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Subjective character of experience

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The subjective character of experience, also referred to as subjective experience, is the first-person aspect of conscious experience.[1][2] Subjective experience is commonly described as encompassing sensory experiences and mental events, including perceptions, emotions, thoughts, memories, intentions, and other mental events that arise from the unique perspective of an individual.[3][1] The concept is central to philosophy of mind, psychology, phenomenology, and consciousness studies, where it is used to describe the fact that conscious experiences are directly accessible only to the subject undergoing them.[4][3]

Illustration of broad categories commonly used to describe subjective experience from the first-person perspective.

The expression subjective character of experience was introduced by philosopher Thomas Nagel in his influential 1974 essay "What Is It Like to Be a Bat?",[5] in which he argued that every conscious organism has its own unique point of view. Nagel maintained that although objective scientific investigation can describe the physical and functional characteristics of an organism, it cannot fully capture what it is like for that organism to have its own experiences.[5][2] His argument became a landmark in discussions concerning consciousness, reductionism, and the explanatory limits of physical accounts of the mind.[2][6] Although the term originated in philosophy, the study of subjective experience has expanded considerably across several disciplines. Contemporary researchers in psychology, phenomenology, cognitive science, neuroscience, and health sciences investigate subjective experience using a variety of first-person research methods, while also examining its relationship to objective behavioural and physiological measures. As a result, subjective experience is now regarded as both a philosophical concept and an important subject of empirical investigation.

Thomas Nagel and the origin of the concept

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The term subjective character of experience was coined by Thomas Nagel.[5] Nagel used this concept to refute philosophical reductionism, demonstrating that consciousness cannot be simplified solely to the physical operations of the brain and body. Nagel argues that, because bats are apparently conscious mammals with a way of perceiving their environment entirely different from that of human beings (specifically through echolocation), it is impossible for humans to truly comprehend what it is like to experience echolocation firsthand.[5][2] While the example of the bat is particularly illustrative, this applies to any conscious species, as each organism has a unique point of view from which no other organism can gather experience.[7]

Definition

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Subjective experience refers to the entirety of an individual's conscious life as it is experienced from the first-person perspective.[2][1] It includes sensory perceptions, bodily sensations, emotions, thoughts, memories, imaginings, intentions, and other mental events that are directly available to the experiencing subject.[3][8][9] Unlike objective descriptions, which seek to characterize mental processes from an external standpoint, subjective experience concerns how those processes are lived and experienced by the individual.[9][8] The conceptual diagram below summarizes broad categories of subjective experience discussed in contemporary philosophy, psychology, and phenomenology.

Conceptual diagram illustrating subjective experience from the first-person perspective.

Contemporary psychology and phenomenology generally describe subjective experience as dynamic rather than static.[10][11][3] Experience unfolds continuously over time and is influenced by attention, memory, context, bodily states, and previous experiences.[3][11][12] Rather than consisting of isolated mental events, subjective experience is often understood as an ongoing stream or flow in which perception, emotion, cognition, and self-awareness interact to shape an individual's lived experience.[3][11][12]

Subjective experience is closely related to, but broader than, the philosophical concept of qualia. Qualia generally refer to the qualitative or phenomenal aspects of particular conscious experiences, such as the perceived redness of a flower or the painfulness of pain.[13] Subjective experience, by contrast, encompasses the full range of first-person conscious phenomena, including not only sensory qualities but also emotions, thoughts, intentions, agency, memory, temporal awareness, and the organisation of experience as a whole.[14][15][5] Consequently, many contemporary researchers regard qualia as one component of subjective experience rather than an equivalent concept.[14][15]

Relationship to consciousness

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Subjective experience is widely regarded as a defining feature of conscious awareness.[16][4][6] Whereas consciousness may be investigated from behavioural, cognitive, or neurobiological perspectives, subjective experience refers specifically to the way conscious states are experienced from the first-person point of view.[16][4][6] This subjective aspect of consciousness has long been considered one of the central challenges in the philosophy of mind and cognitive science because it is directly accessible only to the individual undergoing the experience.[16][5]

Research on consciousness frequently distinguishes between first-person accounts of experience and third-person observations of behaviour and brain activity.[5][16] While advances in neuroscience have identified neural correlates associated with perception, attention, emotion, and self-awareness, many researchers argue that such findings complement rather than replace descriptions of subjective experience.[16][1] Consequently, understanding consciousness is often regarded as requiring both objective investigation and systematic examination of lived experience.[5][16]

First-person approaches

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Because subjective experience is directly accessible only from the perspective of the experiencing individual, a variety of first-person research methods have been developed to investigate it systematically.[17][1][18] These approaches seek to obtain detailed descriptions of lived experience while minimizing assumptions, retrospective reconstruction, and theoretical interpretation.[4][6] Rather than treating subjective reports as merely anecdotal, many contemporary researchers argue that carefully elicited first-person accounts can provide valuable data for psychological and cognitive scientific research.[19][1][18]

Phenomenology has been particularly influential in the study of subjective experience. Originating in the work of Edmund Husserl and subsequently developed by philosophers including Martin Heidegger and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, phenomenology seeks to describe experience as it is lived before it is explained in terms of external theories.[6] Contemporary phenomenological research includes both descriptive approaches, which aim to characterize experience as accurately as possible, and interpretive approaches, which examine the meanings individuals attribute to their experiences.[4][1][18]

Several specialized methods have been developed to investigate subjective experience in empirical settings. These include Descriptive Experience Sampling, which uses randomly timed prompts to capture ongoing experience in everyday life, and micro-phenomenological interviewing, which employs structured interviews to help participants describe previously unnoticed aspects of experience in fine detail.[4][20][1] Such methods have been applied in fields including psychology, cognitive science, meditation research, education, and health sciences.[17][19][1]

Relationship to neuroscience

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Although subjective experience is inherently first-person, many researchers believe that its scientific investigation can be integrated with neuroscience. One influential approach is neurophenomenology, proposed by Francisco Varela, which combines detailed first-person reports with measurements of brain activity.[16] Rather than treating subjective experience and neuroscience as competing perspectives, neurophenomenology seeks to examine how disciplined descriptions of experience may be correlated with neural processes.[21][16]

More broadly, research in psychology and neuroscience frequently combines subjective reports with behavioural, physiological, and neuroimaging measures.[22] Studies of perception, emotion, meditation, pain, and mental health commonly incorporate participants' descriptions of their experiences alongside objective measurements, enabling researchers to investigate relationships between lived experience and underlying cognitive and neural processes.[22][19][21] This interdisciplinary approach reflects a recognition that first-person and third-person methods may provide complementary perspectives on conscious experience.

Subjective experience and the present moment

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Subjective experience unfolds continuously through time as a changing stream of sensory experiences and mental events.[3][23][24] William James described this continual flow as the "stream of consciousness," emphasizing the dynamic and ever-changing character of conscious life.[25] Contemporary accounts distinguish between immediate sensory experiences, which occur in the present moment, and memories of the past and anticipations of the future, which are experienced as present mental events.[3]

Research on mindfulness has emphasized sustained attention to present-moment experience, including awareness of sensations, emotions, and thoughts as they arise and pass.[26][27] Studies have associated mindfulness practice with increased self-awareness and psychological well-being,[28][29][30] while clinical research has also linked mindfulness-based interventions with outcomes including post-traumatic growth.[31][32]

Applications

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The study of subjective experience has applications across a wide range of disciplines, including psychology, psychiatry, neuroscience, health sciences, education, and human–computer interaction. Because many aspects of perception, emotion, cognition, and well-being can only be directly reported by the individual experiencing them, subjective experience is frequently incorporated into both qualitative and quantitative research.[33][20][19] Self-report measures, structured interviews, phenomenological analyses, and experience sampling techniques are commonly used to investigate how individuals perceive and interpret their experiences.[17][34][35]

In psychology, subjective experience is used to investigate processes such as perception, attention, emotion, memory, decision-making, and self-awareness.[36][37][38] Research on topics including pain, stress, well-being, mindfulness, and emotion regulation often combines participants' descriptions of their experiences with behavioural or physiological measures.[39][40][41] This integration enables researchers to examine relationships between first-person reports and observable cognitive or biological processes while acknowledging that subjective experience remains an essential source of information about conscious mental life.[42][43][44]

Subjective experience also plays an important role in psychiatry and clinical psychology, where understanding an individual's lived experience contributes to the assessment and treatment of mental disorders.[45][46][47] Clinicians frequently consider patients' descriptions of symptoms, emotions, perceptions, and changes in self-awareness alongside behavioural observations and diagnostic criteria.[48][49][50] Phenomenological approaches have been particularly influential in the study of conditions affecting consciousness, perception, and the sense of self, including schizophrenia, depression, anxiety disorders, and dissociative disorders.[51][52][53]

In recent decades, the study of subjective experience has expanded into interdisciplinary fields including meditation research, contemplative science, cognitive neuroscience, and health research.[54][55][56] Investigators increasingly combine first-person descriptions with behavioural, physiological, and neuroimaging methods to examine topics such as attention, pain, emotion, consciousness, and well-being.[57][58][59] This interdisciplinary approach reflects growing recognition that subjective experience provides information that complements objective measurements, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of conscious experience.

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Subjective experience is closely related to several concepts in philosophy and psychology, although the terms are not synonymous. Consciousness generally refers to the state of being aware, whereas subjective experience denotes the contents and character of that awareness as lived from the first-person perspective.[60][61] Similarly, qualia are commonly understood to refer to the qualitative or phenomenal aspects of particular conscious experiences, while subjective experience encompasses the broader range of perceptions, thoughts, emotions, intentions, and other mental events that constitute an individual's conscious life.[14][15] In phenomenology, the term lived experience is often used to emphasize experience as it is directly encountered prior to theoretical interpretation.[62][61]


See also

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References

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  • Michael, L.A. (2007). The Principles of Existence & Beyond: Revelation of Enigma of the Existence. Visual Memes. ISBN 978-1-84799-199-7. OCLC 749947766.
  • Song, D. Subjective Universe: Interweaving Matter and Mind through Cyclical Time. 2020
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Lumma, A. L.; Weger, U. (2023). "Looking from within: Comparing first-person approaches to studying experience". Current Psychology. 42 (12): 10437–10453. doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03818-3 (inactive 1 July 2026).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2026 (link)
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Sikes, L. M.; Dunn, S. M. (2020). "Subjective Experiences". In Zeigler-Hill, Virgil; Shackelford, Todd K. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_487.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Karunamuni, N; Wood, T; Galante, J. (December 2025). "Exploring the mind-brain relationship to advance mental health research and practice". Current Psychology. 44 (24): 19088–19108. doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08345-2.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hurlburt, R. T.; Akhter, S. A. (2006). "The descriptive experience sampling method". Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences. 5 (3–4): 271–301. doi:10.1007/s11097-006-9024-0.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Nagel, Thomas (1974). "What Is It Like to Be a Bat?". The Philosophical Review. 83 (4): 435–450. doi:10.2307/2183914. JSTOR 2183914.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Oluka, A. (2025). "Phenomenological research strategy: descriptive and interpretive approaches". F1000Research. 14: 725. doi:10.12688/f1000research.169042.1 (inactive 1 July 2026).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2026 (link)
  7. ↑ Sikes, L. M.; Dunn, S. M. (2020). "Subjective Experiences". In Zeigler-Hill, Virgil; Shackelford, Todd K. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. Cham: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3. ISBN 978-3-319-24610-9.
  8. 1 2 Rigato, J.; Rennie, S. M.; Mainen, Z. F. (2021). "The overlooked ubiquity of first-person experience in the cognitive sciences". Synthese. 198 (9): 8005–8041. doi:10.1007/s11229-020-02772-4 (inactive 1 July 2026).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2026 (link)
  9. 1 2 Beauregard, M. (2007). "Mind does really matter: Evidence from neuroimaging studies of emotional self-regulation, psychotherapy, and placebo effect". Progress in Neurobiology. 81 (4): 218–236. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.01.005. PMID 17349730.
  10. ↑ Smallwood, J.; Schooler, J. W. (2015). "The science of mind wandering: Empirically navigating the stream of consciousness". Annual Review of Psychology. 66 (1): 487–518. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015331. PMID 25293689.
  11. 1 2 3 Lutz, A.; Slagter, H. A.; Dunne, J. D.; Davidson, R. J. (2008). "Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 12 (4): 163–169. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2008.01.005. PMC 2693206. PMID 18329323.
  12. 1 2 Shapiro, K. L.; Arnell, K. A.; Raymond, J. E. (1997). "The attentional blink". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 1 (8): 291–296. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(97)01094-2. PMID 21223931.
  13. ↑ Tye, Michael (20 August 1997). "Qualia". In Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2025 ed.). Retrieved 29 June 2026.
  14. 1 2 3 Block, Ned (1995). "On a confusion about a function of consciousness". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 18 (2): 227–247. doi:10.1017/S0140525X00038188.
  15. 1 2 3 Kriegel, Uriah (2003). "Is intentionality dependent upon consciousness?". Philosophical Studies. 116 (3): 271–307. doi:10.1023/B:PHIL.0000007256.58092.91 (inactive 1 July 2026).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2026 (link)
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Varela, F. J. (1996). "Neurophenomenology: A methodological remedy for the hard problem". Journal of Consciousness Studies. 3 (4): 330–349.
  17. 1 2 3 Tavakol, Mohsen; Sandars, John (2025). "Twelve tips for using phenomenology as a qualitative research approach in health professions education". Medical Teacher. 47 (9): 1441–1446. doi:10.1080/0142159X.2025.2478871. PMID 40089895.
  18. 1 2 3 Petitmengin, C.; Van Beek, M.; Bitbol, M.; Nissou, J.-M. (2017). "What is it like to meditate?: Methods and issues for a Microphenomenological description of meditative experience". Journal of Consciousness Studies. 24 (5–6): 170–198.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Sparby, Terje; Sacchet, Matthew D. (2025). "Toward a Unified Model of Advanced Meditation, Human Development, Meditation Maps, and Transtradition Metaphors: Facing Impermanence, Suffering, and Death". Mindfulness. 16 (9): 2472–2482. doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02632-6. PMC 12488734. PMID 41048461.
  20. 1 2 Ajjawi, R.; Bearman, M.; Luong, V.; O'Brien, B. C.; Varpio, L. (2024). "Researching lived experience in health professional education". Medical Education. 58 (9): 1049–1057. doi:10.1111/medu.15361. PMID 38439162.
  21. 1 2 Lutz, Antoine; Abdoun, Oussama; Dor-Ziderman, Yair; Trautwein, Fynn-Mathis; Berkovich-Ohana, Aviva (2025). "An overview of neurophenomenological approaches to meditation and their relevance to clinical research". Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging. 10 (4): 411–424. doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.11.008. PMID 39579982.
  22. 1 2 Pizzolante, Marta; Biganzoli, Davide; Gaggioli, Andrea; Biganzoli, Elia; Bollati, Valentina (2026). "Neurophenomenology, psychoneuroendocrinoimmunology and epigenetics: towards an integrative framework for understanding the health benefits of art and aesthetic experiences". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 23 (234) 20250482. doi:10.1098/rsif.2025.0482. PMID 41592734.
  23. ↑ Shonin, E.; Van Gordon, W. (2013). "Searching for the present moment". Mindfulness. 5 (1): 105–107. doi:10.1007/s12671-013-0258-2 (inactive 12 July 2026).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2026 (link)
  24. ↑ Brewer, J. A.; Giommi, F. (2025). "Psychotherapy as investigation: cultivating curiosity and insight in the therapeutic process". Frontiers in Psychology. 16 1603719. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1603719. PMC 12325357. PMID 40771331.
  25. ↑ James, W. (1890). The Principles of Psychology. New York, NY: Henry Holt.
  26. ↑ Kabat-Zinn, J. (2013). Full Catastrophe Living: Using the Wisdom of Your Body and Mind to Face Stress, Pain, and Illness. New York: Bantam Dell. ISBN 978-0-345-53972-4.
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  28. ↑ Rajan, Anisha; Kumar, Mahendra; Raj, Pranav (February 3, 2026). "Effects of mindfulness-based interventions on perceived stress among non-clinical adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis". npj Mental Health Research. 5 (1): 9. doi:10.1038/s44184-026-00188-4. PMC 12868674. PMID 41634335.
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  30. ↑ Tong, MengJie; Qiu, YuFei; Liu, JiaLi; Yue, YaKe; Gu, Juan; Zeng, LiJuan; et al. (2026). "Effectiveness of online mindfulness-based interventions based on the structured curriculum framework in improving mental health: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". General Hospital Psychiatry. 100: 163–174. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2026.02.008. PMID 41724024.
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  32. ↑ Boyd, J. E.; Lanius, R. A.; McKinnon, M. C. (2018). "Mindfulness-based treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: a review of the treatment literature and neurobiological evidence". Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience. 43 (1): 7–25. doi:10.1503/jpn.170021. PMID 29279155.
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  49. ↑ Schuman-Olivier, Z.; Trombka, M.; Lovas, D. A.; Brewer, J. A.; Vago, D. R.; Gawande, R.; Fulwiler, C. (2020). "Mindfulness and behavior change". Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 28 (6): 371–394. doi:10.1097/HRP.0000000000000277. PMC 7647439. PMID 33156156.
  50. ↑ Wilshire, C. E.; Ward, T.; Clack, S. (2021). "Symptom descriptions in psychopathology: How well are they working for us?". Clinical Psychological Science. 9 (3): 323–339. doi:10.1177/2167702620967385 (inactive 4 July 2026).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2026 (link)
  51. ↑ Ritunnano, R.; Papola, D.; Broome, M. R.; Nelson, B. (2023). "Phenomenology as a resource for translational research in mental health: methodological trends, challenges and new directions". Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences. 32 e5. doi:10.1017/S2045796022000762. PMC 9879858. PMID 36645112.
  52. ↑ Messas, G.; Stanghellini, G.; Fulford, K. W. M. (2023). "Phenomenology yesterday, today, and tomorrow: a proposed phenomenological response to the double challenges of contemporary recovery-oriented person-centered mental health care". Frontiers in Psychology. 14 1240095. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1240095. PMC 10551134. PMID 37809297.
  53. ↑ Schanche, E.; Vøllestad, J.; Binder, P. E.; Hjeltnes, A.; Dundas, I.; Nielsen, G. H. (2020). "Participant experiences of change in mindfulness-based stress reduction for anxiety disorders". International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being. 15 (1) 1776094. doi:10.1080/17482631.2020.1776094. PMC 7482889. PMID 32543979.
  54. ↑ Bonamino, C.; Hausen, C.; Sacchet, M. D. (2026). "Advanced meditation, sleep, and consciousness science: An emerging frontier". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 169 106741. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106741. PMID 42105825.
  55. ↑ Prakash, R. S.; Shankar, A.; Tripathi, V.; Yang, W. F.; Fisher, M.; Bauer, C. C.; Sacchet, M. D. (2025). "Mindfulness meditation and network neuroscience: Review, synthesis, and future directions". Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging. 10 (4): 350–358. doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.08.010. PMID 39370229.
  56. ↑ Dahl, C. J.; Davidson, R. J. (2019). "Mindfulness and the contemplative life: pathways to connection, insight, and purpose". Current Opinion in Psychology. 28: 60–64. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.11.007. PMID 30481655.
  57. ↑ Richter, C. G.; Li, C. M.; Turnbull, A.; Haft, S. L.; Schneider, D.; Luo, J.; et al. (2024). "Brain imaging studies of emotional well-being: A scoping review". Frontiers in Psychology. 14 1328523. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1328523. PMC 10799564. PMID 38250108.
  58. ↑ Weder, B. J. (2022). "Mindfulness in the focus of the neurosciences—The contribution of neuroimaging to the understanding of mindfulness". Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 16 928522. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.928522. PMC 9622333. PMID 36325155.
  59. ↑ Mora Álvarez, M. G.; Hölzel, B. K.; Bremer, B.; Wilhelm, M.; Hell, E.; Tavacioglu, E. E.; Torske, A. (2023). "Effects of web-based mindfulness training on psychological outcomes, attention, and neuroplasticity". Scientific Reports. 13 (1): 22635. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-49508-0. PMC 10721614. PMID 38097628.
  60. ↑ Zavota, G. (2026). "Lived Experience, as a Concept in Phenomenology". Encyclopedia of Phenomenology. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. pp. 1–9. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-69433-0_530-1 (inactive 2 July 2026).{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2026 (link)
  61. 1 2 Van Gulick, Robert (2026). "Consciousness". In Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2026 ed.).
  62. ↑ Neubauer, B. E.; Witkop, C. T.; Varpio, L. (2019). "How phenomenology can help us learn from the experiences of others". Perspectives on Medical Education. 8 (2): 90–97. doi:10.1007/s40037-019-0509-2. PMC 6468135. PMID 30953335.
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