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Möng Yang

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Mongyang State)
Möng Yang
State of the Shan States
c. 13th century–18th century
Möng Yang (Mohnyin) in a map of the Toungoo Kingdom
CapitalMöng Yang (Mohnyin)
History 
• Established
c. 13th century
• Subjugated by King Bayinnaung
1557
• Annexed by the Kingdom of Burma
18th century
Succeeded by
Konbaung dynasty
Today part ofMohnyin District, Myanmar

Möng Yang (Shan: မိူင်းယၢင်း; Tai Nüa: ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥕᥣᥒᥰ; Burmese: မိုးညှင်း; Chinese: 孟养), also known as Mohnyin, was a Shan state in what is today Myanmar (Burma). It was centered around the modern town of Mohnyin in present-day Kachin State, outside of the modern Shan State.

History

[edit]

In Chinese records, Möng Yang first emerges in 1295 as Yunyuan (雲遠), when a Tribal Command was set up in the area by the Yuan dynasty.[1] From the 1370s to 1390s, Burmese and Chinese records indicate that the state, then under the control of Möng Mao, made several incursions into the Kingdom of Ava and the Shan state of Kale (centered around the modern-day town of Kalay). In 1399, Möng Yang became independent from Möng Mao, and in 1402 it was regarded as a prefecture, then in 1404 as a pacification commission, by the Ming dynasty. From 1406, Ava also gained a degree of control over Möng Yang and appointed a Burmese prince, Mohnyin Thado, to rule the area. Burmese inscriptions and chronicles suggest or claim that Möng Yang was under Ava's control until the 1470s, though this control was likely only intermittent and nominal.[2]

From the 1470s onward, Möng Yang entered a period of expansion at the expense of its neighbours, making incursions into the Ava kingdom, the Kabaw Valley, Bhamo, Kale, and possibly even making attempts to invade parts of Assam.[3]

From 1524, the ruler of Möng Yang, Sawlon, invaded the Kingdom of Ava and succeeded in the conquest of the kingdom, placing his son Thohanbwa on the Avan throne in 1527.[4][5]

During this Shan rule over Ava, the Burmese chronicles refer to the existence of a confederation of Shan states. Historical sources are not clear about when or how this alliance or confederation arose, but by 1543 the Burmese chronicle indicates the cooperation between the states of Möng Yang, Möng Mit, Bhamo, Hsipaw, Möng Nai, Yawnghwe, and Kale (modern Kalay).[6]

In 1532, Sawlon marched on his erstwhile ally, the Prome Kingdom, feeling that Prome had not provided sufficient support in their war against Ava. On his journey back to Möng Yang, a dispute between two factions arose in the Shan ruling elite, and Sawlon was assassinated by his own ministers.[7]

The Shans neglected to intervene in the first four years of Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War (1535–1541) in Lower Burma. The saophas sent a force to relieve Prome from a new invasion only in 1539, and were ultimately unable to hold Prome against another Toungoo attack in 1542.[8]

In 1543, the Burmese ministers assassinated Thohanbwa and placed Hkonmaing, the saopha of Hsipaw, on the Ava throne. Möng Yang leaders, led by Sithu Kyawhtin, had to grudgingly agree to Hkonmaing's leadership in light of the Toungoo threat. The confederation's bickering resumed in full force after failed invasions leading to Toungoo forces taking Bagan in 1544 and Hkonmaing's death in 1546. Sithu Kyawhtin set up a rival fiefdom in Sagaing across the river from Ava and finally drove out Mobye Narapati in 1552.[8]

The weakened confederation proved no match for Bayinnaung's Toungoo forces. Bayinnaung captured Ava in 1555 and conquered all of the Shan States in a series of military campaigns from 1556 to 1557. A record of the conquest of Möng Yang in 1557 is mentioned in a bell inscription relating the conquests of King Bayinnaung.[9]

Beginning with its subjugation by King Bayinnaung, the state was gradually integrated into the central Burmese administration, though still retaining its own native dynasty. Eventually, during the reign of Alaungpaya or possibly even as late as the end of the 18th century, native rule by Shan sawbwas in Möng Yang was permanently abolished in favour of centrally appointed Burmese governors.[10]

Rulers

[edit]

Saophas

[edit]
# Rulers Begin End Details
1 Hkun Hpa 605 642 2nd son of Hkun Lu
2 Hkun Hkam Ton Wun 642 658 Son of Hkun Hpa
3 Hso Waing Hpa 658 680 Son of Hkun Hkam Ton Wun
4 Hso Parn Möng 680 703 Son of Hso Waing Hpa
5 Hso Hkong Hkam 703 733 Son of Hso Parn Möng
6 Hso Yawt Hpa 733 750 Son of Hso Hkong Hkam
7 Hseng Hkam Hpa 750 780 Son of Hso Yawt Hpa
8 Hseng Yawk Hpa 780 803 Son of Hseng Hkam Hpa
9 Ai Sang Hkwan Hpa 803 846 Son of Hseng Yawk Hpa
10 Ai Mo Sang Hkam 846 889 Son of Ai Sang Hkwan Hpa
11 Kang Kyaung Hpa 889 904 Son of Ai Mo Sang Hkam
12 Ai Hseng Kam Kyai 904 940 Son of Kang Kyaung Hpa
13 Hso Kyan Hpa 940 964 Son of Ai Hseng Kam Kyai
14 Hso Yap Hpa 964 1001 Son of Hso Kyan Hpa
15 Hso Yawk Hpa 1001 1016 Son of Hso Yap Hpa
16 Hso Young Hpa 1016 1036 Son of Hso Yawk Hpa
17 Hso Srang Hpa 1036 1045 Younger Brother of Hso Young Hpa
18 Hso Ngam Hpa 1045 1066 Nephew of Hso Srang Hpa younger bro
19 Hso Ngom Hpa 1066 1084 Son of Srang
20 Hso Hom Hpa 1084 1112 Son of Ngam
21 Hso Hon Hpa 1112 1133 Son of Hom
22 Hso Gam Hpa 1133 1150 Son of Hom
23 Hso Pong Hpa 1150 1175 Son of Hso Gam Hpa son of
24 Hso Dang Hpa - (Ai Moe Kang Hkam) 1175 1199 Son of Hso Pong Hpa
25 Hso Haw Hpa 1199 1234 Son of Hso Dang Hpa
26 Hso Hing Hpa 1234 1246 Son of Hso Haw Hpa
27 Hso Kyaw Hpa 1246 1268 Son of Hso Hing Hpa
28 Hso Poi Hpa 1268 1290 Son of Hso Kyaw Hpa
29 Hso Kawn Hpa 1290 1311 Son of Hso Poi Hpa
30 Hso Aown Hpa 1311 1333 Son of Hso Kawn Hpa
31 Sam Long Hpa - (ᥔᥣᥛᥴ ᥘᥨᥒᥴ [Huan Sam Hnaung], ᥓᥝᥲ ᥔᥣᥛᥴ ᥖᥣ [Sao Sam Ta]) 1333 1350
32 Hso Han Hpa 1350 1358 Son of Kyan Long Hpa
33 Sao Hkun Law 1358 1368
34 Sao Pu Rieng 1368 1372
35 Sao Dyert Hpa 1372 1381
36 Sao Aung Myat 1381 1384
37 Hkun Dern Hpa 1384 1393
38 Sao Hong Hpa 1393 1404
39 Sao Ping Hpa 1404 1414
40 Hso Kyaung Hpa 1414 1430 Son of Sao Ping Hpa
41 Hso Ngan Hpa 1430 1442 Son of Hso Kyaung Hpa
42 Hso Chi Hpa - (ᥔᥫᥴ ᥐᥤ ᥜᥣᥳ) 1442 1449 Son of Hso Ngan Hpa. Died 1454
43 Hso Lui Hpa — 1st time 1449 1451 Son of Hso Chi Hpa
44 Hso Bou Hpa 1451 1461
45 Hso Hong Hpa - (ᥔᥫᥴ ᥞᥨᥛᥲ ᥜᥣᥳ) 1461 1480
— — 1480 1486 No details
43 Hso Lui Hpa — 2nd time 1486 1519 Son of Hso Chi Hpa
46 Sawlon I (Hso Long Hpa, also Hso Kyeng Hpa, Hso Lun Hpa, Hso Yiam Hpa) 1519 1533 Son of Hso Lui Hpa. Born 2 April 1486
47 Sao Sui Kiao[inconsistent] 1533 1547 Son of Hso Long Hpa
48 Hso Hkuan Hpa[inconsistent] 1547 1564 Younger brother of Sao Sui Kiao
49 Hso Hkoe Hpa 1564 1580 Son of Hso Sui Kiao
50 Hso Wei Hpa - (Hso Yi Hpa, Hso Kyoen Hpa) 1580 1586 Son of Hso Khuan Hpa
51 Hso Yoen Hpa 1586 1591 Son of Hso Hkoe Hpa
52 Hso Hueng Hpa 1591 1604 Son of Hso Yoen Hpa
53 Hso Kwang Hpa 1604 1636 Son of Hso Hueng Hpa
— Nang Chu Paw 1636 1652 Mahadewi of Hso Kwang Hpa. Regent instead her son was too young
54 Sao Yawt Chai 1652 1674 Son of Hso Kwang Hpa
55 Hso Hkowt Hpa 1674 1697 Son of Sao Yawt Chai
56 Hso Soet Hpa 1697 1713 Son of Hso Hkowt Hpa
57 Hso Suek Hpa 1713 1726 Son of Hso Soet Hpa
58 Thao Möng Han 1726 1738 Son of Hso Suek Hpa
59 Thao Yawt Hkam 1738 1753 Son of Thao Möng Han
60 Hkun Kyaw Hpa 1753 1773 Son of Thao Yawt Hkam
61 Sai Hkam Paw Maing 1773 1793 Son of Hkun Kyaw Hpa
62 Ai Hso Hi Hkaing 1793 1805 Son of Sai Hkam Paw Maing
63 Thao Oob Sai Hkaw 1805 1816 Son of Ai Hso Hi Hkaing
64 Thao Ka Le 1816 1845 Son of Thao Oob Sai Hkaw
65 Thao Yawt Sai Hkaw 1845 1876 Son of Thao Ka Le
66 Sao Yawt Sang Poi 1876 1924 Son of Thao Yawt Sai Hkaw
67 Thao Hlaing Gan Chai 1924 1934 Younger brother of Sao Yawt Sang Poi
68 Sao Hpo Rieng 1934 1940 Son of Thao Hlaing Gan Chai. Killed by Japanese troop.
69 Ai Hseng Khaing Möng 1940 1946 Younger brother of Sao Hpo Rieng. Take the poison and death. The Last Saopha.

Myowuns

[edit]

Under the Konbaung dynasty the area of the former state was administered by a Viceroy called a Myowun, who was appointed by the king and possessed civil, judicial, fiscal and military powers.[11]

  • 1853–18?? Nemyo Minhtin Themanta Yaza (Six Myowuns – Mohnyin, Kawng Ton, Shwegu, Moe Ta, Yin khia, Kat Hsa)

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ↑ Daniels, Christian (2018). "The Mongol-Yuan in Yunnan and Proto Tai/Tai Polities during the 13th-14th Centuries". JSS. 106: 227.
  2. ↑ Sun 2000, p. 232–234.
  3. ↑ Sun 2000, p. 234–240.
  4. ↑ Fernquest 2005, p. 334–344.
  5. ↑ Kirigaya 2018, p. 262–264.
  6. ↑ Fernquest 2005, p. 308–309, 347–355.
  7. ↑ Fernquest 2005, p. 344–347.
  8. 1 2 Aung Tun, Sai (2009). History of the Shan State: From Its Origins to 1962 (Second, illustrated ed.). Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books. ISBN 978-9-749-51143-5.
  9. ↑ U Thaw Kaung, Accounts of King Bayinnaung's Life and Hanthawady Hsinbyu-myashin Ayedawbon, a Record of his Campaigns
  10. ↑ Lieberman, Victor B. (2014-07-14). Burmese Administrative Cycles: Anarchy and Conquest, c. 1580-1760. Princeton University Press. pp. 133–134, footnote 236. ISBN 978-1-4008-5585-8.
  11. ↑ Nisbet 1901, p. 153.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Fernquest, Jon (2005). "Min-gyi-nyo, the Shan Invasions of Ava (1524-27), and the Beginnings of Expansionary Warfare in Toungoo Burma: 1486-1539". SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research. 3.
  • Kirigaya, Ken (2018). "Tay (Shan) Encroachments into the Irrawaddy Basin and the Fall of Ava: Western Mainland Southeast Asia in the "Age of Commerce"". Journal of the Siam Society. 106.
  • Nisbet, John (1901). Burma Under British Rule—and Before. Vol. 1. Archbald Constable & Company.
  • Sun, Laichen (2000). Ming-Southeast Asian Overland Interactions, 1368-1644. University of Michigan. ISBN 978-0-599-83328-9.
[edit]

27°47′N 96°22′E / 27.783°N 96.367°E / 27.783; 96.367

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