in Spanish). February 7, 2020.
  40. ↑ "Chile takes 'first step' towards decriminalising abortion". Al Jazeera. September 28, 2021.
  41. 1 2 Elkins, Zachary; Martin, Matt; Moran, Ashley; Pérez, Guillermo (December 15, 2023). "12 Core Attributes of the Chilean Constitutional Proposal". Constitute.
  42. ↑ Alemán, Eduardo; Navia, Patricio; Negretto, Gabriel L.; González-Ocantos, Ezequiel (2024). "Gambling on the constitution: Abortion rights and the 2023 constitution-making process in Chile". Research & Politics. 11. doi:10.1177/20531680241303754.
  43. ↑ "Aborto hasta las 14 semanas: Comienza discusión de proyecto en Congreso" (in Spanish). Government of Chile. September 30, 2025.
  44. ↑ "Proyecto de Ley que regula la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo en el plazo que indica" (in Spanish). Chamber of Deputies of Chile.
  45. ↑ "Abortion and euthanasia at the forefront of Chilean politics". Omnes. June 9, 2025.
  46. ↑ "Chile elects conservative for president, defeating Communist Party opponent". Catholic News Agency. December 15, 2025.
  47. ↑ "Women in Chile voice fears over far-right presidential candidate". Al Jazeera. December 3, 2021.
  48. ↑ "Modifica el Código Sanitario para establecer el deber del médico de informar a la mujer sobre la actividad cardíaca embrionaria o fetal, y de ofrecerle la oportunidad de escucharla, en forma previa a la interrupción del embarazo" (in Spanish). Chamber of Deputies of Chile.
  49. ↑ "Proyecto exige que chilenas con embarazos inviables o por violación escuchen los latidos para abortar". BioBioChile (in Spanish). July 13, 2026.
  50. ↑ "Ministra de la Mujer esquiva polémica por proyecto "Escucha su corazón" y pasa la pelota al Congreso". BioBioChile (in Spanish). July 17, 2026.
  51. ↑ "Kast rules out backing bill that ties abortion access to hearing the fetal heartbeat". MercoPress. August 11, 2026.
  52. 1 2 Shepard, Bonnie L.; Casas Becerra, Lidia (2007). "Abortion Policies and Practices in Chile: Ambiguities and Dilemmas". Reproductive Health Matters. 15 (30): 202–10. doi:10.1016/S0968-8080(07)30328-5. PMID 17938085. S2CID 21685892.
  53. ↑ Donoso Siña, Enrique (2004). "The reduction in maternal mortality in Chile, 1990–2000". Pan American Journal of Public Health. 15 (5).
  54. ↑ Koch, Elard. (2015).The Epidemiology of Abortion And Its Prevention in Chile[permanent dead link]. Issues in Law & Medicine, Volume 30, Number 1, 2015. Retrieved November 08, 2016.
  55. ↑ Donoso s, Enrique (2006). "Mortalidad Materna en Chile, 2000-2004". Revista chilena de obstetricia y ginecología (in Spanish). 71 (4). doi:10.4067/S0717-75262006000400005.
  56. 1 2 "V Encuesta Nacional "Percepciones de las mujeres sobre su situación y condiciones de vida en Chile"" (PDF). Corporación Humanas (in Spanish). July 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 11, 2009.
  57. ↑ Casas Becerra, Lidia (May 1997). "Women prosecuted and imprisoned for abortion in Chile". Reproductive Health Matters. 5 (9): 29–36. doi:10.1016/S0968-8080(97)90003-3.
  58. ↑ "Chileans Slowly Becoming More Liberal". Angus Reid Global Monitor. October 2, 2006. Archived from the original on October 15, 2006.
  59. ↑ "Los chilenos y el aborto". Reportajes de La Tercera (in Spanish). March 22, 2009. p. 9. Archived from the original on March 24, 2009.
  60. ↑ "Encuesta Nacional UDP" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 28, 2009.
  61. ↑ "Track semanal de opinión pública" (PDF). www.cadem.cl. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; July 14, 2021 suggested (help)
  62. ↑ "Encuesta Cadem: Aumenta el apoyo a la Ley de Aborto Libre". August 15, 2021.
  63. ↑ "Proyecto de aborto legal entra al Congreso en Chile". teleSUR (in Spanish). June 3, 2025.
  64. ↑ "Censo 2024: Resultados sobre religión o credo" (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas.
  65. ↑ Mooney, Jadwiga E. Pieper (November 3, 2015). "Family Planning and Reproductive Rights in Chile". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.103.
  66. ↑ Biblioteca Nacional de Chile, Políticas de control de natalidad y planificación familiar en el siglo XX.
  67. ↑ Biblioteca Nacional de Chile, Encíclica Humanae Vitae.
  68. 1 2 3 Alvarez Minte, Gabriela (2017) The conservative resistance against women's bodily integrity in Latin America : the case of Chile. [Thesis] (Unpublished) PhD_gabriela_alvarez_minte.pdf (bbk.ac.uk)
  69. ↑ "Organismos internacionales insisten en despenalizar aborto terapéutico en Chile" (in Spanish). March 17, 2009. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012.
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