Phthalimide
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 Phthalimide powder | |
| Names | |
|---|---|
| Preferred IUPAC name
1H-Isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione | |
| Other names
1,3-Dioxoisoindoline Phthalimidoyl (deprotonated) | |
| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol) |
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| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.001.458 |
PubChem CID |
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| UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |
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| Properties[1] | |
| C8H5NO2 | |
| Molar mass | 147.133 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | White solid |
| Melting point | 238 °C (460 °F; 511 K) |
| Boiling point | 336 °C (637 °F; 609 K) sublimes |
| <0.1 g/100 ml (19.5 °C) | |
| Acidity (pKa) | 8.3 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 5.7 |
| −78.4×10−6 cm3/mol | |
| Related compounds | |
Related Amides |
Maleimide |
Related compounds |
Phthalic anhydride |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Phthalimide is the organic compound with the formula C6H4(CO)2NH. It is the imide derivative of phthalic anhydride. It is a sublimable white solid that is slightly soluble in water but more so upon addition of base. It is used as a precursor to other organic compounds as a masked source of ammonia.[2]
Uses
[edit]
Phthalimide is used as a precursor to anthranilic acid, a precursor to azo dyes and saccharin.[2]
Alkyl phthalimides are useful precursors to amines in chemical synthesis, especially in peptide synthesis where they are used "to block both hydrogens and avoid racemization of the substrates".[4] Alkyl halides can be converted to the N-alkylphthalimide:
- C6H4(CO)2NH + RX + NaOH → C6H4(CO)2NR + NaX + H2O
The amine is commonly liberated using hydrazine:
- C6H4(CO)2NR + N2H4 → C6H4(CO)2N2H2 + RNH2
Alkyl amines can also be used.
Some examples of phthalimide-containing drugs include thalidomide, amphotalide, taltrimide, talmetoprim, and apremilast. With a trichloromethylthio substituent, a phthalimide-derived fungicide is Folpet.
Reactivity
[edit]The high acidity of the imido N-H is the result of the pair of flanking electron-withdrawing carbonyl groups. Both sodium phthalimide and potassium phthalimide are well known. The latter can be made by reaction of phthalimide with potassium carbonate or potassium hydroxide.[5]. The potassium salt is used in the Gabriel synthesis of primary amines.[6]
Preparation
[edit]Phthalimide can be prepared by heating phthalic anhydride with alcoholic ammonia giving 95–97% yield. Alternatively, it may be prepared by treating the anhydride with ammonium carbonate or urea. It can also be produced by ammoxidation of o-xylene.[2]
Synthesis of phthalimide from phthalic anhydride
Phthalimide can also be prepared from phthalic acid by the following process:
Synthesis of phthalimide from phthalic acid
Natural occurrence
[edit]Kladnoite is a natural mineral analog of phthalimide.[7] It is very rarely found among a few burning coal fire sites.
Safety
[edit]Phthalimide has low acute toxicity with LD50 (rat, oral) of greater than 5,000 mg/kg.[2]
References
[edit]- ↑ "Phthalimide". Chemicalland21. Archived from the original on March 17, 2006. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
- 1 2 3 4 Lorz, Peter M.; Towae, Friedrich K.; Enke, Walter; Jäckh, Rudolf; Bhargava, Naresh; Hillesheim, Wolfgang. "Phthalic Acid and Derivatives". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a20_181.pub2. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2.
- ↑ Dreikorn, Barry A.; Owen, W. John (2000). "Fungicides, Agricultural". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. doi:10.1002/0471238961.0621140704180509.a01. ISBN 978-0-471-48494-3.
- ↑ "Phthalimides". Retrieved 2013-02-07.
- ↑ P. L. Salzberg and J. V. Supniewski (1927). "β-Bromoethylphthalimide". Organic Syntheses. 7: 8. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.007.0008.
- ↑ Ned M. Weinshenker, Chah M. Shen, and Jack Y. Wong (1977). "Polymeric Carbodiimide. Preparation". Organic Syntheses. 56: 95. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.056.0095.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ "Kladnoite". mindat.org. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
General reading
[edit]- Vollhardt, K. Peter C.; Schore, Neil Eric (2002). Organic Chemistry: Structure and Function (4th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-4374-3.
- Finar, Ivor Lionel (1973). Organic Chemistry. Vol. 1 (6th ed.). London: Longman. ISBN 0-582-44221-4.