Tangkhul language
(Redirected from Ukhrul language)
| Tangkhul | |
|---|---|
| Luhupa | |
| Native to | India |
| Region | Manipur, Nagaland |
| Ethnicity | Tangkhul people |
Native speakers | (140,000 cited 2001)[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | nmf |
| Glottolog | tang1336 |
| ELP | Tangkhul Naga |
Tangkhul is a Sino-Tibetan language of the Tangkhulic branch, spoken in different villages of Ukhrul district, Manipur, India.
Tangkhul became a written language for the first time in the year 1897, when William Pettigrew compiled "Tangkhul Primer and Catechism", during his Christian missionary activities.[2]
The Department of Language Planning and Implementation of the Government of Manipur offers a sum of ₹5,000 (equivalent to ₹8,500 or US$88 in 2023), to every individual who learns Tangkhul language, under certain terms and conditions.[3]
Tangkhul shares 93%–94% lexical similarity with the Somra variety of Tangkhul, 31% with Tangkhul Naga spoken in India, 51%–52% with Akyaung Ari Naga, and 29%–32% with Koki Naga.[4]
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
| Plosive/ | voiceless | p | t | tʃ | k | ʔ |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | h | ||
| nasalized | s̃ | |||||
| voiced | z | |||||
| Rhotic | r | |||||
| Approximant | ʋ | l | j | w | ||
- Stop sounds /p t tʃ k/ may have voiced allophones [b d dʒ ɡ] in free variation.
- /m/ may be heard as [ɱ] when preceding /f/ or /ʋ/.
- /r/ can be heard as [r] or [ɾ] in free variation.
Vowels
[edit]| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ | u |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| Open | a |
- /i e a u/ can have allophone sounds of [ɪ ɛ ɐ ɯ] in free variation.[5]
References
[edit]- ↑ Tangkhul at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ↑ S, Vangamla Salle K. (26 November 2023). "Manipur: Literature festival strives to promote Tangkhul language". EastMojo. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
- ↑ "Applications invited for local language training programme". Imphal Free Press. Archived from the original on 1 December 2024. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
- ↑ "Myanmar". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 2016. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016.
- ↑ Ahum, Victor (1997). Tangkhul-Naga grammar: a study of word formation. New Delhi: Jawaharlal Nehru University.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
Further reading
[edit]- Pettigrew, William (1918). Tangkhul Naga Grammar. Shillong: Assam Secretariat Press.
- Devi, Loitongbam Sarankumari (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Kabonglo A Dialect of Tangkhul (PhD). Assam University. hdl:10603/355391.
- Chanu, Aheibam Linthoingambi (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Lairamlo A Dialect Of Tangkhul (PhD). Assam University. hdl:10603/355393.
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