Sanapaná language
| Sanapaná | |
|---|---|
| Sanapana payvoma | |
| Native to | Paraguay |
| Ethnicity | 2,270 Sanapaná people (2002 census)[1] |
Native speakers | 980 (2007)[1] |
Mascoian
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | spn |
| Glottolog | sana1298 |
| ELP | Sanapaná |
Sanapana (sanapana payvoma[2]) is a Mascoian language of the Paraguayan Chaco, spoken by the Sanapaná people. The language is not critically endangered, as children are still learning it.
Status
[edit]Sanapana is spoken by around half of all Sanapana people, who call themselves nenlhet,[3][2] and is still being transmitted to children in the two largest communities, La Esperanza and Anaconda, who grow up monolingual in Sanapana before they go to school, where they learn Spanish. The language is also reported to be in everyday use, including in religious contexts.[4]: 5
Classification
[edit]Sanapana is classified as a member of the Mascoian (Enlhet-Enenlhet) languages, distributed in the Gran Chaco region.[5][2] They are considered to have evolved from a dialect continuum.[4]: 4
Phonology and orthography
[edit]Sanapana has three vowels and 13 consonants.[4]: 29
Vowels
[edit]| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mid | e | o | ||
| Open | a | |||
The two mid vowels can be raised in certain phonetic environments, but no minimal pairs, words differing in only one phoneme, are known to contrast getween high and mid vowels. The status of vowel length is uncertain, as no minimal pairs exist for this contrast, although certain words have consistently lengthened vowels (e.g. pesaːsep 'night'), and others consistently without (e.g. kelasma 'fish'). Vowels are written as in Spanish.[4]: 29
Consonants
[edit]Orthographical equivalents are written in ⟨angle brackets⟩.
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labiovelar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p | t | k | ʔ ⟨’⟩ | ||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ ⟨ng⟩ | |||
| Fricative | s | h | ||||
| Lateral | ɬ ⟨hl⟩ | |||||
| Approximant | l | j ⟨y, i⟩ | w ⟨v, u⟩ |
Long phonemes are written doubled. The sequence /kh/ is "often" written as ⟨h⟩.[4]: 30–31 Gomes (2013) analyzes /ŋ/ as an allophone of /n/ before a velar phoneme, and posits /ɲ/ as a phoneme, rather than as a sequence of /n/ followed by /j/.[6]: 82
Morphology
[edit]Noun
[edit]Sanapana noun morphology is simple in comparison with that of the verb. Nouns are frequently used as bare stems without any additional morphemes.[4]: 31
ja:met-atkok
branch-DIM
aʔ-jetn-ema
2/3-lie-INF
neteŋ
top
mésa[a]
table
'The small branch is lying on top of the table.'
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- 1 2 "ISO change request" (PDF). Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- 1 2 3 Unruh, Ernesto; Kalisch, Hannes (2003). "Enlhet-Enenlhet. Una familia lingüística chaqueña" (PDF). Thule: Rivista italiana di studi americanistici. 14/15: 207–231.
- ↑ "Sanapaná". pueblosoriginarios.com. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 van Gysel, Jens (2017). Temporal Predicative Particles in Sanapaná and the Enlhet-Enenlhet Language Family (Paraguay): A Descriptive and Comparative Study (PDF). Leiden University. pp. 27–38.
- ↑ "Lengua Sanapaná". Promotora Española de Lingüística. Retrieved 2024-09-01.
- ↑ Almir Silva Gomes, Antonio (2013-12-12). Sanapaná uma língua Maskoy: aspectos gramaticais (Doutor em Linguística thesis) (in Portuguese). Campinas, SP: Universidade Estadual de Campinas. doi:10.47749/t/unicamp.2013.932528.
External links
[edit]- Sanapaná (Angaité dialect) (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)
- Sanapaná (Enlhet dialect) (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)
| Authority control databases: National |
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