Sac spider
| Sac spider Temporal range: | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Clubiona trivialis | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Clubionidae Simon, 1878 |
| Diversity | |
| 18 genera, 678 species | |
 | |
| blue: reported countries (WSC) green: observation hotspots (iNaturalist) | |
The sac spiders of the family Clubionidae[a] are nocturnal, sac-building hunting spiders with a near-worldwide distribution. Their sacs, silken retreats in which they hide during the day, may be made in a variety of places, including between folded leaves or grass blades, under bark and below rocks or other ground litter.[1]
Although formerly a much larger catch-all taxon, in its current definition the family contains fewer than 700 described species across 18 genera, of which Clubiona is by far most species-rich, with 528 accepted species as of November 2024[update].[2]
Taxonomy
[edit]The Clubionidae have a complex taxonomic history. Historically, the family was a large catch-all taxon for a variety of spiders that shared the following morphological and behavioral similarities: having eight eyes arranged in two rows; having conical anterior spinnerets that touched; and being nocturnal wandering predators that build "sacs" to retreat to during the day.[citation needed]
A large number of genera have been transferred from Clubionidae to other families, and several former subfamilies of the Clubionidae are now treated as separate families.[3] The Zoropsidae, to which genera Anachemmis, Lauricius and Liocranoides were transferred, is much more closely related to the lynx spiders of family Oxyopidae than to the remaining Clubionidae.[4]
According to 2023 cladistic research by Siddharth Kulkarni, Hannah M. Wood and Gustavo Hormiga, the remaining Clubionidae remain polyphyletic as a result of the current placement of genus Elaver.[4]
Genera
[edit]
male Clubiona durbana
As of January 2026[update], this family includes eighteen genera and 678 species:[3]
- Arabellata Baert, Versteirt & Jocqué, 2010 – Papua New Guinea
- Bucliona Benoit, 1977 – Kenya, St. Helena, Eastern Asia, Russia
- Clubiona Latreille, 1804 – Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, Oceania, Chile, Guyana
- Clubionina Berland, 1947 – Île Saint-Paul
- Elaver O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 – North America, South America
- Femorbiona Yu & Li, 2021 – China, Vietnam
- Invexillata Versteirt, Baert & Jocqué, 2010 – Papua New Guinea
- Malamatidia Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 – China, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia
- Matidia Thorell, 1878 – Asia, New Guinea
- Nusatidia Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 – China, Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka, Borneo
- Porrhoclubiona Lohmander, 1944 – Asia, Europe, North Africa
- Pristidia Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 – China, Taiwan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand
- Pteroneta Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 – China, Japan, Southeast Asia, Australia, New Guinea
- Ramosatidia Yu & Li, 2021 – China
- Scopalio Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 – Borneo
- Simalio Simon, 1897 – Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, Trinidad
- Sinostidia Yu & Li, 2021 – China
- Tixcocoba Gertsch, 1977 – Mexico
Additionally, the World Spider Catalog considers Carteroniella Strand, 1907 to be a nomen dubium.[5]
Notes
[edit]- ↑ the term "sac spider" is also part of the common name of various non-clubionid spiders—such as yellow sac spiders (Cheiracanthiidae) or corinnid sac spiders (Corinnidae)—many of which were formerly included in Clubionidae
References
[edit]- ↑ Das Sarkar, Irina; Quasin, Shazia; Siliwal, Manju (April 2023). "Two new species of sac spiders (Araneae: Clubionidae) from the Indian Western Himalayas". Serket. 19: 126. Retrieved 26 April 2025.
- ↑ "Clubiona Species list". World Spider Catalog Version 25.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
- 1 2 "Family Clubionidae Simon, 1878". World Spider Catalog. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2026-01-18.
- 1 2 Kulkarni, Siddharth; Wood, Hannah M.; Hormiga, Gustavo (December 2023). "Advances in the reconstruction of the spider tree of life: A roadmap for spider systematics and comparative studies". Cladistics. 39 (6): 479–532. doi:10.1111/cla.12557. ISSN 0748-3007. PMID 37787157.
- ↑ "Carteroniella Strand 1907". World Spider Catalog version 25.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
External links
[edit]
- Family Anyphaenidae Sac spiders, ghost spiders
- Australian sac spiders, family Clubionidae, Gnaphosidae, Miturgidae, Corinnidae
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| Other | |